1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 玉米Corn | 41.00 |
| 豌豆Pea | 17.42 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 13.13 |
| 小麦Wheat | 12.80 |
| 高粱Sorghum | 10.40 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 0.70 |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.34 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 2.09 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.40 |
| 玉米淀粉Corn starch1) | 0.22 |
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix2) | 0.03 |
| 微量元素Microelement3) | 0.14 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.04 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.16 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.13 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels4) | |
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.89 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.70 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.88 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.36 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.50 |
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.16 |
| 钙Ca | 1.11 |
| 总磷TP | 0.74 |
| 铜Copper/(mg/kg) | 5.66 |
1)铜源替代等质量的玉米淀粉。The copper source substitutes for the same quality of corn starch. | |
2)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Vitamin premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 135 00 IU,VD3 3 600 IU,VE 36 IU,VK3 4.5 mg,VB1 3.6 mg,VB2 11.25 mg,VB6 6 mg,VB12 0.039 mg,生物素 biotin 0.24 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.1 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 39 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 16.5 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 176 mg。 | |
3)微量元素为每千克饲粮提供 Microelement provided the following per kg of the diet:Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 50 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 70 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 88 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.35 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.25 mg。 | |
4)代谢能参考《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2022年第33版)》测定,其余为实测值,其中粗蛋白质、氨基酸、钙、总磷、铜分别参考GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 18246—2019、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018、GB/T 13885—2017测定。ME was calculated with reference to China Feed Composition and Nutritional Value Table (33rd Edition 2022), while the others were measured values. The CP, amino acids, Ca, TP, and Cu were determined with reference to GB/T 6432—2018, GB/T 18246—2019, GB/T 6436—2018, GB/T 6437—2018 and GB/T 13885—2017, respectively. |
1.2 饲养管理
1.3 样品采集
1.4 测定指标及方法
1.4.1 种鸽平均日采食量(ADFI)及乳鸽平均日增重(ADG)
1.4.2 饲粮、乳鸽组织及鸽乳铜含量
1.4.3 鸽蛋品质
1.4.4 抗氧化指标
1.5 统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮中添加不同水平的铜对种鸽ADFI、乳鸽ADG及鸽蛋品质的影响
表2 饲粮中添加不同水平的铜对种鸽ADFI、乳鸽ADG及鸽蛋品质的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary supplemented with different levels of copper on ADFI of breeding pigeons, ADG of squabs, and quality of pigeon eggs |
| 项目 Items | 饲粮铜添加水平Dietary copper supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 生长性能Growth performance | |||||||||
| 乳鸽平均日增重ADG of squabs/g | |||||||||
| 1~14日龄 1 to 14 days of age | 23.99±0.98 | 22.79±1.02 | 22.80±0.61 | 23.62±1.54 | 23.85±0.94 | 0.248 | 0.727 | 0.053 | |
| 15~28日龄 15 to 28 days of age | 12.51±1.21 | 13.35±0.76 | 12.28±1.41 | 13.77±1.16 | 12.99±0.54 | 0.209 | 0.368 | 0.712 | |
| 1~28日龄 1 to 28 days of age | 17.99±0.36 | 18.07±0.52 | 17.82±1.75 | 18.25±0.12 | 18.42±0.20 | 0.832 | 0.405 | 0.557 | |
| 种鸽平均日采食量ADFI of breeding pigeons/g | |||||||||
| 1~14日龄 1 to 14 days of age | 116.93±2.50 | 116.98±4.51 | 115.52±6.06 | 121.07±7.11 | 122.81±5.54 | 0.196 | 0.050 | 0.261 | |
| 15~28日龄 15 to 28 days of age | 182.89±5.66 | 185.13±8.72 | 187.31±6.67 | 184.79±5.38 | 188.65±6.72 | 0.693 | 0.254 | 0.898 | |
| 1~28日龄 1 to 28 days of age | 148.22±1.26b | 151.05±3.63b | 151.67±1.85b | 150.99±3.20b | 155.73±3.89a | 0.013 | 0.002 | 0.618 | |
| 鸽蛋品质Quality of pigeon eggs | |||||||||
| 蛋重 Egg weight/g | 21.23±0.42 | 21.06±0.51 | 21.04±0.61 | 21.84±0.43 | 22.00±0.80 | 0.644 | 0.206 | 0.492 | |
| 蛋形指数 Egg shape index | 1.32±0.04 | 1.30±0.02 | 1.36±0.01 | 1.29±0.02 | 1.34±0.03 | 0.359 | 0.746 | 0.927 | |
| 蛋壳厚度 Shell thickness/mm | 0.26±0.01 | 0.27±0.01 | 0.26±0.01 | 0.23±0.01 | 0.25±0.01 | 0.135 | 0.139 | 0.860 | |
| 蛋白高度 Protein height/mm | 2.52±0.28 | 2.40±0.37 | 2.41±0.35 | 2.89±0.49 | 2.66±0.61 | 0.925 | 0.578 | 0.879 | |
| 蛋黄色泽 Yolk color | 3.91±0.53ab | 5.03±0.68a | 2.87±0.14b | 4.70±0.66a | 4.96±0.56a | 0.039 | 0.313 | 0.274 | |
| 哈氏单位 Haugh unit | 49.34±4.63 | 44.14±5.15 | 48.61±5.19 | 50.34±5.99 | 44.25±6.59 | 0.890 | 0.822 | 0.829 | |
| 蛋黄重 Yolk weight/g | 3.98±0.28 | 4.28±0.34 | 4.30±0.20 | 4.04±0.17 | 4.34±0.15 | 0.755 | 0.512 | 0.771 | |
| 蛋壳颜色(钝) Shell color (blunt) | 58.89±0.95 | 61.74±1.26 | 59.28±1.33 | 61.15±1.07 | 60.77±1.15 | 0.360 | 0.393 | 0.626 | |
| 蛋壳颜色(中) Shell color (middle) | 66.91±0.95 | 62.82±1.25 | 66.61±1.30 | 66.84±0.75 | 65.69±1.05 | 0.052 | 0.645 | 0.568 | |
| 蛋壳颜色(锐) Shell color (sharp) | 56.61±1.44 | 55.88±0.93 | 58.52±1.26 | 58.32±0.73 | 55.28±1.14 | 0.179 | 0.951 | 0.084 | |
| 蛋壳重 Shell weight/g | 2.60±0.09a | 2.35±0.05b | 2.48±0.04ab | 2.38±0.05b | 2.46±0.04ab | 0.030 | 0.283 | 0.107 | |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮中添加不同水平的铜对28日龄乳鸽组织及鸽乳中铜含量的影响
表3 饲粮中添加不同水平的铜对28日龄乳鸽组织及鸽乳中铜含量的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary supplemented with different levels of copper on copper content in tissues of squabs at 28 days of age and pigeon milk mg/L |
| 项目 Items | 饲粮铜添加水平Dietary copper supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 肝脏Live | 0.060±0.025 | 0.048±0.090 | 0.038±0.010 | 0.060±0.034 | 0.047±0.012 | 0.263 | 0.165 | 0.116 | |
| 心脏Heart | 0.030±0.004 | 0.028±0.005 | 0.030±0.003 | 0.029±0.004 | 0.029±0.005 | 0.879 | 0.853 | 0.984 | |
| 胸肌Pectorales | 0.032±0.003 | 0.026±0.007 | 0.029±0.002 | 0.030±0.002 | 0.022±0.021 | 0.354 | 0.118 | 0.334 | |
| 鸽乳Pigeon milk | 0.041±0.021b | 0.052±0.031b | 0.058±0.045b | 0.050±0.001b | 0.096±0.042a | 0.017 | <0.010 | 0.205 | |
2.3 饲粮中添加不同水平的铜对母鸽血清及乳鸽血清、肝脏和心脏抗氧化指标的影响
2.3.1 饲粮中添加不同水平的铜对母鸽血清抗氧化指标的影响
表4 饲粮中添加不同水平的铜对母鸽血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary supplemented with different levels of copper on serum antioxidant indexes of breeding pigeons U/mL |
| 项目 Items | 饲粮铜添加水平Dietary copper supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 过氧化氢酶CAT | 5.14±0.72b | 9.20±0.86a | 1.70±0.44c | 1.60±0.38c | 5.14±0.45b | <0.010 | 0.017 | 0.060 | |
| 铜蓝蛋白CP | 7.21±2.42 | 4.42±0.73 | 6.17±1.09 | 3.22±0.68 | 14.19±3.64 | 0.080 | 0.067 | 0.060 | |
| 铜锌超氧化 物歧化酶 CuZn-SOD | 12.01±2.17bc | 24.41±3.85ab | 24.49±10.16ab | 5.78±4.25c | 29.73±17.07a | 0.023 | 0.276 | 0.800 | |
2.3.2 饲粮中添加不同水平的铜对乳鸽血清、肝脏、心脏抗氧化指标的影响
表5 饲粮中添加不同水平的铜对乳鸽血清、肝脏、心脏抗氧化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary supplemented with different levels of copper on antioxidant indexes of serum, liver and heart of squabs |
| 项目 Items | 饲粮铜添加水平Dietary copper supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照 Control) | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 血清Serum | |||||||||
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) | 8.98±0.39a | 1.56±0.21c | 0.90±0.17c | 1.49±0.31c | 7.13±0.28b | <0.010 | <0.010 | <0.010 | |
| 铜蓝蛋白 CP/(U/mL) | 2.70±0.98b | 6.77±0.52a | 6.82±1.22a | 3.96±1.36ab | 3.79±0.53b | <0.010 | 0.060 | <0.010 | |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) | 6.51±3.38 | 5.48±4.02 | 5.10±2.40 | 1.85±1.16 | 0.71±0.34 | 0.129 | 0.017 | 0.631 | |
| 肝脏Liver | |||||||||
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mg prot) | 5.42±1.23ab | 1.90±0.52b | 5.29±1.93ab | 1.89±0.56b | 7.41±1.57a | 0.016 | 0.416 | 0.026 | |
| 铜锌超氧化 物歧化酶 CuZn-SOD/ (U/mg prot) | 59.59±17.28 | 64.47±8.93 | 56.98±13.90 | 46.23±17.40 | 66.11±11.27 | 0.082 | 0.762 | 0.184 | |
| 丙二醛 MDA/ (nmol/mg prot) | 4.38±2.86 | 6.05±5.46 | 3.15±2.18 | 9.27±6.61 | 9.31±6.46 | 0.072 | 0.034 | 0.041 | |
| 心脏Heart | |||||||||
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mg prot) | 4.90±2.38a | 3.95±1.77ab | 4.08±1.87ab | 1.58±0.90b | 1.56±0.83b | 0.021 | 0.003 | 0.805 | |
| 铜锌超氧化 物歧化酶 CuZn-SOD/ (U/mg prot) | 78.38±46.03 | 41.48±21.11 | 44.21±19.30 | 46.87±20.52 | 30.36±16.24 | 0.071 | 0.028 | 0.378 | |
| 丙二醛 MDA/ (nmol/mg prot) | 6.45±3.43 | 3.93±2.45 | 3.22±0.75 | 4.36±2.03 | 3.43±1.31 | 0.087 | 0.049 | 0.144 | |
2.4 鸽乳铜含量与具有显著差异并具备线性差异指标的关联分析
表6 鸽乳铜含量与乳鸽血清铜蓝蛋白活性及血清和肝脏中过氧化氢酶活性的关联分析Table 6 Correlation analysis of copper content in pigeon milk with serum ceruloplasmin activity and serum and liver peroxidase activity of squabs |
| 项目 Items | 乳鸽血清铜蓝蛋白 Squab serum ceruloplasmin | 乳鸽血清过氧化氢酶 Squab serum catalase | 乳鸽肝脏过氧化氢酶 Squab liver catalase |
|---|---|---|---|
| 相关系数Correlation coefficient | -0.116 | 0.530** | 0.482** |
| P值P-value | 0.475 | 0.001 | 0.003 |
数值代表鸽乳中铜含量与具有显著差异并具备线性差异指标之间的相关系数,“**”代表结果显著(P<0.05)。 | |
The value represents the correlation coefficient between the copper content in pigeon milk and the index with significant difference and linear difference, and “**” represents the significant result (P<0.05). |
2.5 种鸽饲粮中铜添加水平与具有二次显著差异指标之间的拟合模型分析
(R2=0.218,P=0.013 6,铜添加
水平7.96 mg/kg);
(R2=0.168,P=0.034,铜添加水平3.96 mg/kg)。

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