1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验设计与饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 67.20 | ||
| 膨化大豆Extruded soybean | 7.00 | ||
| 膨化豆粕 Extruded soybean meal (CP 43%) | 13.60 | ||
| 发酵豆粕Fermented soybean meal | 5.40 | ||
| 乳清粉Dried whey | 0.80 | ||
| 进口鱼粉Imported fish meal (CP 65%) | 1.20 | ||
| 稻壳粉Rice husk powder | 0.25 | ||
| 二水合磷酸氢钙CaHPO4·2H2O | 1.12 | ||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.96 | ||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.34 | ||
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.10 | ||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-Lys·HCl (78%) | 0.56 | ||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met (98%) | 0.20 | ||
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr (98%) | 0.20 | ||
| L-色氨酸L-Trp (98%) | 0.07 | ||
| 微量元素预混料Trace mineral premix1) | 0.50 | ||
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix2) | 0.50 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 19.27 | ||
| 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 14.10 | ||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.30 | ||
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.78 | ||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.86 | ||
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.30 | ||
| 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸SID Lys | 0.97 | ||
| 标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸+标准回肠 可消化半胱氨酸 SID Met+SID Cys | 0.61 | ||
| 标准回肠可消化苏氨酸SID Thr | 0.64 | ||
| 标准回肠可消化色氨酸SID Trp | 0.18 | ||
| 标准全肠道可消化磷STTD P | 0.37 | ||
| 钙Ca | 0.78 | ||
| 总磷TP | 0.61 |
1)微量元素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Trace mineral premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Zn (as zinc sulfate) 70 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 25 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 20 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.4 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.4 mg。 3)粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为实测值,其余为计算值。CP, Ca and TP were measured values, while the others were calculated values. | |
2)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Vitamin premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 7 500 IU,VD3 750 IU,VE 25 IU,VK3 2.5 mg,VB1 2.0 mg,VB2 4.0 mg,VB6 10.0 mg,VB12 0.025 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 40 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 16.0 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.0 mg,生物素 biotin 0.18 mg,植酸酶 phytase(5 000 U/g) 100 mg。 |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集与指标测定
1.4.1 饲粮营养成分
1.4.2 生长性能
1.4.3 血清炎症、氧化损伤和抗氧化指标
1.4.4 组织器官病理评分及肠道形态结构
1.4.5 肝脏炎症、氧化损伤和抗氧化指标
1.4.6 盲肠内容物短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)含量
1.4.7 盲肠菌群
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 PQQ对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响
表2 PQQ对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of PQQ on growth performance of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 吡咯喹啉醌添加水平 PQQ supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照组 Control group) | 4 | 8 | |||
| 体重BW/kg | |||||
| 第1天Day 1 | 8.03 | 7.99 | 8.01 | 0.031 | 0.972 |
| 第14天Day 14 | 11.05 | 11.43 | 11.35 | 0.044 | 0.201 |
| 第28天Day 28 | 15.83b | 17.25a | 17.36a | 0.191 | 0.001 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | |||||
| 第1~14天Days 1 to 14 | 215.71 | 245.71 | 238.57 | 3.032 | 0.191 |
| 第15~28天Days 15 to 28 | 341.43b | 415.71a | 429.29a | 8.047 | 0.002 |
| 第1~28天Days 1 to 28 | 278.57b | 330.71a | 333.93a | 5.417 | 0.001 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | |||||
| 第1~14天Days 1 to 14 | 451.03 | 452.37 | 448.25 | 4.317 | 0.844 |
| 第15~28天Days 15 to 28 | 755.42 | 781.77 | 799.21 | 12.036 | 0.541 |
| 第1~28天Days 1 to 28 | 604.41 | 612.37 | 620.53 | 6.026 | 0.593 |
| 料重比F/G | |||||
| 第1~14天Days 1 to 14 | 2.09 | 1.84 | 1.87 | 0.034 | 0.051 |
| 第15~28天Days 15 to 28 | 2.21a | 1.88b | 1.86b | 0.051 | 0.020 |
| 第1~28天Days 1 to 28 | 2.16a | 1.85b | 1.86b | 0.032 | 0.005 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 PQQ对断奶仔猪血清炎症、氧化损伤和抗氧化指标的影响
表3 PQQ对断奶仔猪血清炎症、氧化损伤和抗氧化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of PQQ on serum inflammation, oxidative damage and antioxidant indices of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 吡咯喹啉醌添加水平 PQQ supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照组 Control group) | 4 | 8 | |||
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(pg/mL) | 143.95a | 95.74b | 95.38b | 3.278 | <0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/mL) | 0.47a | 0.30b | 0.28b | 0.009 | <0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/mL) | 191.86b | 183.78b | 281.52a | 4.289 | <0.001 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(ng/mL) | 2.19a | 2.02ab | 1.81b | 0.093 | 0.021 |
| 8-羟基脱氧鸟苷8-OHDG/(ng/mL) | 84.51a | 67.00b | 77.97ab | 2.542 | 0.002 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 11.93 | 9.46 | 8.86 | 1.620 | 0.215 |
| 活性氧ROS | 1 271.33a | 792.17b | 811.67b | 14.165 | <0.001 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 50.89b | 92.65a | 124.30a | 10.307 | <0.001 |
| 还原型谷胱甘肽GSH/(μmol/mL) | 1.33c | 1.72a | 1.56b | 0.032 | 0.004 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) | 6.91c | 10.99b | 22.07a | 0.473 | <0.001 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 187.60c | 272.11b | 343.76a | 17.030 | <0.001 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 84.32b | 140.61a | 153.07a | 4.699 | <0.001 |
| 谷胱甘肽硫转移酶GST/(U/L) | 92.68b | 154.58a | 166.83a | 9.990 | <0.001 |
| γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶γ-GCL/(U/L) | 1.80b | 3.88a | 4.74a | 0.467 | <0.001 |
2.3 PQQ对断奶仔猪组织器官病理评分的影响
表4 PQQ对断奶仔猪组织器官病理评分的影响Table 4 Effects of PQQ on tissue and organ pathology scores of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 吡咯喹啉醌添加水平 PQQ supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照组 Control group) | 4 | 8 | |||||||||
| 心脏Heart | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.048 | 0.562 | ||||||
| 肝脏Liver | 0.17 | 0.42 | 0.50 | 0.100 | 0.704 | ||||||
| 脾脏Spleen | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||
| 肺脏Lung | 0.58 | 0.92 | 0.75 | 0.096 | 0.698 | ||||||
| 肾脏Kidney | 0.00 | 0.58 | 0.50 | 0.182 | 0.293 | ||||||
| 淋巴结Lymph node | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||
| 胃Stomach | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.083 | 0.626 | ||||||
| 胸腺Thymus | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||
| 胰腺Pancreas | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||
| 骨髓Bone marrow | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||
| 十二指肠Duodenum | 1.83 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 0.028 | 0.935 | ||||||
| 空肠Jejunum | 1.25 | 1.08 | 1.00 | 0.073 | 0.512 | ||||||
| 回肠Ileum | 1.50 | 1.25 | 1.58 | 0.100 | 0.302 | ||||||
| 结肠Colon | 1.33 | 1.42 | 1.08 | 0.100 | 0.607 | ||||||
2.4 PQQ对断奶仔猪肝脏炎症、氧化损伤及抗氧化指标的影响
表5 PQQ对断奶仔猪肝脏炎症、氧化损伤和抗氧化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of PQQ on liver inflammation, oxidative damage and antioxidant indices of weaned piglets |
| 项目 Items | 吡咯喹啉醌添加水平 PQQ supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照组 Control group) | 4 | 8 | |||
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(pg/mg prot) | 20.33a | 14.55b | 11.88c | 0.765 | <0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/mg prot) | 6.25a | 3.34b | 1.90c | 0.642 | <0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/mg prot) | 40.15b | 50.87a | 35.30b | 1.103 | 0.004 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(ng/mg prot) | 0.71a | 0.72a | 0.38b | 0.035 | <0.001 |
| 8-羟基脱氧鸟苷8-OHDG/(ng/mg prot) | 15.08a | 13.19a | 9.82b | 0.825 | <0.001 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mg prot) | 4.02a | 2.77b | 1.97b | 0.341 | <0.001 |
| 活性氧ROS | 2 107.68a | 1 840.83b | 1 267.17c | 30.671 | <0.001 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mg prot) | 29.38 | 37.46 | 44.83 | 1.765 | 0.068 |
| 还原型谷胱甘肽GSH/(μmol/mg prot) | 0.26a | 0.29a | 0.20b | 0.023 | 0.002 |
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mg prot) | 11.11b | 12.40a | 11.98b | 0.418 | 0.042 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 68.31b | 71.51b | 95.99a | 3.544 | <0.001 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mg prot) | 9.73c | 16.71b | 21.01a | 0.810 | <0.001 |
| 谷胱甘肽硫转移酶GST/(U/mg prot) | 19.55c | 31.94b | 39.10a | 1.226 | <0.001 |
| γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶γ-GCL/(U/g prot) | 0.83b | 0.91b | 1.13a | 0.077 | 0.005 |
2.5 PQQ对断奶仔猪肠道形态结构的影响
2.6 PQQ对断奶仔猪盲肠内容物SCFAs含量的影响
2.7 PQQ对断奶仔猪盲肠菌群的影响
2.7.1 盲肠菌群多样性
2.7.2 盲肠菌群组成及差异分析
图5 盲肠菌群组成分析A:门水平盲肠菌群Venn图;B:属水平盲肠菌群Venn图;C:门水平盲肠菌群组成柱形图;D:属水平盲肠菌群组成柱形图;E:门水平盲肠菌群Circos图;F:属水平菌群盲肠Circos图。A: Venn diagram of cecal microbiota at phylum level; B: Venn diagram of cecal microbiota at genus level; C: bar chart of cecal microbiota composition at phylum level; D: bar chart of cecal microbiota composition at genus level; E: Circos plot of cecal microbiota at phylum level; F: Circos plot of cecal microbiota at genus level. PQQ4:4 mg/kg PQQ组 4 mg/kg PQQ group;PQQ8:8 mg/kg PQQ组 8 mg/kg PQQ group。Bacillota:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Actinomycetota:放线菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Pseudomonadota:变形菌门;Patescibacteria:髌骨细菌门;unclassified_k_norank_d_Bacteria:未分类界未定级门细菌;Chlamydiota:衣原体门;Cyanobacteriota:蓝细菌门;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;Thermodesulfobacteriota:热脱硫杆菌门;Campylobacteriota:弯曲杆菌门;Clostridium:梭菌属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;norank_f_Muribaculaceae:未定级鼠杆菌科;unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae:未分类毛螺菌科;Terrisporobacter:土孢杆菌属;norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014:未定级梭菌纲UCG-014目;unclassified_c_Bacilli:未分类芽孢杆菌纲;norank_o_RF39:未定级RF39目;norank_f_[Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group:未定级产粪甾醇真杆菌群;unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae:未分类瘤胃球菌科;Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group:普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31群;Blautia:布劳特氏菌属;norank_f_Prevotellaceae:未定级普雷沃氏菌科;Faecalibacterium:粪杆菌属;Phascolarctobacterium:考拉杆菌属;Coprococcus:粪球菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;norank_f_Erysipelotrichaceae:未定级丹毒丝菌科;Collinsella:柯林斯菌属;Prevotellaceae_UCG-003:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-003;unclassified_f_Prevotellaceae:未分类普雷沃氏菌科;Lachnospira:毛螺菌属;NK4A214_group:NK4A214群;Roseburia:罗氏菌属;Others:其他。下图同 the same as below。 Fig.5 Composition analysis of cecal microbiota |
图6 盲肠菌群物种差异分析A:基于Kruskal-Wallis H检验的属水平差异分析柱形图;B:基于LEfSe分析的多级物种层级树图。A: bar chart of genus-level differential analysis based on Kruskal-Wallis H test; B: multi-level species hierarchical tree diagram based on LEfSe analysis. Bacteroidia:拟杆菌纲;Clostridia:梭菌纲;Spirochaetia:螺旋体纲;Vampirivibrionia:吸血弧菌纲;Acholeplasmatales:无胆甾原体目;Bacteroidales:拟杆菌目;Burkholderiales:伯克霍尔德氏菌目;Clostridia_vadinBB60_group:梭菌纲vadinBB60群;Clostridiales:梭菌目;Gastranaerophilales:胃厌氧嗜温菌目;Lachnospirales:毛螺菌目;Oscillospiraales:颤螺旋菌目;Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales:消化链球菌目-Tissierellales;Spirochaetales:螺旋体目;Acholeplasmataceae:无胆甾原体科;Anaerovoracaceae:厌氧食菌科;Atopobiaceae:阿托波菌科;Bacteroidaceae:拟杆菌科;Clostridiaceae:梭菌科;Defluviitaleaceae:河川菌科;Enterococcaceae:肠球菌科;Erysipelatoclostridiaceae:丹毒丝菌科;Gastranaerophilaceae:胃厌氧嗜温菌科;Lachnospiraceae:毛螺菌科;Muribaculaceae:鼠杆菌科;Oscillospiraceae:颤螺旋菌科;Paludibacteraceae:沼泽杆菌科;Peptostreptococcaceae:消化链球菌科;Prevotellaceae:普雷沃氏菌科;Rikenellaceae:理研菌科;Spirochaetaceae:螺旋体科;Tannerellaceae:坦纳菌科;Anaerobutyricum:厌氧丁酸菌属;Anaeroplasma:无胆甾原体属;Anaerovibrio:厌氧弧菌属;Butyrivibrio:丁酸弧菌属;Catenibacterium:链状杆菌属;Catenisphaera:链球属;Defluviitaleaceae_UCG-011:河川菌科UCG-011;Enterococcus:肠球菌属;Family_XⅢ_AD3011_group:XⅢ科AD3011群;Family_XⅢ_UCG-001:XⅢ科UCG-001群;Fournierella:富尔尼埃氏菌属;Gemmiger:芽殖菌属;Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group:毛螺菌科NK4A136群;Lachnospiraceae_UCG-003:毛螺菌科UCG-003;Ligilactobacillus:利吉尔乳杆菌属;Oscillibacter:颤杆菌属;Oscillospira:颤螺旋菌属;Parabacteroides:副拟杆菌属;Prevotellaceae_UCG-001:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001;Prevotellaceae_UCG-004:普雷沃氏菌科UCG-004;Romboutsia:罗姆布茨菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Slackia:史雷克氏菌属;Tractidigestivibacter:消化管杆菌属;Treponema:密螺旋体属;Xylanibacter:木聚糖杆菌属;[Clostridium]_methylpentosum_group:甲基戊糖梭菌群;[Eubacterium]_siraeum_group:西雷姆真杆菌群;dgA-11_gut_group:dgA-11肠道群;norank_f_Eggerthellaceae:未定级埃格特菌科;norank_Paludibacteraceae:未定级沼泽杆菌科;norank_f_Peptococcaceae:未定级消化链球菌科;norank_f_UCG-010:未定级UCG-010科;norank_o_Clostridia_vadinBB60_group:未定级梭菌纲vadinBB60群。 Fig.6 Species difference analysis of cecal microbiota |
2.8 血清和肝脏炎症、氧化损伤、抗氧化指标及盲肠SCFAs含量与盲肠菌群的相关性分析
图7 血清和肝脏炎症、氧化损伤、抗氧化指标及盲肠SCFAs含量与盲肠菌群的相关性分析A:血清炎症、氧化损伤和抗氧化指标与盲肠菌群的相关性热图;B:肝脏炎症、氧化损伤和抗氧化指标与盲肠菌群的相关性热图;C:盲肠内容物SCFAs含量与盲肠菌群的相关性热图。A: heatmap of correlations between serum inflammation, oxidative damage, antioxidant indices and cecal microbiota; B: heatmap of correlations between liver inflammation, oxidative damage, antioxidant indices and cecal microbiota; C: heatmap of correlations between SCFAs contents in cecal contents and cecal microbiota. IL-1β:白细胞介素-1β interleukin-1β;IL-6:白细胞介素-6 interleukin-6;IL-10:白细胞介素-10 interleukin-10;TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α tumor necrosis factor-α;8-OHDG:8-羟基脱氧鸟苷 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine;CAT:过氧化氢酶 catalase;GSH:还原型谷胱甘肽 glutathione;MDA:丙二醛 malondialdehyde;T-AOC:总抗氧化能力 total antioxidant capacity;GSH-Px:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 glutathione peroxidase;SOD:超氧化物歧化酶 superoxide dismutase;GST:谷胱甘肽硫转移酶 glutathione S-transferase;ROS:活性氧 reactive oxygen species;γ-GCL:γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶 γ-glutamylcysteine ligase。 *表示显著相关(P<0.05),**(P<0.01)和***(P<0.001)表示极显著相关。* means significant correlation (P<0.05), and ** (P<0.01) and *** (P<0.001) mean extremely significant correlation. Fig.7 Correlation analysis between serum and liver inflammation, oxidative damage, antioxidant indices, cecal SCFAs contents and cecal microbiota |

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