1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计和饲粮
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 柑橘渣组 Citrus pomace group | 发酵柑橘渣组 Fermented citrus pomace group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||
| 玉米Corn | 70.40 | 60.29 | 60.29 | ||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 16.75 | 15.90 | 15.90 | ||||
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | ||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 3.00 | 3.80 | 3.80 | ||||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.25 | ||||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.18 | ||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | ||||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.60 | 1.65 | 1.65 | ||||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | ||||
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | ||||
| 柑橘渣Citrus pomace | 10.00 | ||||||
| 发酵柑橘渣Fermented citrus pomace | 10.00 | ||||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.48 | 16.53 | 16.60 | ||||
| 粗脂肪EE | 6.47 | 7.18 | 7.35 | ||||
| 钙Ca | 0.69 | 0.75 | 0.76 | ||||
| 总磷TP | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.68 | ||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 14.17 | 14.01 | 14.66 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 8 000 IU,VD 500 IU,VE 30 mg,VB1 1 mg,VB2 8 mg,VB6 2.8 mg,VB12 0.015 mg,VK3 2 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.9 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30 mg,生物素 biotin 0.1 mg,Zn 75 mg,Fe 80 mg,Mn 55 mg,I 0.5 mg,Cu 7 mg,Se 0.15 mg。 | |
2)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values。 |
1.3 饲养管理和样品采集
1.4 测定指标及方法
1.4.1 营养物质表观消化率测定
(饲粮中该营养物质含量-粪便中该营养物质
含量)/饲粮中该营养物质含量。
1.4.2 血清生化指标测定
1.4.3 盲肠乳酸和短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acid,SCFA)含量测定
1.4.4 盲肠臭气物质含量测定
1.4.5 盲肠微生物数量测定
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮中添加发酵柑橘渣对清远麻鸡营养物质表观消化率的影响
表2 饲粮中添加发酵柑橘渣对清远麻鸡营养物质表观消化率的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary fermented citrus pomace on nutrient apparent digestibility of Qingyuan partridge chickens % |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 柑橘渣组 Citrus pomace group | 发酵柑橘渣组 Fermented citrus pomace group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 总能GE | 85.81±1.34a | 80.80±1.56b | 84.45±0.91ab | 0.044 |
| 干物质DM | 82.19±1.56 | 77.19±1.85 | 81.96±1.02 | 0.059 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 54.06±3.33 | 52.10±4.66 | 63.73±2.30 | 0.076 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 81.62±4.73 | 74.31±3.88 | 79.31±3.92 | 0.466 |
| 有机物OM | 54.28±5.10 | 56.77±3.81 | 46.23±2.28 | 0.202 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮中添加发酵柑橘渣对清远麻鸡血清生化指标的影响
表3 饲粮中添加发酵柑橘渣对清远麻鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary fermented citrus pomace on serum biochemical indices of Qingyuan partridge chickens |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 柑橘渣组 Citrus pomace group | 发酵柑橘渣组 Fermented citrus pomace group | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 总蛋白Total protein/(g/L) | 46.94±2.37 | 48.16±2.40 | 51.68±1.56 | 0.298 | |||||
| 白蛋白Albumin/(g/L) | 22.23±1.49 | 23.79±1.12 | 24.93±1.00 | 0.319 | |||||
| 球蛋白Globulin/(g/L) | 24.71±2.71 | 24.37±1.92 | 26.75±1.48 | 0.694 | |||||
| 尿素Urea/(mmol/L) | 0.89±0.02 | 0.83±0.07 | 0.88±0.04 | 0.700 | |||||
| 尿酸Uric acid/(μmol/L) | 139.07±3.98a | 118.03±8.53ab | 103.32±8.89b | 0.013 | |||||
| 葡萄糖Glucose/(mmol/L) | 12.69±0.39b | 13.45±0.28ab | 14.00±0.29a | 0.038 | |||||
| 甘油三酯Triglyceride/(mmol/L) | 3.04±1.17 | 2.76±0.98 | 2.54±0.94 | 0.947 | |||||
| 总胆固醇Total cholesterol/(mmol/L) | 2.96±0.20a | 2.34±0.16ab | 2.26±0.15b | 0.038 | |||||
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 2.03±0.10 | 1.85±0.26 | 1.78±0.19 | 0.669 | |||||
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.94±0.22 | 0.99±0.14 | 0.95±0.15 | 0.973 | |||||
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 3.20±0.45 | 2.74±0.49 | 1.74±0.43 | 0.102 | |||||
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 199.72±5.42a | 181.21±13.56ab | 159.20±6.25b | 0.023 |
2.3 饲粮中添加发酵柑橘渣对清远麻鸡盲肠微生物数量和有机酸含量的影响
表4 饲粮中添加发酵柑橘渣对清远麻鸡盲肠乳酸和SCFA含量的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary fermented citrus pomace on contents of lactic acid and SCFA in cecum of Qingyuan partridge chickens μmol/g |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 柑橘渣组 Citrus pomace group | 发酵柑橘渣组 Fermented citrus pomace group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 乙酸Acetate | 43.87±2.41b | 41.60±4.58b | 57.18±2.57a | 0.010 |
| 丙酸Propionate | 9.27±0.90ab | 6.61±0.77b | 11.30±1.41a | 0.023 |
| 丁酸Butyrate | 4.93±0.90ab | 3.83±0.95b | 7.66±1.10a | 0.041 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyrate | 1.47±0.07 | 1.36±0.08 | 1.57±0.09 | 0.225 |
| 戊酸Valerate | 1.38±0.03 | 1.25±0.06 | 1.53±0.12 | 0.077 |
| 异戊酸Isovalerate | 1.52±0.11 | 1.40±0.08 | 1.32±0.03 | 0.229 |
| 总支链脂肪酸Total BCFA | 3.00±0.13 | 2.76±0.14 | 2.89±0.07 | 0.393 |
| 总短链脂肪酸Total SCFA | 62.47±3.46b | 56.05±5.75b | 80.57±4.55a | 0.013 |
| 乳酸Lactic acid | 2.35±0.08b | 2.36±0.05b | 2.95±0.11a | 0.025 |
2.4 饲粮中添加发酵柑橘渣对清远麻鸡盲肠臭气物质含量的影响
表5 饲粮中添加发酵柑橘渣对清远麻鸡盲肠臭气物质含量的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary fermented citrus pomace on contents of odor substances in cecum of Qingyuan partridge chickens |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 柑橘渣组 Citrus pomace group | 发酵柑橘渣组 Fermented citrus pomace group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 酚和吲哚类Phenols and indoles/(μg/g) | ||||
| 苯酚Phenol | 3.55±0.37 | 3.20±0.61 | 3.06±0.19 | 0.707 |
| 对甲酚p-cresol | 5.55±0.42a | 5.33±0.33a | 3.19±0.58b | 0.004 |
| 吲哚Indole | 1.45±0.10a | 1.32±0.11ab | 1.06±0.07b | 0.034 |
| 粪臭素Skatole | 1.61±0.08a | 1.46±0.10ab | 1.18±0.10b | 0.018 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/g) | 2.85±0.18a | 2.65±0.15a | 2.25±0.11b | 0.045 |

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