1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计和饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 8~21日龄 8 to 21 days of age | 22~63日龄 22 to 63 days of age | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||||
| 玉米Corn | 59.51 | 65.43 | |||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 31.10 | 25.55 | |||
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 2.80 | 3.20 | |||
| 石粉Stone powder | 0.75 | 0.75 | |||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.78 | 1.21 | |||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 2.72 | 2.52 | |||
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.34 | 0.34 | |||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.82 | 12.17 | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 14.50 | 18.00 | |||
| 钙Ca | 1.05 | 1.00 | |||
| 磷P | 0.69 | 0.57 | |||
| 项目 Items | 8~21日龄 8 to 21 days of age | 22~63日龄 22 to 63 days of age | |||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.20 | 1.00 | |||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.51 | 0.38 |
1)预混料为8~21日龄每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet for 8 to 21 days of age:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK 0.5 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 8 mg,VB6 3.5 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,烟酸 niacin 35 mg,生物素 biotin 0.18 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.55 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,胆碱 choline 1 300 mg,Mn 120 mg,Zn 100 mg,Fe 100 mg,Cu 8 mg,I 0.7 mg,Se 0.3 mg。 预混料为22~63日龄每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet for 22 to 63 days of age:VA 6 000 IU,VD3 750 IU,VE 10 IU,VK 0.5 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 5 mg,VB6 3 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,烟酸 niacin 30 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.55 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,胆碱 choline 1 000 mg,Mn 100 mg,Zn 80 mg,Fe 80 mg,Cu 8 mg,I 0.7 mg,Se 0.3 mg。 2)代谢能、氨基酸和磷依据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2021年第32版)》中各原料对应数值进行计算;粗蛋白质和钙为实测值,分别参照GB/T 6432—2018和GB/T 6436—2018测定。ME, amino acids, and P were calculated based on the corresponding values of each raw material in Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (32nd edition, 2021), while CP and Ca were measured values, according to GB/T 6432—2018 and GB/T 6436—2018, respectively. |
1.3 测定指标及方法
1.3.1 水样检测
1.3.2 生长性能
1.3.3 肝脏和免疫器官指数
1.3.4 血清指标
1.3.5 肠道组织形态
1.3.6 回肠消化酶活性
1.3.7 回肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白和炎性因子表达
表2 qRT-PCR引物信息Table 2 Primer sequences for qRT-PCR |
| 基因 Genes | 引物序列 Primer sequences (5'—3') | 产物大小 Product size/bp |
|---|---|---|
| 闭合蛋白Occludin | F:GCTGAGATGGACAGCATCAA R:CCTCTGCCACATCCTGGTAT | 97 |
| 密封蛋白-1 Claudin-1 | F:TACAGCCCTTGGCCAATACA R:CCAAGAAACAACCACCAGCA | 171 |
| 密封蛋白-2 Claudin-2 | F:GATACGTGTAGCAGCAGCAG R:AGCTGGGATTTCTGAGCAGT | 167 |
| 闭锁小带蛋白-1 ZO-1 | F:GAGCGCAAGTTTGAAAGTCC R:AGGAGGCTGTGATGAGCTGT | 135 |
| 闭锁小带蛋白-2 ZO-2 | F:GAAAGCTCCAGCTGGTTGTC R:GGGGAGAACGATCTGTTTGA | 124 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6 | F:CTCCTCGCCAATCTGAAGTC R:CCCTCACGGTCTTCTCCATA | 100 |
| 白细胞介素-8 IL-8 | F:GATTGAACTCCGATGCCAGT R:TCCACATTCTTGCAGTGAGG | 108 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β | F:GCATCAAGGGCTACAAGCTC R:CAGGCGGTAGAAGATGAAGC | 131 |
| 干扰素-γ IFN-γ | F:CAGATGTAGCTGACGGTGGA R:CATCGAAACAATCTGGCTCA | 98 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | F:GCCCTTCCTGTAACCAGATG R:ACACGACAGCCAAGTCAACG | 71 |
| β-肌动蛋白β-actin | F:GCTACAGCTTCACCACCACA R:TCTCCTGCTCGAAATCCAGT | 90 |
1.4 数据统计分析
2 结果
2.1 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对饮水中微生物指标的影响
表3 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对饮水中微生物指标的影响Table 3 Effects of ozone and sorbic acid for drinking water disinfection on microbial indicators in drinking water CFU/mL |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 臭氧组 Ozone group | 山梨酸组 Sorbic acid group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 消毒后6 h 6 h after disinfection | ||||
| 总菌落数Total bacterial count | 220.74±15.77a | 1.33±0.13b | 3.09±0.70b | <0.001 |
| 大肠杆菌数Escherichia coli count | 24.85±3.94a | 0.00±0.00b | 0.00±0.00b | <0.001 |
| 消毒后12 h 12 h after disinfection | ||||
| 总菌落数Total bacterial count | 281.72±38.29a | 7.51±1.06b | 12.31±3.82b | <0.001 |
| 大肠杆菌数Escherichia coli count | 27.67±6.51a | 0.00±0.00b | 1.75±0.28b | <0.001 |
| 消毒后24 h 24 h after disinfection | ||||
| 总菌落数Total bacterial count | 193.39±23.61a | 12.53±2.13b | 24.38±4.59b | 0.001 |
| 大肠杆菌数Escherichia coli count | 22.92±5.76a | 1.91±0.27b | 4.38±1.13b | <0.001 |
| 消毒后48 h 48 h after disinfection | ||||
| 总菌落数Total bacterial count | 262.35±37.18a | 45.61±12.24b | 42.56±8.96b | <0.001 |
| 大肠杆菌数Escherichia coli count | 26.94±5.87a | 7.35±1.62b | 8.23±0.95b | <0.001 |
同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡生长性能的影响
表4 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of ozone and sorbic acid for drinking water disinfection on growth performance of laying hens during brooding period |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 臭氧组 Ozone group | 山梨酸组 Sorbic acid group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 | ||||
| 初重IBW/g | 75.16±5.29 | 75.39±9.55 | 74.83±6.84 | 0.118 |
| 末重FBW/g | 397.44±9.27 | 380.03±13.86 | 401.87±10.15 | 0.254 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 11.51±0.54ab | 10.88±0.31b | 11.68±0.66a | 0.037 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 20.95±1.06 | 20.67±1.69 | 20.91±1.54 | 0.852 |
| 料重比F/G | 1.82±0.08ab | 1.90±0.05a | 1.79±0.10b | 0.041 |
| 死淘率Mortality/% | 0.25±0.07 | 0.22±0.05 | 0.28±0.03 | 0.167 |
| 第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 | ||||
| 末重FBW/g | 782.16±20.38 | 768.11±23.17 | 794.15±26.84 | 0.235 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 13.74±1.67 | 13.86±1.49 | 14.01±1.48 | 0.594 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 42.87±5.84 | 43.24±4.52 | 43.01±4.97 | 0.861 |
| 料重比F/G | 3.12±0.36 | 3.12±0.34 | 3.07±0.31 | 0.482 |
| 死淘率Mortality/% | 0.29±0.10 | 0.31±0.08 | 0.31±0.14 | 0.398 |
| 第1~8周Weeks 1 to 8 | ||||
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 12.63±1.22 | 12.37±1.08 | 12.85±1.18 | 0.747 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 33.97±4.09 | 33.77±3.26 | 34.18±2.95 | 0.662 |
| 料重比F/G | 2.69±0.24 | 2.73±0.22 | 2.66±0.23 | 0.367 |
| 死淘率Mortality/% | 0.54±0.09 | 0.53±0.06 | 0.59±0.05 | 0.423 |
2.3 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡肝脏和免疫器官指数的影响
表5 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡肝脏和免疫器官指数的影响Table 5 Effects of ozone and sorbic acid for drinking water disinfection on liver and immune organ indices of laying hens during brooding period g/kg |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 臭氧组 Ozone group | 山梨酸组 Sorbic acid group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 肝脏指数Liver index | 23.73±1.69ab | 23.22±2.38b | 25.32±1.81a | 0.039 |
| 胸腺指数Thymus index | 4.93±1.28 | 4.64±1.24 | 4.22±1.45 | 0.143 |
| 脾脏指数Spleen index | 3.06±0.50 | 3.34±0.66 | 2.90±0.43 | 0.255 |
| 法氏囊指数Bursa of Fabricius index | 0.79±0.27 | 0.68±0.22 | 0.83±0.25 | 0.092 |
2.4 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响
表6 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of ozone and sorbic acid for drinking water disinfection on serum biochemical indices of laying hens during brooding period |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 臭氧组 Ozone group | 山梨酸组 Sorbic acid group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 13.83±3.96 | 12.21±3.93 | 14.59±2.17 | 0.294 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 4.71±5.64 | 4.62±6.48 | 4.72±5.36 | 0.775 |
| 肌酐CRE/(μmol/L) | 17.58±2.60 | 16.31±2.08 | 14.25±4.44 | 0.358 |
| 尿酸UA/(μmol/L) | 341.53±147.74 | 308.31±79.01 | 271.10±47.26 | 0.081 |
| 总胆红素TBIL/(μmol/L) | 19.23±5.20 | 21.76±8.13 | 18.65±5.86 | 0.367 |
| 碱性磷酸酶AKP/(U/L) | 21.49±12.58 | 28.73±20.21 | 38.04±18.49 | 0.086 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 28.10±23.27 | 25.46±22.03 | 19.83±7.06 | 0.073 |
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 1.77±1.82b | 4.05±1.86a | 2.61±1.33ab | 0.004 |
2.5 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响
表7 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of ozone and sorbic acid for drinking water disinfection on serum antioxidant indices of laying hens during brooding period |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 臭氧组 Ozone group | 山梨酸组 Sorbic acid group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) | 14.85±6.81 | 12.69±2.82 | 16.63±5.30 | 0.157 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 1 438.24±304.81 | 1 317.23±304.28 | 1 363.87±295.24 | 0.691 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 3.63±0.52 | 3.30±0.71 | 3.12±0.66 | 0.392 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 140.68±30.33 | 123.13±12.38 | 130.00±51.07 | 0.729 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 3.26±2.95 | 3.32±1.74 | 5.57±2.83 | 0.114 |
2.6 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响
表8 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响Table 8 Effects of ozone and sorbic acid for drinking water disinfection on serum immune indices of laying hens during brooding period |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 臭氧组 Ozone group | 山梨酸组 Sorbic acid group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) | 7.34±1.26 | 7.85±1.53 | 6.92±0.74 | 0.692 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) | 2.39±0.43 | 2.22±0.46 | 2.78±0.67 | 0.854 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(ng/mL) | 68.00±13.33a | 54.03±6.30b | 65.01±10.20ab | 0.040 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(pg/mL) | 12.52±0.80 | 12.44±1.84 | 12.84±1.82 | 0.967 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) | 13.43±1.79 | 13.97±2.01 | 15.65±3.18 | 0.169 |
| 白细胞介素-8 IL-8/(pg/mL) | 22.07±1.59 | 24.98±3.70 | 25.47±4.79 | 0.864 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/mL) | 13.69±1.29 | 14.27±0.96 | 13.99±1.10 | 0.691 |
2.7 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡肠道组织形态的影响
表9 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡肠道组织形态的影响Table 9 Effects of ozone and sorbic acid for drinking water disinfection on intestinal tissue morphology of laying hens during brooding period |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 臭氧组 Ozone group | 山梨酸组 Sorbic acid group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 十二指肠Duodenum | ||||
| 绒毛高度Villus heigh/μm | 867.17±195.10b | 638.53±153.60c | 1 011.89±169.10a | 0.029 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 172.90±32.80 | 165.13±35.47 | 200.72±27.62 | 0.167 |
| 绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C | 5.17±1.35a | 3.92±0.83b | 5.10±0.92a | 0.007 |
| 空肠Jejunum | ||||
| 绒毛高度Villus heigh/μm | 1 246.07±247.53 | 1 353.15±204.70 | 1 260.11±219.36 | 0.694 |
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 236.92±37.65ab | 252.84±64.77a | 202.59±29.11b | 0.031 |
| 绒毛高度/隐窝深度V/C | 5.38±1.38 | 5.58±1.29 | 6.27±1.13 | 0.082 |
2.8 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡回肠消化酶活性的影响
表10 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡回肠消化酶活性的影响Table 10 Effects of ozone and sorbic acid for drinking water disinfection on ileal digestive enzyme activity of laying hens during brooding period U/g prot |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 臭氧组 Ozone group | 山梨酸组 Sorbic acid group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 淀粉酶Amylase | 0.18±0.04b | 0.23±0.03a | 0.16±0.07b | 0.024 |
| 脂肪酶Lipase | 34.89±28.78b | 19.83±8.67b | 65.99±30.86a | 0.001 |
| 胰蛋白酶Trypsin | 6 582.52±636.29ab | 7 117.72±499.43a | 5 189.12±520.30b | 0.043 |
2.9 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡回肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白和炎性因子表达的影响
图1 臭氧和山梨酸饮水消毒对育雏期蛋鸡回肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白和炎性因子表达的影响数据柱标注不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 Fig.1 Effects of ozone and sorbic acid for drinking water disinfection on expression of tight junction proteins and inflammatory factors in ileal mucosa of laying hens during brooding period Value columns with different letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). |

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