图1 2015—2024年我国国产及进口高粱情况图中数据单位为:万t;数据来自于国家统计局和海关统计数据;2024年我国高粱产量来自于卓创资讯预测数据;其他国家主要包含缅甸、尼日利亚和乌拉圭。The data unit in the figure is: 10 000 t; data from the National Bureau of Statistics and General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China; China’s sorghum production in 2024 came from the forecast data of Zhuochuang Information; other countries include Myanmar, Nigeria and Uruguay. Fig.1 Domestic and imported sorghum in China from 2015 to 2024 |
1 高粱的营养成分
1.1 高粱的常规营养成分
表1 饲用高粱质量标准Table 1 Quality standards of feed material sorghum |
| 项目Items | 指标Indexes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 类型Type | Ⅰ型 | Ⅱ型 | ||
| 单宁Tannin/% | ≤0.3 | >0.3 | ||
| 等级Grade | 一级 | 二级 | 一级 | 二级 |
| 容重Test weight/(g/L) | ≥740 | ≥700 | ≥740 | ≥700 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/% | ≥8.0 | |||
| 杂质Foreign material/% | ≤1.0 | |||
| 不完善粒Imperfect kernel/% | ≤3.0 | |||
| 水分Moisture/% | ≤14.0 | |||
| 粗纤维CF/% | ≤3.0 | |||
| 粗灰分Ash/% | ≤3.0 | |||
各项指标含量除单宁、容重、水分、杂质和不完善粒以原样为基础计算外,其他均以88%干物质为基础计算。 | |
The contents of each index were calculated on the basis of 88% dry matter except tannin, test weight, moisture, foreign material and imperfect kernel. |
表2 高粱的常规营养成分(干物质基础)Table 2 Proximate nutrient components of sorghum (DM basis) |
| 序号 No. | 项目 Items | 粗蛋白质 CP/% | 粗脂肪 EE/% | 粗纤维 CF/% | 粗灰分 Ash/% | 单宁 Tannin/% | 淀粉 Starch/% | 直链淀粉/ 总淀粉 Amylose/total starch | 总能 GE/ (kcal/kg) | 参考文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 单宁<0.5% | 8.17~13.45 | 0.78~3.55 | 1.44~2.71 | 1.51~2.35 | 0~0.45 | 62.93~83.37 | 15.05~20.70 | 4 364~4 438 | [11-13] |
| 2 | 0.5%≤单宁<1.0% | 8.18~12.91 | 1.19~3.54 | 1.20~2.59 | 1.38~2.15 | 0.59~0.98 | 62.01~74.83 | - | 4 357~4 577 | [11-12] |
| 3 | 单宁≥1.0% | 7.23~13.41 | 1.39~4.74 | 1.30~2.11 | 1.23~2.91 | 1.01~1.61 | 61.25~85.38 | 13.43~23.47 | 4 383~4 530 | [11-14] |
| 4 | 高粱(NRC,2012) | 10.47 | 3.83 | 2.39 | 1.84 | - | 78.39 | - | 4 343 | [15] |
| 5 | 单宁<0.5%(中国,2020) | 10.54 | 2.20 | 3.87 | 1.76 | 0.08 | 72.85 | - | 4 410 | [6] |
| 6 | 0.5%≤单宁<1.0%(中国,2020) | 10.42 | 2.79 | 3.92 | 1.71 | 0.84 | 70.41 | - | 4 438 | [6] |
| 7 | 单宁≥1.0%(中国,2020) | 10.92 | 2.71 | 4.18 | 2.15 | 1.29 | 67.60 | - | 4 453 | [6] |
| 8 | 高粱(INRA) | 10.87 | 3.35 | 2.77 | 1.62 | - | 74.10 | - | 4 504 | [16] |
| 9 | 高粱(CVB) | 9.98 | 3.21 | 2.64 | 1.72 | - | 71.67 | - | - | [17] |
| 10 | 低单宁(巴西) | 10.05 | 3.85 | 3.32 | 1.58 | - | 76.46 | - | 4 579 | [18] |
| 11 | 高单宁(巴西) | 10.44 | 2.74 | 3.24 | 2.17 | - | 66.12 | - | 4 494 | [18] |
| 12 | 高粱,研磨(NASEM,2021) | 12.5 | 4.09 | - | 2.5 | - | 72.6 | - | - | [19] |
| 13 | 蒸汽压片(NASEM,2021) | 12.5 | 4.09 | - | 2.5 | - | 72.6 | - | - | [19] |
| 最大值Maximum value | 13.45 | 4.74 | 2.71 | 2.91 | 1.61 | 85.38 | 23.47 | 4 577 | ||
| 最小值Minimum value | 7.23 | 0.78 | 1.20 | 1.23 | 0.02 | 61.25 | 13.43 | 4 357 | ||
| 平均值Average value | 10.21 | 2.80 | 1.78 | 1.88 | 0.93 | 71.41 | 18.71 | 4 314 | ||
数据根据参考文献中高粱的实际含量值换算成百分比;“-”表示参考文献中无该成分数据。下表同。 | |
The actual content of sorghum was converted into percentage according to the reference; “-” indicated that there was no data of this component in the reference. The same as below. |
1.2 高粱的氨基酸组成
表3 玉米、小麦和各饲料原料数据库中高粱的氨基酸含量(干物质基础)Table 3 Amino acid contents of sorghum in databases of corn, wheat and various feed raw materials (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | NRC(2012)[15] | 《猪营养需要》Nutrient requirement of swine[6] | CVB[17] | INRA[16] | NASEM(2021)[19] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 玉米 Corn | 小麦 Wheat | 高粱 Sorghum | 单宁<0.5% Tannin<0.5% | 0.5%≤单宁<1.0% 0.5%≤Tannin<1.0% | 单宁≥1.0% Tannin≥1.0% | 高粱 Sorghum | 高粱 Sorghum | 高粱、蒸汽压片 Sorghum, steam-flaked | ||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.28 | 0.41~0.44 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.28 | |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.21 | |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.31 | 0.41~0.45 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.39 | |
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.07 | 0.16~0.19 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.13 | |
| 缬氨酸Val | 0.43 | 0.54~0.65 | 0.51 | 0.61 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.49 | 0.59 | 0.57 | |
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 0.31 | 0.39~0.53 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.46 | |
| 亮氨酸Leu | 1.07 | 0.79~1.03 | 1.35 | 1.51 | 1.62 | 1.62 | 1.30 | 1.48 | 1.51 | |
| 精氨酸Arg | 0.41 | 0.60~0.68 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.47 | |
| 组氨酸His | 0.27 | 0.32~0.38 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.28 | |
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 0.44 | 0.60~0.72 | 0.54 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.53 | 0.58 | 0.61 | |
| 丙氨酸Ala | 0.67 | 0.49~0.53 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.05 | 0.88 | 1.01 | - | |
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 0.60 | 0.67~0.80 | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.76 | 0.70 | 0.21 | - | |
| 半胱氨酸Cys | 0.21 | 0.35~0.37 | 0.20 | 0.32 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.22 | |
| 谷氨酸Glu | 1.66 | 3.38~4.38 | 2.06 | 2.58 | 2.51 | 2.75 | 1.98 | 2.28 | - | |
| 甘氨酸Gly | 0.35 | 0.57~0.64 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.34 | - | |
| 脯氨酸Pro | 0.79 | 1.20~1.53 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.76 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.92 | - | |
| 丝氨酸Ser | 0.43 | 0.51~0.68 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.50 | - | |
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 0.29 | 0.41~0.35 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.44 | - | |
1.3 高粱中的淀粉特性
1.4 高粱中的脂肪和脂肪酸
2 高粱的抗营养因子
2.1 高粱的单宁含量
2.2 高粱的醇溶蛋白
3 高粱的猪AE及预测方程
表4 高粱的猪有效能值(干物质基础)Table 4 Available energy value of sorghum for pigs (DM basis) |
| 序号 | 项目 Items | 体重 Body weight/kg | 粗蛋白质 CP/% | 单宁 Tannin/% | 消化能 DE/ (kcal/kg) | 代谢能 ME/ (kcal/kg) | 净能 NE/ (kcal/kg) | 参考文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 单宁<0.5% | 18.5~70 | 7.21~15.59 | 0.02~0.45 | 3 800~4 025 | 3 687~3 993 | - | [7,11-12,59] |
| 2 | 0.5%≤单宁<1.0% | 36.8~70 | 7.68~12.91 | 0.59~0.98 | 3 459~4 297 | 3 438~4 200 | - | [11-12] |
| 3 | 单宁≥1.0% | 36.7~70 | 6.39~13.41 | 1.01~1.81 | 3 196~4 063 | 3 150~4 049 | - | [11-12,39] |
| 4 | 单宁<0.5% (中国,2020) | 生长猪 | 10.54 | - | 3 934 | 3 855 | 3 042 | [6] |
| 5 | 单宁<0.5% (中国,2020) | 母猪 | 10.54 | - | 4 005 | 3 889 | 3 068 | [6] |
| 6 | 0.5≤单宁<1.0% (中国,2020) | 生长猪 | 10.42 | - | 3 687 | 3 624 | 2 859 | [6] |
| 7 | 0.5≤单宁<1.0% (中国,2020) | 母猪 | 10.42 | - | 3 753 | 3 644 | 2 875 | [6] |
| 8 | 单宁≥1.0% (中国,2020) | 生长猪 | 10.92 | - | 3 569 | 3 498 | 2 761 | [6] |
| 9 | 单宁≥1.0% (中国,2020) | 母猪 | 10.92 | - | 3 632 | 3 528 | 2 783 | [6] |
| 10 | 高粱(CVB) | - | 9.98 | - | - | - | 3 070 | [17] |
| 11 | 高粱(INRA) | 生长猪 | 10.87 | - | 3 923 | 3 841 | 3 039 | [16] |
| 12 | 高粱(INRA) | 母猪 | 10.87 | - | 4 006 | 3 896 | 3 067 | [16] |
| 13 | 高粱(NRC,2012) | - | 10.47 | - | 4 023 | 3 951 | 3 110 | [15] |
| 14 | 高单宁(巴西) | 生长猪 | 10.05 | - | 3 587 | 3 474 | 2 715 | [18] |
| 15 | 高单宁(巴西) | 母猪 | 10.05 | - | 3 766 | 3 609 | 2 814 | [18] |
| 16 | 低单宁(巴西) | 生长猪 | 10.44 | - | 3 915 | 3 855 | 3 048 | [18] |
| 17 | 低单宁(巴西) | 母猪 | 10.44 | - | 4 023 | 3 937 | 3 108 | [18] |
除特殊说明外,试验动物均为去势公猪。下表同。 | |
Unless otherwise specified, all test animals were castrated boars. The same as below. |
表5 高粱的猪有效能值及标准回肠末端氨基酸消化率预测方程(干物质基础)Table 5 Prediction equations of sorghum available energy value and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility for pigs (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 预测方程 Prediction equation | 回归系数 R2 | 相对标准差 Relative standard deviation | P值 P-value | 参考文献 References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 有效能Available energy/(kcal/kg) | ||||||
| 25~50 kg[(36.8±3.5) kg] | DE=3 944-294×Tannin DE=4 034-272×Tannin-23.66×ADF DE=3 959-256×Tannin-44.48×ADF+14.80×CP DE=6 974-236×Tannin-43.27×ADF+24.96×CP-0.71×GE ME=3 869-287×Tannin ME=3 973-262×Tannin-27.24×ADF | 0.930 0.940 0.950 0.960 0.930 0.940 | - - - - - - | <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 | [58] | |
| 50~75 kg[(70.0±1.8) kg] | DE=4 074.916-936.361×Tannin DE=6 267.945-1 271.154×Tannin-1 109.720×Ash ME=4 028.100-913.803×Tannin ME=6 068.658-1 225.319×Tannin-1 032.567×Ash ME=58.297+0.974×DE | 0.426 0.803 0.426 0.769 0.994 | - - - - - | 0.041 <0.010 0.041 <0.010 <0.010 | [11] | |
| 标准回肠末端氨基酸消化率Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility/% | ||||||
| 25~50 kg[(41.3±1.2) kg] | SIDCP=87.778-4.246×EE SIDCP=107.151-345.496×Trp SIDCP=93.404-21.026×Tannin SIDCP=42.922-4.011×EE+151.774×Met SIDLys=95.138-29.386×Tannin SIDLys=51.237+13.770×CF SIDLys=90.078-7.213×EE SIDLys=-29.134+14.275×CF+1.389×Starch SIDLys=129.947-670.760×Trp SIDMet=-126.333+2.491×DM SIDMet=111.347-232.298×Trp SIDThr=40.923+19.600×Ash SIDThr=55.187+3.851×ADF SIDTrp=76.645+2.155×ADF SIDTrp=95.676-10.824×Tannin | 0.431 0.528 0.593 0.696 0.477 0.497 0.513 0.749 0.821 0.416 0.647 0.517 0.609 0.456 0.523 | 4.41 4.02 3.73 3.44 6.58 6.46 6.35 4.88 3.86 2.72 2.11 3.44 3.10 2.36 2.21 | 0.039 0.017 <0.010 0.015 0.027 0.023 0.020 <0.010 <0.010 0.044 <0.010 0.019 <0.010 0.032 0.018 | [11] | |
表中体重均为初始体重 The weights in the table were all the initial weights。 Tannin:单宁;DE:消化能 digestible energy;ME:代谢能 metabolizable energy;GE:总能gross energy;ADF:酸性洗涤纤维 acid detergent fiber;CP:粗蛋白质 crude protein;Ash:粗灰分 crude ash;EE:粗脂肪 ether extract;CF:粗纤维 crude fibre;SID:标准回肠末端消化率 standardized ileal digestibility;Trp:色氨酸 tryptophan;Met:蛋氨酸 methionine;Thr:苏氨酸 threonine;Lys:赖氨酸 lysine。 |
4 高粱的猪氨基酸消化率
表6 高粱的猪标准回肠末端氨基酸消化率Table 6 Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of sorghum for pigs % |
| 序号 No. | 项目 Items | 体重 Body weight/kg | 赖氨酸 Lys | 蛋氨酸 Met | 苏氨酸 Thr | 色氨酸 Trp | 缬氨酸 Val | 异亮 氨酸 Ile | 亮氨酸 Leu | 精氨酸 Arg | 组氨酸 His | 苯丙 氨酸 Phe | 丙氨酸 Ala | 天冬 氨酸 Asp | 半胱 氨酸 Cys | 谷氨酸 Glu | 甘氨酸 Gly | 脯氨酸 Pro | 丝氨酸 Ser | 酪氨酸 Tyr | 参考文献 References | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 单宁 <0.5% | 8.8~ 60.0 | 46.1~ 82.2 | 71.1~ 95.4 | 54.4~ 80.8 | 70.5~ 90.5 | 68.7~ 90.9 | 46.5~ 90.6 | 78.5~ 96 | 73.7~ 87 | 66.6~ 84.0 | 72.7~ 91.1 | 73.7~ 83.7 | 70.1~ 90.1 | 56.3~ 79.1 | 75.9~ 92.4 | 43.4~ 81.4 | 53.8~ 88.3 | 73.3~ 85.8 | 66.9~ 78.9 | [7-8,11 59-65,67-68] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 0.5%≤单宁 <1.0% | 41.3~ 60.0 | 66.1~ 90.6 | 77.5~ 95.3 | 70.3~ 85.1 | 84.2~ 92.4 | 77.9~ 93.1 | 76.9~ 95.7 | 80.3~ 97.0 | 74.2~ 86.9 | 70.8~ 90.9 | 79.4~ 95.2 | 75.6~ 86.3 | 77.4~ 92.7 | 63.0~ 94.0 | 80.3~ 95.6 | 60.8~ 83.8 | 63.0~ 81.3 | 77.9~ 93.6 | 69.4~ 91.8 | [8,11] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | 单宁≥1.0% | 27.6~ 60.0 | 56.2~ 82.3 | 75.7~ 92.7 | 66.4~ 78.5 | 85.0~ 85.2 | 72.4~ 90.5 | 42.5~ 92.9 | 79.3~ 95.4 | 65.4~ 83.4 | 60.5~ 91.5 | 76.2~ 93.4 | 74.4~ 84.3 | 73.0~ 93.1 | 54.1~ 84.1 | 78.6~ 95.8 | 43.7~ 85.1 | 17.5~ 82.5 | 75.8~ 85.9 | 64.2~ 86.3 | [8,11 68] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 中国未挤 压高粱 | 22.3 ±2.8 | 54.8 | 78.3 | 67.1 | 72.3 | 71.7 | 73.7 | 79.9 | 76.5 | 68.7 | 78.5 | 75.9 | 72.4 | 69.3 | 79.3 | 64.5 | - | 74.9 | 71.6 | [54] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | 中国挤 压高粱 | 83.1 | 88.3 | 86.3 | 88.7 | 85.7 | 87.6 | 89.4 | 91.6 | 85.6 | 88.4 | 86.6 | 85.5 | 83.6 | 89.6 | 75.2 | - | 88.2 | 85.1 | [54] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | 美国 未挤压 高粱 | 14.2± 0.9(母猪) | 68.6 | 82.5 | 74.4 | 77.3 | 78.9 | 79.2 | 83.6 | 85.4 | 76.6 | 83.3 | 82.6 | 79.0 | 76.9 | 83.6 | 86.7 | 130.4 | 81.4 | - | [39] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7 | 美国挤 压高粱 | 77.6 | 85.1 | 77.5 | 77.7 | 80.7 | 82.0 | 85.1 | 89.8 | 76.2 | 84.7 | 85.0 | 82.6 | 75.6 | 86.4 | 88.7 | 143.5 | 84.4 | - | [39] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8 | 墨西哥低 单宁低醇 溶蛋白 | 25.0± 0.6 | 72.9 | 86.0 | 84.7 | - | 82.7 | 83.1 | 85.1 | 63.3 | 74.7 | 81.1 | 78.0 | 87.6 | 54.7 | 84.7 | 11.2 | -121.4 | 84.4 | 75.2 | [34] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9 | 墨西哥低 单宁高醇 溶蛋白 | 75.4 | 83.3 | 75.9 | - | 77.3 | 76.8 | 84.2 | 65.2 | 69.0 | 76.6 | 73.4 | 77.5 | 55.8 | 80.7 | 5.1 | -59.3 | 79.1 | 70.8 | [34] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10 | 墨西哥高 单宁低醇 溶蛋白 | 85.1 | 89.2 | 88.0 | - | 83.0 | 82.4 | 86.6 | 70.8 | 77.7 | 79.9 | 77.6 | 89.9 | 62.7 | 84.0 | 10.7 | -85.4 | 85.5 | 75.9 | [34] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 11 | 墨西哥高 单宁高醇 溶蛋白 | 63.2 | 80.1 | 72.6 | - | 76.9 | 77.6 | 82.8 | 57.7 | 66.0 | 77.9 | 73.9 | 75.2 | 47.8 | 81.4 | 5.5 | -95.4 | 78.0 | 70.1 | [34] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12 | 单宁<0.5% (中国,2020) | - | 67 | 79 | 76 | 74 | 94 | 41 | 96 | 81 | 74 | 95 | 86 | 64 | 63 | 85 | 67 | 74 | 81 | 69 | [6] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 13 | 0.5%≤单宁 <1.0% (中国,2020) | - | 62 | 79 | 76 | 74 | 96 | 45 | 96 | 70 | 66 | 99 | 92 | 62 | 59 | 84 | 67 | 74 | 80 | 70 | [6] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 14 | 单宁≥1.0% (中国,2020) | - | 48 | 79 | 71 | 74 | 92 | 33 | 96 | 52 | 57 | 78 | 73 | 59 | 63 | 82 | 67 | 74 | 76 | 66 | [6] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 15 | 高粱(CVB) | - | 80 | 89 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 86 | 83 | 89 | 85 | 84 | 86 | 93 | 82 | 93 | 91 | 90 | [17] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 16 | 高粱(INRA) | - | 74 | 85 | 76 | 79 | 81 | 83 | 86 | 82 | 78 | 85 | 81 | 82 | 77 | 86 | 66 | 50 | 81 | 85 | [16] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 17 | 高粱 (NRC,2012) | - | 74 | 79 | 75 | 74 | 77 | 78 | 83 | 80 | 74 | 83 | 79 | 79 | 67 | 81 | 67 | 74 | 81 | 75 | [15] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
5 高粱在猪饲粮中的应用
5.1 饲用高粱对猪生长性能及营养物质消化率的影响
表7 高粱替代玉米对猪生长性能的影响Table 7 Effects of sorghum substitution for corn on growth performance of pigs |
| 体重阶段 Body weight of stage/kg | 玉米∶高粱 Corn∶sorghum/% | 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 料重比 F/G | 参考文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7~11 | 0~40∶20~66 | 457~1 210 | 295~648 | 1.52~1.86 | [7,59,72-73] |
| 11~25 | 0~72.2∶0~73 | 1 424~2 462 | 640~803 | 1.87~3.07 | [65,74-75] |
| 25~50 | 0~58.69∶0~80 | 1 420~2 770 | 710~840 | 1.97~3.42 | [31,71,76-79] |
| 50~75 | 0~62∶0~83 | 2 010~2 670 | 573~950 | 2.78~3.77 | [70,80-81] |

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