1 材料与方法
1.1 动物伦理声明
1.2 试验材料
表1 花椒籽饼营养成分(风干基础)Table 1 Nutrients in Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed cake (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | 项目Items | 含量Content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 水分Moisture | 8.10 | 缬氨酸Val | 0.61 | |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 14.20 | 蛋氨酸Met | 0.12 | |
| 粗灰分Ash | 8.70 | 异亮氨酸Ile | 0.43 | |
| 粗脂肪EE | 5.10 | 亮氨酸Leu | 0.87 | |
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 1.33 | 酪氨酸Tyr | 0.41 | |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.40 | 苯丙氨酸Phe | 0.41 | |
| 丝氨酸Ser | 0.62 | 赖氨酸Lys | 0.39 | |
| 谷氨酸Glu | 3.05 | 组氨酸His | 0.23 | |
| 甘氨酸Gly | 0.73 | 精氨酸Arg | 0.55 | |
| 丙氨酸Ala | 0.47 | 脯氨酸Pro | 0.55 | |
| 胱氨酸Cys | 0.26 | 总氨基酸Total amino acids | 12.08 |
1.3 试验设计和饲粮
表2 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | ZBS1 | ZBS2 | ZBS3 | |
| 原料Ingredients | ||||
| 玉米Corn | 60.30 | 60.30 | 60.30 | 60.30 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal (43%) | 24.00 | 24.00 | 24.00 | 24.00 |
| 麸皮Wheat bran | 3.00 | 2.00 | 1.00 | |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 |
| 石粉Limestone | 8.80 | 8.80 | 8.80 | 8.80 |
| 花椒籽饼Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed cake | 1.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 | |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.60 | 1.60 | 1.60 | 1.60 |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl (≥78.8%) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met (≥99%) | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr (≥98.5%) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| 碳酸氢钠NaHCO4 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride (≥50.0%) | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| 矿物质预混料Mineral premix2) | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | ||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.22 | 11.23 | 11.24 | 11.26 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 17.48 | 17.51 | 17.54 | 17.57 |
| 钙Ca | 3.85 | 3.88 | 3.92 | 3.96 |
| 总磷TP | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.62 |
| 有效磷AP | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 |
| 可消化赖氨酸DLys | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 |
| 可消化蛋氨酸DMet | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 |
| 可消化苏氨酸DThr | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.54 |
| 可消化色氨酸DTrp | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
1)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 1 600 IU,VE 5 IU,VB1 0.8 mg,VB2 2.5 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 2.2 mg,VB6 3.0 mg,VB12 0.004 mg,VK3 0.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.10 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20.0 mg。 3)代谢能、有效磷和可消化氨基酸为计算值,参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2024年第35版)》计算;粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)和总磷(GB/T 6437—2018)为实测值。ME, AP and digestible amino acids were calculated values referred to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (35th edition, 2024), and CP (GB/T 6432—2018), Ca (GB/T 6436—2018) and TP (GB/T 6437—2018) were measured values. | |
2)矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets:Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 8 mg,Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 60 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 60 mg,Zn (MnSO4·H2O)80 mg,I (KI) 0.35 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.30 mg。 |
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 生产性能
1.5.2 蛋品质
1.5.3 蛋黄滋味
1.5.4 抗氧化能力和血清生化指标
1.5.5 盲肠菌群
1.6 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮中添加不同水平花椒籽饼对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响
表3 饲粮中添加不同水平花椒籽饼对蛋鸡生产性能的影响Table 3 Effects of different supplementation levels of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed cake in diets on performance of laying hens (n=10) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | ZBS1 | ZBS2 | ZBS3 | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 | ||||||||
| 产蛋率Laying rate/% | 90.89c | 92.86bc | 96.01ab | 96.61a | 0.687 | 0.005 | <0.001 | 0.573 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 116.93 | 117.53 | 118.01 | 115.86 | 0.688 | 0.732 | 0.666 | 0.337 |
| 料蛋比F/E | 2.16a | 2.11a | 1.97b | 1.95b | 0.024 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.730 |
| 破蛋率Egg breakage rate/% | 1.19 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.132 | 0.256 | 0.018 | 0.066 |
| 脏蛋率Dirty egg rate/% | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.051 | 0.981 | 0.724 | 0.766 |
| 畸形蛋率Abnormal egg rate/% | 2.26 | 1.65 | 2.22 | 1.98 | 0.398 | 0.950 | 0.943 | 0.822 |
| 第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 | ||||||||
| 产蛋率Laying rate/% | 87.78b | 92.30ab | 93.81a | 95.00a | 0.950 | 0.033 | 0.006 | 0.349 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 113.53c | 115.36bc | 118.65ab | 119.16a | 0.710 | 0.008 | <0.001 | 0.605 |
| 料蛋比F/E | 2.23 | 2.12 | 2.11 | 2.01 | 0.024 | 0.063 | 0.011 | 0.569 |
| 破蛋率Egg breakage rate/% | 1.78 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 0.42 | 0.200 | 0.180 | 0.020 | 0.571 |
| 脏蛋率Dirty egg rate/% | 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.089 | 0.767 | 0.548 | 0.638 |
| 畸形蛋率Abnormal egg rate/% | 1.34 | 1.60 | 1.14 | 1.40 | 0.335 | 0.968 | 0.993 | 0.941 |
| 第1~8周Weeks 1 to 8 | ||||||||
| 产蛋率Laying rate/% | 89.56b | 92.62ab | 95.07a | 95.92a | 0.706 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.370 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 115.48 | 116.60 | 118.29 | 117.28 | 0.600 | 0.421 | 0.196 | 0.383 |
| 料蛋比F/E | 2.18a | 2.12ab | 2.02bc | 2.00c | 0.022 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.598 |
| 破蛋率Egg breakage rate/% | 1.42a | 0.59a | 0.49a | 0.36b | 0.766 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.188 |
| 脏蛋率Dirty egg rate/% | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.058 | 0.919 | 0.598 | 0.856 |
| 畸形蛋率Abnormal egg rate/% | 1.91 | 1.63 | 1.76 | 1.77 | 0.324 | 0.993 | 0.934 | 0.824 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
表4 饲粮中添加不同水平花椒籽饼对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响Table 4 Effects of different supplementation levels of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed cake in diets on egg quality of laying hens (n=10) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | ZBS1 | ZBS2 | ZBS3 | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 蛋壳颜色Eggshell color | ||||||||
| 亮度L* | 80.30a | 79.67a | 79.70a | 78.02b | 0.285 | 0.025 | 0.006 | 0.323 |
| 红度a* | 4.88 | 4.67 | 4.39 | 3.98 | 0.142 | 0.124 | 0.019 | 0.720 |
| 黄度b* | 13.24 | 13.48 | 13.34 | 13.54 | 0.241 | 0.974 | 0.728 | 0.962 |
| 蛋形指数Egg shape index | 1.32 | 1.31 | 1.31 | 1.32 | 0.004 | 0.851 | 0.961 | 0.383 |
| 蛋壳强度 Eggshell strength/(kg/cm2) | 5.42 | 5.42 | 5.45 | 5.35 | 0.076 | 0.970 | 0.795 | 0.756 |
| 蛋白高度Albumen height/mm | 6.56 | 6.70 | 6.18 | 6.73 | 0.114 | 0.302 | 0.987 | 0.363 |
| 蛋黄颜色Yolk color | 5.73 | 5.80 | 5.57 | 6.03 | 0.099 | 0.175 | 0.458 | 0.321 |
| 哈氏单位Haugh unit | 80.40 | 82.29 | 79.19 | 80.69 | 0.668 | 0.447 | 0.711 | 0.885 |
| 蛋黄重Yolk weight/g | 17.26 | 17.04 | 17.13 | 17.61 | 0.133 | 0.464 | 0.347 | 0.200 |
| 蛋壳重Eggshell weight/g | 6.75 | 6.82 | 6.78 | 6.99 | 0.068 | 0.624 | 0.282 | 0.623 |
| 蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/mm | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.008 | 0.464 | 0.299 | 0.228 |
2.2 饲粮中添加不同水平花椒籽饼对蛋鸡蛋黄滋味的影响
表5 饲粮中添加不同水平花椒籽饼对蛋鸡蛋黄滋味的影响Table 5 Effects of different supplementation levels of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed cake in diets on yolk taste of laying hens (n=10) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | ZBS1 | ZBS2 | ZBS3 | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| AHS | 6.00 | 6.00 | 5.94 | 5.88 | 0.106 | 0.974 | 0.663 | 0.889 |
| ANS | 5.97 | 6.18 | 6.23 | 6.20 | 0.142 | 0.930 | 0.589 | 0.708 |
| SCS | 6.14 | 6.04 | 5.84 | 5.90 | 0.104 | 0.755 | 0.349 | 0.707 |
| CTS | 6.13 | 5.94 | 5.86 | 5.69 | 0.095 | 0.242 | 0.117 | 0.974 |
| NMS | 5.71 | 5.88 | 6.03 | 6.45 | 0.148 | 0.343 | 0.083 | 0.659 |
AHS、ANS、SCS、CTS和NMS分别代表酸味、甜味、苦味、咸味和鲜味。 | |
AHS, ANS, SCS, CTS and NMS represented sourness, sweetness, bitterness, saltiness and umami, respectively. |
2.3 饲粮中添加不同水平花椒籽饼对蛋鸡抗氧化能力的影响
表6 饲粮中添加不同水平花椒籽饼对蛋鸡抗氧化能力的影响Table 6 Effects of different supplementation levels of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed cake in diets on antioxidant capacity of laying hens (n=10) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | ZBS1 | ZBS2 | ZBS3 | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 血清Serum | ||||||||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) | 1.72c | 3.13b | 4.51a | 4.79a | 0.249 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.030 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 9.45 | 10.09 | 11.07 | 12.57 | 0.724 | 0.587 | 0.124 | 0.770 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 6.20a | 5.46a | 4.01b | 3.11c | 0.316 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.871 |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mL) | 182.80c | 229.10b | 247.55a | 248.82a | 5.434 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 肝脏Liver | ||||||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 0.24b | 0.42b | 0.90a | 0.84a | 0.071 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.290 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mg prot) | 11.22 | 10.09 | 12.47 | 12.36 | 0.656 | 0.558 | 0.340 | 0.702 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.013 | 0.766 | 0.700 | 0.509 |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot) | 56.64 | 50.00 | 58.34 | 57.52 | 2.342 | 0.596 | 0.611 | 0.547 |
| 卵巢Ovary | ||||||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 5.90 | 6.04 | 8.54 | 8.94 | 0.553 | 0.089 | 0.019 | 0.903 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mg prot) | 7.71 | 10.22 | 10.17 | 11.34 | 0.619 | 0.207 | 0.054 | 0.582 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.015 | 0.971 | 0.705 | 0.789 |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot) | 182.58 | 185.16 | 243.00 | 276.74 | 15.240 | 0.069 | 0.012 | 0.587 |
2.4 饲粮中添加不同水平花椒籽饼对蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响
表7 饲粮中添加不同水平花椒籽饼对蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of different supplementation levels of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed cake in diets on serum biochemical indices of laying hens (n=10) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | ZBS1 | ZBS2 | ZBS3 | 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 147.40 | 156.91 | 150.93 | 153.89 | 2.498 | 0.595 | 0.558 | 0.525 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 6.94 | 6.53 | 6.36 | 6.40 | 0.422 | 0.966 | 0.657 | 0.801 |
| 尿素UREA/(mmol/L) | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.013 | 0.737 | 0.288 | 0.946 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 18.14 | 20.65 | 22.00 | 21.41 | 0.562 | 0.068 | 0.024 | 0.149 |
| 胆固醇CHO/(mmol/L) | 1.43 | 1.49 | 1.40 | 1.37 | 0.035 | 0.655 | 0.375 | 0.544 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 5.22 | 5.11 | 5.08 | 4.15 | 0.240 | 0.364 | 0.136 | 0.397 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 50.13 | 50.13 | 51.88 | 51.75 | 0.507 | 0.445 | 0.157 | 0.951 |
2.5 饲粮中添加不同水平花椒籽饼对蛋鸡盲肠菌群的影响
图1 蛋鸡盲肠菌群多样性和组成分析Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Bacillota:芽孢杆菌门;Thermodesulfobacteriota:热脱硫杆菌门;Actinomycetota:放线菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Synergistota:互养菌门;Pseudomonadota:假单胞菌门;Campylobacterota:弯曲杆菌门;Patescibacteria:髌骨菌门;Elusimicrobiota:迷踪菌门;unclassified_k_norank_d_Bacteria:未分类细菌门;Deferribacterota:脱铁杆菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Cyanobacteriota:蓝细菌门;Fusobacteriota:梭杆菌门;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;unclassified_o_Bacteroidales:未分类拟杆菌目;Mediterraneibacter:地中海杆菌属;norank_f_Muribaculaceae:未分类鼠杆菌科;Prevotellaceae_UCG-001:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;Desulfovibrio:脱硫弧菌属;Faecalibacterium:粪杆菌属;Phascolarctobacterium:考拉杆菌属;Parabacteroides:副拟杆菌属;Shuttleworthia:萨特沃氏菌属;norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014:未定级梭菌纲UCG-014;norank_f_Prevotellaceae:未定级普雷沃氏菌科;Olsenella:欧陆森氏菌属;Alistipes:另枝菌属;unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae:未分类毛螺菌科;Treponema:密螺旋体属;norank_f_Ruminococcaceae:未定级瘤胃球菌科;Ligilactobacillus:联合乳杆菌属;Pseudoprevotella:假普雷沃氏菌属;norank_o_RF39:未定级RF39目;norank_o_Bacteroidales:未定级拟杆菌目;unclassified_f_Tannerellaceae:未分类坦纳氏菌科;norank_o_Clostridia_vadinBB60_group:未分类梭菌纲vadinBB60群;Oscillibacter:颤杆菌属;Limosilactobacillus:黏液乳杆菌属;norank_f_[Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group:未定级产粪甾醇真杆菌群;Others:其他。下图同 The same as below。 Fig.1 Analysis of diversity and composition of cecal microbiota of laying hens |
图2 蛋鸡盲肠在属水平上优势及差异菌群Christensenellaceae_R-7_group:克里斯滕森氏菌科R-7群;Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-004:丹毒丝菌科UCG-004;norank_f_Peptococcaceae:未定级消化球菌科;Pseudoflavonifractor:假解黄酮菌属;Streptococcus:链球菌属;Veillonella:韦荣氏球菌属;Victivallis:食谷菌属。下图同 The same as below。 *表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。* indicated significant difference (P<0.05), and ** indicated extremely significant difference (P<0.01). Fig.2 Dominant and differential microbiota in cecum of laying hens at genus level |

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