1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料和动物伦理声明
1.2 试验设计和饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 干奶前期 Early dry period | 干奶后期 Late dry period | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||||
| 燕麦干草Oat hay | 24.82 | 25.82 | |||
| 玉米青贮Corn silage | 15.56 | 15.56 | |||
| 羊草Chinese wildrye | 28.75 | 28.75 | |||
| 干酒糟及其可溶物DDGS | 3.06 | 4.06 | |||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.57 | 1.57 | |||
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 3.56 | 2.56 | |||
| 玉米粉Corn flour | 5.00 | 3.50 | |||
| 甜菜颗粒Beet pellets | 6.38 | 6.58 | |||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 4.48 | 5.78 | |||
| 蒸汽压片玉米Steam-flaked corn | 3.30 | 2.30 | |||
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 3.52 | 3.52 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 12.07 | 13.41 | |||
| 粗脂肪EE | 3.16 | 3.92 | |||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 45.97 | 46.40 | |||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 25.90 | 26.32 | |||
| 钙Ca | 0.45 | 0.55 | |||
| 磷P | 0.22 | 0.27 | |||
| 泌乳净能NEL/(MJ/kg) | 5.61 | 5.59 |
1)每千克预混料含有 One kg of the premix contained the following:Cu 600 mg,Fe 1 000 mg,Mn 1 800 mg,Co 20 mg,Se 30 mg,I 39 mg,生物素 biotin 45 mg,β-胡萝卜素 β-carotene 300 mg,VA 800 000 IU,VD3 180 000 IU,VE 7 000 mg。 2)泌乳净能依据NRC(2001)计算,其他为实测值。NEL was calculated according to NRC (2001), while the others were measured values. |
1.3 样品采集及指标测定
1.3.1 饲粮营养成分测定
1.3.2 牛舍THI和奶牛直肠温度测定
1.3.3 初乳采集和免疫球蛋白含量测定
1.3.4 血液样品采集及血清指标测定
1.4 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 大蒜素对奶牛热应激和直肠温度的影响
表2 大蒜素对奶牛直肠温度的影响Table 2 Effects of allicin on rectal temperature of dairy cows℃ |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | ALL3 | ALL6 | ALL9 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 09:00直肠温度Rectal temperature at 09:00 | ||||||||
| 产前60 d 60 days before delivery | 39.11 | 39.11 | 39.23 | 39.09 | 0.066 | 0.433 | 0.841 | 0.297 |
| 产前40 d 40 days before delivery | 39.06 | 39.04 | 39.09 | 39.11 | 0.065 | 0.884 | 0.511 | 0.800 |
| 产前20 d 20 days before delivery | 39.09 | 39.05 | 39.04 | 39.07 | 0.037 | 0.779 | 0.565 | 0.403 |
| 全期Whole period | 39.08 | 39.05 | 39.07 | 39.09 | 0.038 | 0.871 | 0.722 | 0.488 |
| 15:00直肠温度Rectal temperature at 15:00 | ||||||||
| 产前60 d 60 days before delivery | 39.04 | 39.07 | 39.15 | 39.05 | 0.049 | 0.337 | 0.533 | 0.317 |
| 产前40 d 40 days before delivery | 39.10 | 39.04 | 39.10 | 39.09 | 0.059 | 0.874 | 0.982 | 0.563 |
| 产前20 d 20 days before delivery | 39.09 | 39.05 | 39.15 | 39.04 | 0.054 | 0.451 | 0.864 | 0.702 |
| 全期Whole period | 39.09 | 39.05 | 39.13 | 39.07 | 0.030 | 0.522 | 1.000 | 0.931 |
2.2 大蒜素对奶牛被动免疫转移的影响
表3 大蒜素对母牛初乳及其犊牛血清免疫球蛋白含量的影响Table 3 Effects of allicin on immunoglobulin contents in colostrum of cows and in serum of their calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | ALL3 | ALL6 | ALL9 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 母牛初乳Cow colostrum/(mg/mL) | ||||||||
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG | 63.5 | 67.7 | 66.3 | 63.6 | 0.88 | 0.051 | 0.774 | <0.001 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA | 12.6 | 15.2 | 16.9 | 13.7 | 1.43 | 0.191 | 0.059 | 0.344 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM | 20.4b | 23.8a | 22.2ab | 21.8ab | 0.82 | 0.030 | 0.484 | 0.020 |
| 犊牛血清Calf serum/(μg/mL) | ||||||||
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG | 25.7 | 30.1 | 29.0 | 28.1 | 1.24 | 0.091 | 0.298 | 0.047 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA | 166 | 168 | 181 | 186 | 13.5 | 0.666 | 0.232 | 0.884 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM | 96.8 | 89.8 | 92.2 | 87.8 | 5.91 | 0.729 | 0.365 | 0.833 |
表4 母牛饲粮添加大蒜素对其犊牛体重的影响Table 4 Effects of allicin supplementation in cow diets on body weight of their calveskg |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | ALL3 | ALL6 | ALL9 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 初生重Birth weight | 35.2 | 35.9 | 36.5 | 34.7 | 1.02 | 0.625 | 0.789 | 0.230 |
| 断奶重Weaning weight | 86.9 | 87.9 | 87.4 | 86.1 | 1.09 | 0.675 | 0.540 | 0.278 |
2.3 母牛饲粮添加大蒜素对其犊牛血清指标的影响
表5 母牛饲粮添加大蒜素对其犊牛血清指标的影响Table 5 Effects of allicin supplementation in cow diets on serum indices of their calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | ALL3 | ALL6 | ALL9 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) | 5.94 | 6.39 | 5.98 | 6.47 | 0.245 | 0.333 | 0.264 | 0.983 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 5.34 | 5.41 | 5.21 | 5.07 | 0.254 | 0.672 | 0.355 | 0.455 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 117b | 159a | 133b | 118b | 6.2 | 0.001 | 0.384 | <0.001 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 564b | 619a | 603ab | 582ab | 13.8 | 0.045 | 0.530 | 0.011 |
| 脂多糖LPS/(EU/L) | 0.96 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.038 | 0.215 | 0.841 | 0.063 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(ng/L) | 150 | 148 | 173 | 164 | 15.5 | 0.611 | 0.361 | 0.900 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(pg/mL) | 266 | 218 | 230 | 255 | 22.9 | 0.434 | 0.612 | 0.123 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) | 55.1 | 42.2 | 49.3 | 55.2 | 3.68 | 0.061 | 0.654 | 0.021 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/mL) | 28.2 | 27.2 | 30.6 | 26.4 | 1.19 | 0.106 | 0.762 | 0.242 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/mL) | 26.5 | 21.1 | 19.6 | 23.9 | 1.86 | 0.066 | 0.282 | 0.030 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 1.12 | 1.21 | 1.08 | 1.17 | 0.038 | 0.115 | 0.800 | 0.679 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 38.3 | 41.1 | 41.0 | 39.4 | 1.21 | 0.310 | 0.541 | 0.088 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 19.0 | 18.9 | 19.3 | 19.7 | 0.55 | 0.616 | 0.270 | 0.479 |
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 1.60 | 1.59 | 1.63 | 1.62 | 0.056 | 0.933 | 0.663 | 0.925 |
| β-羟基丁酸BHBA/(mmol/L) | 359 | 349 | 359 | 361 | 33.4 | 0.994 | 0.943 | 0.831 |
| 非酯化脂肪酸NEFA/(mmol/L) | 469 | 437 | 454 | 474 | 10.9 | 0.088 | 0.517 | 0.020 |
2.4 大蒜素对奶牛血清代谢物的影响
2.4.1 变量统计分析
图2 奶牛血清代谢物的变量统计分析A、C和E分别为正离子模式下的主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析和可视化分析火山图,B、D和F分别为负离子模式下的主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析和可视化分析火山图。 Fig.2 Variable statistical analysis of serum metabolites of dairy cows A, C and E were principal component analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and volcano plot of visual analysis in positive ion mode, and B, D and F were principal component analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and volcano plot of visual analysis in negative ion mode, respectively. |
2.4.2 血清差异代谢物筛选
表6 大蒜素对奶牛血清差异代谢物组成的影响Table 6 Effects of allicin on serum differential metabolite composition of dairy cows |
| 化学分类Chemical taxonomy | 化合物 Compounds | 变量投影 重要性 VIP | log2差异 倍数 log2FC | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 超类Super class | 亚类Sub class | ||||||||
| 上调代谢物Up-regulated metabolites | |||||||||
脂质或类脂分子 Lipid or lipoid molecules | 胆汁酸、醇及其衍生物 Bile acids, alcohols and derivatives | 3-氧代胆酸 | 2.09 | 1.30 | |||||
| α-鼠胆酸 | 2.11 | 1.50 | |||||||
| (5β)-3-氧代胆甾-8(14), 11-二烯-24-酸 | 1.78 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 熊去氧胆酸 | 2.02 | 1.30 | |||||||
| 7-酮脱氧胆酸 | 2.06 | 1.06 | |||||||
| 木脂素、新木脂素及相关化合物 Lignans, neolignans and related compounds | 木脂素苷 Lignan glycoside | 淫羊藿苷E4 | 2.23 | 1.54 | |||||
| 下调代谢物Down-regulated metabolites | |||||||||
脂质或类脂分子 Lipid or lipoid molecules | 甘油磷脂酰胆碱 Glycerol phosphatidylcholine | 氧化磷脂酰胆碱 | 2.05 | -0.81 | |||||
| L-α-甘油磷脂酰胆碱 | 2.46 | -0.55 | |||||||
脂肪酸酯 Fatty acid esters | 硬脂酰-L-肉碱 | 2.21 | -0.76 | ||||||
| 7-十二碳烯酰肉碱 | 2.36 | -0.53 | |||||||
有机酸及其衍生物 Organic acids and derivatives | 中链羟基酸及其衍生物 Medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives | 钝孢酸D | 1.98 | -1.22 | |||||
氨基酸、多肽和类似物 Amino acids, polypeptides and analogues | 2-(丙-2-炔基 氨基)乙酸 | 1.86 | -0.70 | ||||||
| 4-庚烯酰甘氨酸 | 2.34 | -0.60 | |||||||
| DL-2-氨基辛酸 | 2.13 | -0.44 | |||||||
苯环类物质 Benzene-ring substances | 酪醇及其衍生物 Tyrosol and derivatives | 酪醇 | 2.17 | -0.60 | |||||
| 苯二酚 Benzenediol | 肾上腺素 | 2.02 | -0.42 | ||||||
| 苯丙素类和聚酮类化合物 Phenylpropanoid and polyketide compounds | 苯丙酸及其衍生物 Phenylpropionic acid and derivatives | L-3-苯基乳酸 | 2.15 | -0.54 | |||||

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