1 材料与方法
1.1 动物试验伦理声明
1.2 试验材料
表1 花椒叶营养水平(饲喂基础)Table 1 Nutrient levels of Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves (as-fed basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 16.57 |
| 干物质DM | 91.83 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.33 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 3.58 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 23.48 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 14.36 |
| 钙Ca | 3.34 |
| 磷P | 0.14 |
营养水平为实测值。 | |
Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.3 试验1:花椒叶消化能的测定
1.3.1 试验设计和饲养管理
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (as-fed basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 57.10 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 19.50 | ||
| 麸皮Bran | 11.80 | ||
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 2.10 | ||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 4.30 | ||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.50 | ||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.40 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.80 | ||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.10 | ||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl (≥78.8%) | 0.30 | ||
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.10 | ||
| 预混料Premix1) | 2.00 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 15.87 | ||
| 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 14.96 | ||
| 干物质DM | 88.38 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 14.00 | ||
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.84 | ||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 21.36 | ||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 9.83 | ||
| 钙Ca | 0.86 | ||
| 磷P | 0.73 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 5 512 IU,VD 2 250 IU,VE 24 mg,VB6 3 mg,VB12 24 μg,VK 3 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,核黄素 riboflavin 6 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 15 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.2 mg,Cu 15 mg,Fe 100 mg,Mn 30 mg,Zn 100 mg,Se 0.2 mg,I 0.3 mg。 2)消化能参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版)》计算,其他营养水平为实测值。DE was calculated referring to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (31st edition, 2020), while the others were measured values. |
1.3.2 样品采集
1.3.3 测定指标及方法
1.3.3.1 常规营养成分
1.3.3.2 养分表观消化率和消化能
1.4 试验2:花椒叶对妊娠母猪背膘厚度和繁殖性能的影响
1.4.1 试验设计和饲养管理
表3 饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础)Table 3 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (as-fed basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 试验饲粮 Experimental diet | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||||
| 玉米Corn | 57.10 | 55.70 | |||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 19.50 | 18.20 | |||
| 麸皮Bran | 11.80 | 10.50 | |||
| 花椒叶 Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves | 4.00 | ||||
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 2.10 | 2.10 | |||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 4.30 | 4.30 | |||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.50 | 1.50 | |||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.40 | 0.40 | |||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.80 | 0.80 | |||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.10 | 0.10 | |||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-Lys·HCl (≥78.8%) | 0.30 | 0.30 | |||
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.10 | 0.10 | |||
| 预混料Premix1) | 2.00 | 2.00 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 15.87 | 15.90 | |||
| 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 14.96 | 14.61 | |||
| 干物质DM | 88.38 | 88.52 | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 14.00 | 14.05 | |||
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.84 | 2.87 | |||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 21.36 | 21.44 | |||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 9.83 | 10.01 | |||
| 钙Ca | 0.86 | 0.99 | |||
| 磷P | 0.73 | 0.71 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 5 512 IU,VD 2 250 IU,VE 24 mg,VB6 3 mg,VB12 24 μg,VK 3 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,核黄素 riboflavin 6 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 15 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.2 mg,Cu 15 mg,Fe 100 mg,Mn 30 mg,Zn 100 mg,Se 0.2 mg,I 0.3 mg。 2)消化能为计算值,其中花椒叶消化能由试验1得到,其他原料消化能参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版)》;其他营养水平为实测值。DE was a calculated value, in which DE of Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves came from experiment 1, and the other ingredients were referred to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (31st edition, 2020); while the other nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.4.2 样品采集及指标测定
1.4.2.1 繁殖性能
1.4.2.2 背膘厚度
1.4.2.3 血清免疫指标
1.4.2.4 血清抗氧化指标
1.4.2.5 粪便菌群
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 花椒叶消化能和养分表观消化率
表4 花椒叶消化能Table 4 Digestible energy of Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves (n=12) |
| 项目Items | 花椒叶Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves |
|---|---|
| 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 13.78±0.56 |
| 总能表观消化率Apparent digestibility of gross energy/% | 83.19±0.75 |
表5 饲粮养分表观消化率Table 5 Nutrient apparent digestibility of diets (n=12) % |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮组 Basal diet group | 试验饲粮组 Experimental diet group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 总能GE | 83.14±0.61 | 82.78±0.78 | 0.958 |
| 干物质DM | 82.59±0.62 | 82.99±0.74 | 0.701 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 84.11±0.58 | 83.17±0.64 | 0.369 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 71.61±1.82 | 69.01±1.49 | 0.306 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 67.74±0.93 | 70.07±1.11 | 0.118 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 67.85±1.03 | 64.82±1.30 | 0.052 |
2.2 花椒叶对妊娠母猪背膘厚度和繁殖性能的影响
表6 花椒叶对妊娠母猪背膘厚度的影响Table 6 Effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves on backfat thickness of pregnant sows (n=30) mm |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 妊娠期第30天Day 30 of pregnancy | 15.60±0.15 | 15.40±0.15 | 0.252 |
| 妊娠期第60天Day 60 of pregnancy | 16.30±0.16 | 16.50±0.15 | 0.681 |
| 妊娠期第90天Day 90 of pregnancy | 16.60±0.11 | 16.70±0.13 | 0.814 |
表7 花椒叶对妊娠母猪繁殖性能的影响Table 7 Effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves on reproduction performance of pregnant sows (n=24) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 妊娠期第30~90天平均饲喂量 Average feeding amount from days 30 to 90 of pregnancy/kg | 2.40 | 2.40 | |
| 妊娠期第91~107天平均饲喂量 Average feeding amount from days 91 to 107 of pregnancy/kg | 3.00 | 3.00 | |
| 窝均产仔数Average litter size/头 | 13.40±0.27 | 13.10±0.26 | 0.505 |
| 窝均活仔数Average number of live piglets per litter/头 | 12.30±0.21 | 12.40±0.23 | 0.598 |
| 窝均健仔数Average number of healthy piglets per litter/头 | 11.60±0.18 | 11.80±0.21 | 0.547 |
| 窝均弱仔数Average number of weak piglets per litter/头 | 0.63±0.17 | 0.63±0.16 | 0.997 |
| 窝均死胎数Average number of stillborn piglets per litter/头 | 1.13±0.20 | 0.71±0.16 | 0.117 |
| 初生窝重Newborn litter weight/kg | 16.70±0.68 | 17.40±0.74 | 0.461 |
| 初生个体重Individual birth weight/kg | 1.36±0.05 | 1.40±0.05 | 0.584 |
| 平均产程Average labor time/min | 278.40±6.82 | 281.50±6.04 | 0.733 |
2.3 花椒叶对妊娠母猪血清免疫指标的影响
表8 花椒叶对妊娠母猪血清免疫指标的影响Table 8 Effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves on serum immune indices of pregnant sows (n=24) mg/mL |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA | 1.05±0.11 | 1.06±0.10 | 0.966 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG | 20.26±0.51 | 20.04±0.51 | 0.757 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM | 10.97±0.48 | 10.83±0.50 | 0.840 |
2.4 花椒叶对妊娠母猪血清抗氧化指标的影响
表9 花椒叶对妊娠母猪血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 9 Effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves on serum antioxidant indices of pregnant sows (n=24) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 29.40±0.96 | 31.10±1.41 | 0.309 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 750.80±8.41 | 781.00±14.11 | 0.073 |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶T-SOD/(U/mL) | 58.30±1.87 | 60.50±1.94 | 0.418 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(nmol/mL) | 2.60±0.06 | 2.52±0.05 | 0.324 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 2.49±0.06 | 2.53±0.06 | 0.612 |
2.5 花椒叶对妊娠母猪粪便菌群的影响
图1 花椒叶对妊娠母猪粪便菌群多样性和组成的影响Bacillota:芽孢杆菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Pseudomonadota:假单胞菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Thermodesulfobacteriota:热脱硫杆菌门;Actinomycetota:放线菌门;Cyanobacteriota:蓝细菌门;Unclassified_k_norank_d_Bacteria:未分类细菌;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Patescibacteria:髌骨菌门;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;Synergistota:互养菌门;Campylobacterota:弯曲杆菌门;Fusobacteriota:梭杆菌门;Planctomycetota:浮霉菌门;Elusimicrobiota:迷踪菌门;Norank_f_Muribaculaceae:未定级鼠杆菌科;Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group:普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31群;Christensenellaceae_R-7_group:克里斯滕森菌科R7群;Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group:毛螺菌科NK4A136群;Escherichia-Shigella:埃希氏菌-志贺菌属;Treponema:密螺旋体属;Norank_f_[Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group:未定级产粪甾醇真细菌群;Norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014:未定级梭菌纲UCG-014;Clostridium:梭菌属;NK4A214_group:NK4A214群;Terrisporobacter:特里斯孢菌属;Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group:毛螺菌科XPB1014群;Unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae:未分类毛螺菌科;Desulfovibrio:脱硫弧菌属;[Eubacterium]_ruminantium_group:反刍真杆菌群;Phascolarctobacterium:考拉杆菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;Monoglobus:单球菌属;Streptococcus:链球菌属;Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group:毛螺菌科AC2044群;Cellulosilyticum:纤维素分解菌属;Sarcina:八叠球菌;Others:其他。 Fig1 Effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves on fecal microbiota diversity and composition of pregnant sows (n=6) |
图2 妊娠母猪粪便优势菌群及差异菌属[Eubacterium]_ruminantium_group:反刍真杆菌群;Streptococcus:链球菌属;Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group:毛螺菌科AC2044群;Norank_f_Butyricicoccaceae:未定级丁酸球菌科;Oscillospira:颤螺菌属;Oribacterium:原杆菌属;Norank_o_Oscillospirales:未定级颤螺菌目。 Fig.2 Dominant bacterial flora and differential bacterial genera in feces of pregnant sows (n=6) |
图3 妊娠母猪粪便差异菌群LEfSe分析[Eubacterium]_ruminantium_group:反刍真杆菌群;Streptococcaceae:链球菌科;Streptococcus:链球菌属;Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group:毛螺菌科AC2044群;norank_f_Butyricicoccaceae:未定级丁酸球菌科;Oscillospira:颤螺菌属;Oxalobacter:草酸杆菌属;Oxalobacteraceae:草酸杆菌科;Peptococcus:消化球菌属;Succinivibrio:琥珀酸弧菌属;Succinivibrionaceae:琥珀酸弧菌科;Oribacterium:原杆菌属;norank_o_Oscillospirales:未定级颤螺菌目。 Fig.3 LEfSe analysis of differential microbiota in feces of pregnant sows (n=6) |

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