1 材料与方法
1.1 青贮饲料调制和样品采集
1.2 样品分析
1.2.1 化学成分分析
1.2.2 发酵品质分析
1.2.3 微生物计数
1.3 体外瘤胃发酵试验
1.3.1 试验方法
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis)% |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 13.18 | ||
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 3.78 | ||
| 糖蜜Molasses | 0.97 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 3.18 | ||
| 干酒糟及其可溶物 Distillers dried grains with solubles | 5.74 | ||
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 2.04 | ||
| 玉米纤维饲料Corn gluten feed | 7.43 | ||
| 玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal | 4.52 | ||
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.48 | ||
| 玉米青贮Corn silage | 15.71 | ||
| 羊草Leymus chinensis | 42.97 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 泌乳净能NEL/(MJ/kg) | 5.44 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 14.30 | ||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 49.20 | ||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 3.05 | ||
| 钙Ca | 0.60 | ||
| 磷P | 0.40 |
1)每千克预混料提供 Provided the following per kg of premix:Fe 1.86 g,Cu 1.01 g,Mn 15.57 g,Zn 4.06 g,Co 9.72 mg,I 100.80 mg,Se 2.52 mg,VA 64 700 IU,VD 17 500 IU,VE 18 000 IU。 | |
2)泌乳净能为计算值[24],其余为实测值。粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量的测定参照1.2.1中方法,钙含量采用乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)滴定法[25]测定,磷含量采用硫酸-过氧化氢消煮法[26]测定。NEL was a calculated value[24], while the others were measured values. The determination of CP, NDF and ADF referred to the methods in 1.2.1, Ca content was determined by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) titration method[25], and P content was determined by H2SO4-H2O2 heating digestion method[26]. |
1.3.2 体外发酵参数的测定
1.3.3 体外产气量和产气参数的计算
1.4 数据处理与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 青贮原料的pH、化学成分与微生物数量
表2 CWCRS、CGM以及混合青贮原料CWCRS+CGM(76∶24)的pH、化学成分和微生物数量Table 2 pH, chemical composition and microorganism number of CWCRS, CGM and mixed ensiling raw material CWCRS+CGM (76∶24) |
| 项目 Items | 马蹄渣 CWCRS | 玉米蛋白粉 CGM | 马蹄渣+玉米蛋白粉 CWCRS+CGM |
|---|---|---|---|
| pH | 6.45 | 6.51 | 6.56 |
| 化学成分Chemical composition | |||
| 干物质DM/% FW | 19.44 | 90.52 | 31.03 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/%DM | 10.38 | 41.29 | 15.06 |
| 粗脂肪EE/%DM | 2.88 | 2.44 | 2.84 |
| 淀粉Starch/%DM | 18.17 | 12.25 | 17.39 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF/%DM | 47.28 | 21.56 | 43.45 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF/%DM | 28.32 | 10.87 | 26.00 |
| 水溶性碳水化合物WSC/%DM | 8.79 | 2.42 | 7.84 |
| 微生物Microorganism/[lg(CFU/g FW)] | |||
| 乳酸菌LAB | 2.19 | ND | <2.00 |
| 大肠杆菌CB | <2.00 | ND | <2.00 |
| 酵母菌Yeast | 2.07 | ND | <2.00 |
| 霉菌Mold | ND | ND | ND |
ND:未检出 not detected。下表同 the same as below。 |
2.2 混合青贮饲料的化学成分
表3 LAB和CE对CWCRS和CGM混合青贮饲料化学成分的影响Table 3 Effects of LAB and CE on chemical composition of mixed silage of CWCRS and CGM |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | LAB | CE50 | CE100 | LAB+ CE50 | LAB+ CE100 | LAB | CE | LAB× CE | ||
| 干物质DM/% FM | 30.32 | 30.41 | 30.71 | 30.45 | 30.42 | 32.87 | 0.15 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.83 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/% DM | 17.06a | 19.21b | 18.56ab | 18.59ab | 19.99b | 20.13b | 1.58 | <0.01 | 0.11 | 0.54 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF/% DM | 38.45b | 39.03ab | 32.34a | 31.77a | 32.74a | 32.21a | 2.63 | 0.63 | <0.01 | 0.62 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF/% DM | 23.58b | 24.21ab | 19.97a | 18.96a | 19.47a | 18.58a | 1.54 | 0.25 | <0.01 | 0.53 |
| 酸性洗涤木质素ADL/% DM | 4.17b | 4.21b | 3.43a | 3.03a | 3.88ab | 3.27a | 0.92 | 0.54 | 0.02 | 0.78 |
| 纤维素Cellulose/% DM | 19.41b | 20.00b | 16.54ab | 15.33a | 15.59a | 15.31a | 1.10 | 0.27 | <0.01 | 0.88 |
| 半纤维素Hemicellulose/% DM | 14.87b | 14.82b | 12.37a | 12.81a | 13.27a | 13.63a | 0.72 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.54 |
| 水溶性碳水化合物WSC/% DM | 2.34 | 2.18 | 2.16 | 2.17 | 2.02 | 2.01 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.83 |
LAB:乳酸菌效应;CE:纤维素酶效应;LAB×CE:乳酸菌与纤维素酶的交互效应。同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
LAB: lactic acid bacteria effect; CE: cellulase effect; LAB×CE: the interaction between lactic acid bacteria and cellulase. In the same row, values with different lowercase letter superscripts indicated significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same lowercase letter or no letter superscripts indicated no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 混合青贮饲料的发酵品质
表4 LAB和CE对CWCRS和CGM混合青贮饲料发酵品质的影响Table 4 Effects of LAB and CE on fermentation quality of mixed silage of CWCRS and CGM |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | LAB | CE50 | CE100 | LAB+ CE50 | LAB+ CE100 | LAB | CE | LAB× CE | ||
| 干物质回收率DMR/% | 96.77 | 97.13 | 97.58 | 97.27 | 97.46 | 97.77 | 0.32 | 0.43 | 0.08 | 0.86 |
| pH | 4.03b | 3.85a | 3.97ab | 3.92ab | 3.79a | 3.78a | 0.03 | <0.01 | 0.16 | 0.47 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(mmol/L) | 5.54c | 3.97ab | 4.55bc | 4.41b | 3.65a | 3.27a | 0.07 | <0.01 | 0.32 | 0.59 |
| 乳酸LA/(mmol/L) | 4.81a | 6.25b | 5.13ab | 5.54ab | 6.67b | 6.84b | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.13 |
| 乙酸AA/(mmol/L) | 0.81 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.77 |
| 丙酸PA/(mmol/L) | 0.15 | ND | 0.05 | ND | ND | ND | ||||
| 丁酸BA/(mmol/L) | 0.11 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||
2.4 混合青贮饲料的微生物数量
表5 LAB和CE对CWCRS和CGM混合青贮饲料微生物数量的影响Table 5 Effects of LAB and CE on microorganism number of mixed silage of CWCRS and CGMlg(CFU/g FM) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | LAB | CE50 | CE100 | LAB+ CE50 | LAB+ CE100 | LAB | CE | LAB× CE | ||
| 乳酸菌LAB | 7.15a | 8.56b | 7.77a | 7.98a | 8.95b | 9.06b | 0.71 | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.87 |
| 大肠杆菌CB | 2.21 | <2.00 | <2.00 | <2.00 | <2.00 | ND | ||||
| 酵母菌Yeast | 2.56 | ND | <2.00 | <2.00 | ND | ND | ||||
| 霉菌Mold | <2.00 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||
2.5 混合青贮饲料的体外发酵产气量
表6 LAB和CE对CWCRS和CGM混合青贮饲料产气量及产气参数的影响Table 6 Effects of LAB and CE on gas production and gas production parameters of mixed silage of CWCRS and CGM |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | LAB | CE50 | CE100 | LAB+ CE50 | LAB+ CE100 | LAB | CE | LAB× CE | ||
| 产气量Gas production/(mL/g) | ||||||||||
| 2 h | 18.41a | 19.41b | 18.31a | 18.74a | 19.44b | 19.61b | 1.18 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.37 |
| 4 h | 25.21a | 27.01b | 26.21a | 26.32a | 27.54b | 28.11b | 3.36 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.46 |
| 8 h | 56.21a | 58.94b | 57.28a | 57.41a | 59.32b | 60.21b | 3.47 | <0.01 | 0.09 | 0.58 |
| 12 h | 65.64a | 68.34b | 67.25ab | 67.43ab | 68.88b | 69.61b | 2.59 | <0.01 | 0.25 | 0.66 |
| 24 h | 96.88a | 98.57ab | 100.28b | 99.54ab | 102.32b | 103.54b | 2.85 | <0.01 | 0.36 | 0.87 |
| 48 h | 124.21a | 135.47ab | 129.12ab | 131.54ab | 144.76b | 145.24b | 2.77 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 0.51 |
| 产气参数Gas production parameters | ||||||||||
| a/(mL/g) | 1.27a | 1.82b | 1.61ab | 1.75b | 1.87b | 1.95b | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.42 |
| b/(mL/g) | 159.93a | 167.87ab | 159.32a | 160.42a | 175.70b | 181.73b | 1.91 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.58 |
| a+b/(mL/g) | 161.2a | 169.69b | 160.93a | 162.17a | 177.57bc | 183.68c | 2.04 | <0.01 | 0.08 | 0.19 |
| c/(%/h) | 0.050 1 | 0.048 3 | 0.042 1 | 0.046 3 | 0.052 1 | 0.058 7 | 0.007 0 | 0.13 | 0.27 | 0.84 |
a:快速发酵部分产气量 rapidly fermentation fraction gas production;b:慢速发酵部分产气量 slowly fermentation fraction gas production;a+b:潜在产气量 potential gas production;c:产气速率 gas production rate。 |
2.6 混合青贮饲料的体外瘤胃发酵参数
表7 LAB和CE对CWCRS和CGM混合青贮饲料体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 7 Effects of LAB and CE on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters of mixed silage of CWCRS and CGM |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | LAB | CE50 | CE100 | LAB+ CE50 | LAB+ CE100 | LAB | CE | LAB× CE | ||
| pH | 6.84 | 6.78 | 6.68 | 6.72 | 6.70 | 6.56 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 0.45 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFA/(mmol/L) | 46.06a | 54.36b | 52.25b | 52.26b | 54.36b | 55.47b | 1.21 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 0.38 |
| 乙酸AA/(mmol/L) | 32.31a | 36.81b | 36.33b | 36.01b | 36.97b | 37.41b | 0.85 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.56 |
| 丙酸PA/(mmol/L) | 11.02a | 13.79b | 12.46b | 12.74b | 13.75b | 14.22c | 0.62 | 0.03 | 0.41 | 0.83 |
| 丁酸BA/(mmol/L) | 2.73a | 3.76b | 3.46b | 3.51b | 3.64b | 3.84b | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.54 | 0.72 |
| 乙酸/丙酸AA/PA | 2.93b | 2.67a | 2.92b | 2.83b | 2.69a | 2.63a | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.94 |

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