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肠道菌群介导的次级胆汁酸调节奶牛营养代谢病的可能机制

  • 王菲菲 ,
  • 毛永霞 ,
  • 乔国洋 ,
  • 郭延生 , *
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  • 宁夏大学动物科技学院, 银川 750021
* 郭延生,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

王菲菲(1997—),男,安徽阜阳人,博士研究生,从事反刍动物营养研究。E-mail:

收稿日期: 2025-04-23

  网络出版日期: 2025-12-13

基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(32360895)

宁夏重点研发计划项目(2024BBF02013)

Potential Mechanisms by Which Gut Microbiota-Mediated Secondary Bile Acids Regulate Nutritional Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cows

  • WANG Feifei ,
  • MAO Yongxia ,
  • QIAO Guoyang ,
  • GUO Yansheng , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-04-23

  Online published: 2025-12-13

摘要

奶牛营养代谢病作为制约奶牛养殖业可持续发展的关键瓶颈问题,其病理机制与肠道菌群介导的次级胆汁酸代谢密切相关。次级胆汁酸是初级胆汁酸经肠道菌群代谢转化而成的一类产物,其在宿主营养代谢和免疫调节中发挥关键作用。本文阐述了次级胆汁酸的生成途径、奶牛胃肠道菌群与次级胆汁酸代谢,并重点探讨次级胆汁酸在调节奶牛脂肪肝、酮病、瘤胃酸中毒及产后瘫痪等营养代谢病中的作用机制,以期为奶牛营养代谢病的营养干预策略提供理论依据。

本文引用格式

王菲菲 , 毛永霞 , 乔国洋 , 郭延生 . 肠道菌群介导的次级胆汁酸调节奶牛营养代谢病的可能机制[J]. 动物营养学报, 2025 , 37(12) : 8075 -8082 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.657

Abstract

Nutritional metabolic diseases in dairy cows, serving as a critical bottleneck constraining the sustainable development of dairy farming, exhibit pathological mechanisms closely associated with gut microbiota-mediated secondary bile acid metabolism. Secondary bile acids are metabolic derivatives transformed from primary bile acids through gut microbiota processing, playing pivotal roles in host nutrient metabolism and immune regulation. This review summarizes the biosynthetic pathways of secondary bile acids, delineates the interplay between bovine gastrointestinal microbiota and secondary bile acid metabolism, and specifically focuses on the mechanistic actions of secondary bile acids in modulating key nutritional metabolic disorders including fatty liver disease, ketosis, ruminal acidosis and postpartum paralysis, to provide a theoretical basis for nutritional intervention strategies of nutritional metabolic diseases in dairy cows.

奶牛营养代谢病是现代集约化养殖中常见的疾病,严重损害奶牛的生产性能和健康状况。奶牛营养代谢病的发病原因复杂多样,主要包括饲料营养水平不足或不平衡、饲养管理不善以及生理性应激[1]。此类疾病多发于奶牛的围产期及泌乳早期,如脂肪肝、酮病、瘤胃酸中毒以及产后瘫痪等。这些疾病会导致奶牛产奶量下降、繁殖率降低、生长发育迟缓及淘汰率升高,给奶牛养殖业造成严重的经济损失。近年来,随着对奶牛胃肠道菌群的深入研究,次级胆汁酸(secondary bile acids,SBAs)作为胃肠道菌群代谢的重要产物,在奶牛营养代谢病中的作用逐渐受到关注。作为宿主-微生物共代谢的关键枢纽,胃肠道菌群在宿主健康方面发挥着重要的作用。胃肠道菌群能够通过分解膳食纤维生成短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs),为外周组织提供能量来源,还能够维持胃肠道屏障功能,抑制内毒素易位引发的代谢性炎症[2-3]。此外,SCFAs还可以调控胆汁酸代谢,进而介导脂质消化与信号转导[4]。随着多组学技术的发展和应用,奶牛胃肠道菌群与胆汁酸之间的复杂互作机制在营养代谢病病理生理中的作用,正成为新的研究热点。胆汁酸是胆固醇分解代谢的重要产物,胆固醇通过经典途径和替代途径转化为初级胆汁酸(primary bile acids,PBAs),进入肠道的部分PBAs经肠道菌群修饰进一步转化为SBAs[5]。研究表明,SBAs具有多种生物活性,不仅是脂代谢和糖代谢的关键调控因子,还可通过免疫调节和抗炎作用干预代谢紊乱相关疾病[6]。因此,本文就SBAs的生成途径、奶牛胃肠道菌群与SBAs代谢以及SBAs对奶牛营养代谢病的调节潜在作用进行阐述,以期为奶牛营养代谢病的营养干预策略提供理论依据。

1 SBAs的生成途径

PBAs的生物合成主要发生于肝细胞微粒体和线粒体中,以胆固醇为前体通过经典和替代途径完成。在胆汁酸的生物合成体系中,约75%的胆汁酸是通过经典途径合成[7]。由胆固醇7α-羟化酶(cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily a member 1,CYP7A1)催化胆固醇发生7α-羟基化反应,依次生成7α-羟基胆固醇、胆烷酸、胆酸(cholic acid,CA)和鹅脱氧胆酸(chenodeoxycholic acid,CDCA)。替代途径占比约25%,这一过程起始于线粒体胆固醇27-羟化酶(cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily a member 1,CYP27A1)对胆固醇的C27位进行羟基化,随后通过胆固醇7β-羟化酶氧化生成PBAs[8]。合成的PBAs经酰胺化后储存于胆囊,进食时被释放至肠道,其中约95%通过回肠末端钠依赖性胆汁酸转运体重吸收进入肠肝循环,剩余则进入结肠并在肠道菌群作用下发生多级修饰[9]。PBAs经肠道菌群通过多步酶促反应转化为SBAs,首先由胆汁盐水解酶(bile salt hydrolase,BSH)催化去结合反应生成游离胆汁酸,随后经7α-脱羟酶介导生成石胆酸(lithocholic acid,LCA)和脱氧胆酸(deoxycholic acid,DCA),然后通过差向异构化过程生成熊脱氧胆酸(ursodeoxycholic acid,UDCA)等衍生物[10]。最新研究发现,单形拟杆菌(Bacteroides uniformis)可通过琥珀酰胆汁酸酰基合成酶催化CA的3-OH琥珀酰化形成SBAs 3-O-琥珀酰胆酸(3-O-succinylcholic acid,3-sucCA),此为首次发现的胆汁酸酰基化修饰类型[11]。此外,肠道菌群还能通过羟基化和异构化作用生成ω-鼠胆酸(ω-muricholic acid,ω-MCA)、异脱氧胆酸(isodeoxycholic acid,isoDCA)和异别石胆酸(isoallolithocholic acid,isoalloLCA)等修饰产物,其中部分产物展现出独特的免疫调节功能[12-14]

2 奶牛胃肠道菌群与SBAs代谢

瘤胃是一种由古菌、原生动物、厌氧细菌和真菌构成的复杂微生态系统[15]。健康奶牛的瘤胃优势菌群包括拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),约占整个瘤胃菌群的85%[16]。瘤胃菌群通过厌氧发酵将植物性饲料转化为SCFAs和微生物蛋白为机体提供能量[17]。传统观点认为,正常生理条件下瘤胃内缺乏胆汁酸代谢活动。然而,Zhang等[18]通过宏基因组学分析证实,奶牛瘤胃菌群中毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、拟杆菌科(Bacteroidaceae)和普雷沃菌属(Prevotella)等携带3-脱氢胆汁酸Δ4,6-还原酶(3-dehydro-bile acid delta 4,6-reductase,BaiN)/胆汁酸钠离子同向转运体家族(bile acid sodium symporter family,BASS)基因簇的菌群占比高达91%。这些菌群通过BaiN介导的脱氢还原反应以及BASS介导的跨膜转运协同驱动PBAs向SBAs的转化。瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)则能通过7α-脱羟基化直接将PBAs转化为SBAs[19]。相较于瘤胃,奶牛肠道菌群多样性虽有所降低,但主要的优势菌门组成仍保持一致[20]。肠道菌群与宿主和谐共生,促进营养物质消化吸收,维持肠道免疫稳态,并调节胆汁酸的合成、代谢及重吸收[21]。其中,Firmicutes中的Lachnospiraceae和尖锐杆菌科(Acutalibacteraceae)均能够编码BSH,该酶通过水解结合型胆汁酸生成游离型胆汁酸,为SBAs的转化提供物质基础[22]。里肯菌科(Rikenellaceae)和阿利斯特普雷沃菌属(Alistipes)能够通过氧化和去羟基化反应合成DCA和LCA等SBAs[23]。Proteobacteria中的某些大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)能够编码7α-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,7α-HSDH),在肠道中生成SBAs 7-oxo-胆汁酸[24]。小克里斯滕森氏菌属(Christensenella minuta)通过酰化作用生成新型SBAs 3-O-酰基胆酸(3-O-succinylcholic acid,3-sucCA),该代谢物能够直接调控宿主的糖代谢和脂代谢,并具有改善代谢性疾病的功能[25]。研究表明,肠道菌群可将PBAs转化为超过50种结构多样的SBAs,这些代谢物不仅是肠道微环境中最丰富的代谢物类群,更是宿主代谢稳态调控的关键介质[26-27]

3 SBAs对奶牛营养代谢病的影响

3.1 SBAs对奶牛脂肪肝的影响

在围产期,奶牛通常会处于能量负平衡(negative energy balance,NEB)状态。此时,奶牛机体开始动员脂肪组织来供应能量,这导致大量的非酯化脂肪酸(non-esterified fatty acids,NEFA)进入肝脏[28]。然而,当NEFA的积累量超过奶牛肝脏的氧化能力时,会导致甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)的积累,扰乱脂质代谢,诱发脂肪肝[29]。与此同时,血液中NEFA浓度的异常升高还可能会引发围产期奶牛的炎症反应[30]。围产期奶牛长期存在炎症反应会使脂肪肝和酮病的患病风险增加8倍[31]。值得关注的是,胆汁酸的肠肝循环作为一种重要的生理调节机制,在脂肪肝和肥胖等代谢性疾病中发挥着重要作用[32]。SBAs能够促进肝脏中NEFA的完全β-氧化并对肝脏起到保护作用[33]。SBAs主要通过与法尼酯X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)、维生素D受体(vitamin D receptor,VDR)、G蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体5(G protein-coupled receptor 5,TGR5)和孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)等受体相互作用来发挥其生理功能[34]。其中,FXR和TGR5被认为是胆汁酸专用受体,它们能与胆汁酸高亲和力结合并触发一系列代谢通路[35-36]。FXR主要调节胆汁酸代谢,而TGR5则在调节脂质和葡萄糖稳态、炎症及能量代谢方面发挥重要作用[37]。已有研究表明,通过提升血清中PBAs(如CA和CDCA)以及SBAs(如DCA)的浓度可以有效改善围产期奶牛的肠肝循环功能[38]。Ghaffari等[39]研究发现,干奶期转为泌乳期时奶牛血清中的甘脱氧胆酸(glyco-deoxycholic acid,GDCA)浓度呈现动态升高的变化特征。Gillard等[40]研究揭示,饲粮中添加DCA能够恢复门脉血中的胆汁酸浓度,增强TGR5和FXR信号转导,从而改善代谢紊乱状态,并防止肝脏脂肪变性。此外,越来越多的证据表明奶牛肝脏中内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)应激和脂肪生成基因表达上调共同促进脂肪肝的发展[41]。Zhu等[42]研究发现,使用牛磺熊去氧胆酸(tauroursodeoxycholic acid,TUDCA)可通过抑制牛肝细胞ER应激,下调固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1c(sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c,SREBP-1c)、脂肪酸合酶(fatty acid synthase,FASH)等脂肪生成相关基因的表达,从而减轻NEFA诱导的肝细胞脂质积累。SBAs还能在代谢失调诱导的炎症反应中发挥重要作用[43]。作为FXR的激动剂,UDCA能够减轻小鼠结肠炎模型中的肠道炎症[44]。Sinha等[45]研究表明,LCA和DCA可以减少参与炎症的关键细胞因子和趋化因子的表达,从而减轻急性或慢性结肠炎中的炎症反应。这些研究结果表明,SBAs能够通过调节机体脂质代谢和炎症反应,在围产期奶牛脂肪肝的发生和发展中发挥重要作用。

3.2 SBAs对奶牛酮病的影响

在NEB状态下,围产期奶牛体内过量释放的NEFA进入肝脏后经不完全氧化代谢生成β-羟基丁酸(β-hydroxybutyric acid,BHBA)及丙酮等酮体,最终导致酮病的发生[46]。产后奶牛体内蓄积的高浓度NEFA和BHBA不仅会诱发炎症反应与氧化应激,还会导致泌乳量下降、卵巢卵泡闭锁率升高,加速肝细胞凋亡,显著缩短奶牛生产寿命[47]。DCA是TGR5的优选配体,可与其高特异性结合并活化,从而产生显著的抗炎作用[48]。研究发现,DCA通过上调TGR5表达抑制核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)信号通路活化,进而抑制乳腺组织中白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等炎性因子的分泌[49]。围产期奶牛过度分解脂肪会引起瘤胃克拉副普雷沃菌(Paraprevotella clara)和木糖副普雷沃菌(Paraprevotella xylaniphila)等SBAs合成菌丰度下降,减少葡糖石胆酸(glycolithocholic acid,GLCA)和牛磺石胆酸(taurolithocholic acid,TLCA)等SBAs的生成。这会导致巨噬细胞表面的TGR5表达降低,抑制环磷酸腺苷-蛋白激酶A(cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A,cAMP-PKA)信号通路的激活,从而削弱巨噬细胞的抗炎表型转化,加剧产后免疫抑制[50]。而免疫抑制引发的炎症因子分泌与抗氧化酶活性降低,共同加重炎症反应和氧化应激[51]。此外,酮病发展还伴随着胆汁酸代谢谱的特征性改变。Luo等[52]研究发现,高酮症奶牛的BHBA和NEFA浓度与血浆TLCA浓度密切相关。Du等[53]进一步研究发现,酮病奶牛粪便中SBAs浓度显著高于健康奶牛,其中异脱氧胆酸(isochenodeoxycholic acid,iso-DCA)浓度与血浆NEFA和BHBA浓度呈显著正相关。随机森林模型和受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operator characteristic curve,ROC)分析显示,iso-DCA的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)值为0.84,表明其具有较高的预警潜力,可作为奶牛酮病的潜在预警标志物。综上所述,奶牛酮病的发生与SBAs代谢紊乱密切相关,SBAs可作为奶牛酮病的潜在预警标志物。

3.3 SBAs对奶牛瘤胃酸中毒的影响

在现代集约化养殖模式下,为满足高产奶量的生产需求,泌乳初期和高峰期奶牛常采用高精料饲喂策略。然而,奶牛摄入富含可快速发酵碳水化合物的精饲料易引发瘤胃微生物群紊乱,导致SCFAs异常积累并伴随瘤胃pH低于5.6,可诱导亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(subacute ruminal acidosis,SARA)疾病的发生[54]。长时间的SARA会引起奶牛采食量、产奶量和乳脂含量显著降低,更会继发腹泻、胃肠道损伤和蹄叶炎等病理变化[55]。最新研究发现,高谷物饲粮诱导的SARA奶牛回肠微生物群落发生显著改变,并伴随回肠和空肠胆汁酸代谢紊乱[56]。这一发现凸显了肠道菌群介导的胆汁酸代谢在奶牛瘤胃酸中毒中的调控作用。猪去氧胆酸(hyodeoxycholic acid,HDCA)通过核受体FXR与膜受体TGR5协同调控肠上皮稳态,激活FXR可抑制磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/AKT)信号通路活性,从而限制肠上皮细胞过度增殖。而TGR5介导的环磷腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)信号通路则促进紧密连接蛋白合成,增强肠道屏障功能,两者协同维持肠道微环境平衡并抑制炎症反应[57]。SBAs代谢的关键步骤是BSH介导的氨基酸结合型胆汁酸水解过程,这一过程与特定肠道菌群密切相关。BSH主要存在于乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)等菌群中。Fan等[58]研究发现,围产期奶牛补充熊去氧胆酸(ursodeoxycholic acid,UDCA)能够优化瘤胃菌群结构,促进SCFAs的生成,但对瘤胃pH无显著影响。同时,补充UDCA还能促进丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)和己酸菌属(Caproiciproducens)等肠道有益菌的增殖,并对有害菌起到抑制作用。综上所述,SBAs可调节胃肠道菌群稳态并增强肠道屏障功能,但其对瘤胃酸中毒的直接影响仍需进一步探究。

3.4 SBAs对奶牛产后瘫痪的影响

产后瘫痪又名“乳热症”,是奶牛产犊后血钙浓度降低引起的一种常见营养代谢病。该病主要症状是奶牛血钙浓度降低、意识模糊以及突然瘫痪[59]。在产犊期间,奶牛骨骼中的钙不能立即被利用,同时消化系统对钙的主动吸收能力减弱[60]。进入泌乳初期后,奶牛大部分血钙被用于乳汁合成,若无法有效动用骨钙或提升饮食中钙的吸收效率,血钙浓度就会显著降低,进而导致产后瘫痪。钙是脊椎动物体内最丰富的矿物质,能够参与神经传导、肌肉收缩、细胞信号传导、细胞膜稳定以及酶促反应等多种生理活动[61-62]。正常奶牛血液中的钙浓度为2.30 mmol/L,分娩后血液中的钙浓度降低至1.72 mmol/L[63]。血液中钙的浓度受到甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)和1,25-二羟基维生素D3的严格调控[64]。当血钙浓度轻度降低时,PTH会刺激肾脏从肾小球滤液中重吸收钙,使血钙浓度迅速恢复正常;而当血钙浓度过低时,PTH会促进骨钙释放入血以补充血钙,同时降钙素通过抑制破骨细胞防止骨钙过度流失,形成动态平衡[65]。值得注意的是,胆汁酸可以促进肠道对钙的吸收。Ishizawa等[66]研究表明,LCA能够通过选择性激活回肠中的维生素D受体诱导细胞色素P450家族24亚家族A成员1(cytochrome p450 family 24 subfamily A member 1,CYP24A1)基因的表达,进而调节维生素D的代谢过程,从而对肠道钙离子(Ca2+)吸收产生影响。维生素D活性代谢物1,25-二羟维生素D3通过激活小肠VDR上调钙转运蛋白表达以促进钙吸收,而结肠VDR则主要参与免疫调节,二者协同维持钙稳态[67]。研究进一步揭示,UDCA通过双重机制增强钙吸收,一方面通过上调VDR基因与蛋白表达激活VDR信号通路,促进肠道Ca2+吸收并增强抗菌肽(cathelicidin)的表达[68];另一方面通过拮抗脱氧胆酸钠(sodium deoxycholate,NaDOC)对肠上皮细胞紧密连接蛋白的破坏作用,逆转NaDOC诱导的钙吸收抑制[69]。研究人员发现,LCA可以通过维持钙吸收相关酶活性、抑制氧化应激和细胞凋亡等多种机制,对NaDOC诱导的钙吸收障碍发挥保护作用[70]。此外,牛磺脱氧胆酸(taurodeoxycholic acid,TDCA)可以通过增强细胞间通透性来增加回肠对钙的吸收[71]。因此,SBAs能够通过双重作用促进钙吸收:既通过激活VDR信号通路上调钙转运蛋白表达,又通过拮抗NaDOC对肠上皮屏障功能的破坏,从而协同维持钙稳态。

4 小结与展望

SBAs大部分是由肠道菌群产生的,但最新研究发现瘤胃菌群也能介导部分SBAs的合成。SBAs能够通过激活FXR、TGR5、VDR等信号通路调控脂质代谢、炎症反应、氧化应激、胃肠道屏障及钙稳态,进而调节奶牛脂肪肝、酮病、瘤胃酸中毒和产后瘫痪等营养代谢病。目前,关于SBAs在奶牛营养代谢病调节机制方面的研究较为缺乏。未来研究应聚焦于系统解析奶牛胃肠道菌群对SBAs合成的调控机制,并进一步在奶牛生产中开展SBAs干预试验,以阐明其在营养代谢病中的作用机制。
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