1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验材料
1.3 试验设计与饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 含量Content | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 妊娠期 Gestation period | 泌乳期 Lactation period | ||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||
| 玉米Corn | 48.48 | 53.80 | |||
| 豆粕Soybean meal (43%) | 14.13 | 10.56 | |||
| 甜菜粕Sugar beet pulp | 5.00 | ||||
| 发酵棕榈粕 Fermented palm kernel expeller | 10.80 | ||||
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 5.00 | 4.37 | |||
| 发酵豆粕 Fermented soybean meal | 5.00 | ||||
| 膨化大豆Extruded soybean | 5.00 | ||||
| 大豆皮Soybean hulls | 5.00 | ||||
| 面粉Flour | 5.00 | 10.00 | |||
| 脂肪粉Fat powder | 1.00 | 2.00 | |||
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.40 | 0.40 | |||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.80 | 1.11 | |||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.75 | 1.62 | |||
| 菌体蛋白Mycoprotein | 2.50 | ||||
| 红糖Brown sugar | 1.25 | ||||
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (60%) | 0.13 | 0.15 | |||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.16 | 0.45 | |||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.07 | 0.18 | |||
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.11 | 0.20 | |||
| L-色氨酸L-Trp | 0.02 | 0.07 | |||
| L-缬氨酸L-Val | 0.26 | ||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 2.15 | 1.08 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||
| 总能GE/(MJ/kg) | 15.82 | 16.25 | |||
| 净能NE/(MJ/kg) | 9.33 | 10.67 | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 14.62 | 16.63 | |||
| 粗脂肪EE | 9.55 | 12.44 | |||
| 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸SID Lys | 0.53 | 0.87 | |||
| 标准回肠可消化精氨酸SID Arg | 0.56 | 0.68 | |||
| 标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸SID Met | 0.09 | 0.17 | |||
| 标准回肠可消化苏氨酸SID Thr | 0.31 | 0.47 | |||
| 总磷TP | 0.58 | 0.51 | |||
| 钙Ca | 0.95 | 1.14 | |||
1)妊娠期预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet during gestation period:VA 10 000 IU,VD 1 400 IU,VE 40 mg,VK 3.0 mg,VB 10.50 mg,VB12 0.04 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 45 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 20 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.2 mg,生物素 biotin 0.20 mg,Cu 80 mg,Fe 100 mg,Zn 100 mg,Mn 50 mg,I 0.3 mg,Se 0.25 mg。 2)净能和标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量为计算值,其余为实测值。NE and standardized ileal digestible amino acid contents were calculated values, while the others were measured values. | |
泌乳期预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet during lactation period:VA 8 800 IU,VD3 900 IU,VE 50 IU,VK3 3.8 mg,VB1 1.85 mg,VB2 6.1 mg,VB6 2.8 mg,VB12 0.05 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 55.6 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 30 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,Mn 46 mg,Fe 85 mg,Zn 100 mg,Cu 20 mg,Se 0.18 mg,I 0.58 mg。 |
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 样品采集
1.6 指标测定
1.6.1 母猪繁殖性能、平均日采食量(ADFI)和断奶背膘厚
1.6.2 血清游离氨基酸含量
1.6.3 血清抗氧化指标
1.6.4 血清生化指标
1.6.5 乳成分及乳密度
1.6.6 血清和乳汁免疫球蛋白含量
1.6.7 非靶向液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)代谢组学分析
1.7 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 复合功能生物活性剂对高温应激下母猪繁殖性能、ADFI和断奶背膘厚的影响
表2 复合功能生物活性剂对高温应激下母猪繁殖性能、ADFI和断奶背膘厚的影响Table 2 Effects of composite functional bioactive agent on reproductive performance, ADFI and weaning backfat thickness of sows under high-temperature stress (n=180) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 产程Parturition duration/min | 206.64±7.26 | 211.01±7.26 | 0.722 |
| 产仔数Litter size/头 | 13.00±0.33B | 14.13±0.24A | 0.007 |
| 健仔数Number of healthy piglets/头 | 10.83±0.27B | 11.99±0.21A | 0.004 |
| 弱仔率Weak piglet rate/% | 6.11±0.68 | 6.93±0.62 | 0.198 |
| 死胎率Stillborn rate/% | 5.95±0.61 | 4.84±0.49 | 0.322 |
| 初生窝重Litter weight at birth/kg | 15.46±0.38B | 16.81±0.32A | 0.007 |
| 母猪平均日采食量Sow ADFI/kg | 6.40±0.06A | 6.18±0.06B | <0.001 |
| 母猪断奶背膘厚Sow weaning backfat thickness/mm | 16.54±0.23a | 15.81±0.23b | 0.029 |
| 初始带仔数Initial number of sucking piglets/头 | 12.51±0.16 | 12.63±0.16 | 0.604 |
| 初始窝重Initial litter weight/kg | 17.09±0.33 | 16.83±0.28 | 0.550 |
| 初始仔猪均重Initial average weight per piglet/kg | 1.37±0.02 | 1.34±0.02 | 0.356 |
| 断奶仔猪数Number of piglets at weaning/头 | 10.33±0.12 | 10.46±0.14 | 0.250 |
| 断奶窝重Weaning litter weight/kg | 61.71±1.36 | 64.82±1.24 | 0.091 |
| 仔猪留存率Piglet retention rate/% | 83.83±1.42 | 84.42±1.57 | 0.827 |
| 断奶窝增重Weaning litter weight gain/kg | 46.44±1.43 | 49.18±1.35 | 0.166 |
| 断奶仔猪均重Average weaning weight per piglet/kg | 5.99±0.10 | 6.20±0.08 | 0.145 |
| 仔猪平均日增重Piglet ADG/g | 218.17±4.70 | 228.03±4.31 | 0.098 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01), while with no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 复合功能生物活性剂对高温应激下母猪生理代谢的影响
2.2.1 血清游离氨基酸含量
表3 复合功能生物活性剂对高温应激下母猪血清游离氨基酸含量的影响Table 3 Effects of composite functional bioactive agent on serum free amino acid contents of sows under high-temperature stress (n=6) mol/L |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 牛磺酸Tau | 191.33±17.57B | 474.67±27.82A | <0.001 | ||||
| 尿素Urea | 4 334.67±435.61 | 4 867.33±546.48 | 0.464 | ||||
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 25.33±2.23 | 21.33±1.98 | 0.209 | ||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 250.00±21.18 | 286.00±21.93 | 0.265 | ||||
| 丝氨酸Ser | 155.33±9.71 | 155.33±9.43 | 1.000 | ||||
| 天冬酰胺Asn | 90.67±6.25 | 87.33±5.88 | 0.706 | ||||
| 谷氨酸Glu | 254.67±13.73 | 235.33±23.83 | 0.498 | ||||
| 谷氨酰胺Gln | 559.33±23.45 | 536.67±35.56 | 0.606 | ||||
| 甘氨酸Gly | 1 014.67±64.26a | 802.00±58.29b | 0.034 | ||||
| 丙氨酸Ala | 834.00±22.81 | 800.00±63.53 | 0.632 | ||||
| 瓜氨酸Cit | 180.67±13.56 | 192.67±7.69 | 0.459 | ||||
| 缬氨酸Val | 577.33±22.85 | 668.67±41.59 | 0.083 | ||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 98.00±6.09 | 103.33±9.20 | 0.639 | ||||
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 140.00±10.58 | 158.00±10.97 | 0.265 | ||||
| 亮氨酸Leu | 263.33±13.24 | 269.33±20.47 | 0.811 | ||||
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 123.33±5.60 | 121.33±16.35 | 0.912 | ||||
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 115.33±3.78 | 126.67±7.84 | 0.222 | ||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 406.67±45.52 | 398.00±35.50 | 0.884 | ||||
| 组氨酸His | 78.00±4.70 | 72.67±6.65 | 0.527 | ||||
| 精氨酸Arg | 282.00±24.04 | 309.33±20.96 | 0.411 | ||||
| 脯氨酸Pro | 363.33±17.02 | 412.67±34.83 | 0.242 |
2.2.2 血清抗氧化指标
表4 复合功能生物活性剂对高温应激下母猪血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of composite functional bioactive agent on antioxidant indexes of sows under high-temperature stress (n=6) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(mmol/L) | 0.52±0.02b | 0.55±0.02a | 0.022 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 26.89±1.56 | 29.01±0.83 | 0.209 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 0.67±0.18 | 0.82±0.06 | 0.337 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化氢酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 1 827.96±105.78 | 2 025.95±46.14 | 0.111 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 2.85±0.31 | 2.43±0.05 | 0.231 |
2.2.3 血清生化指标
表5 复合功能生物活性剂对高温应激下母猪血清生化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of composite functional bioactive agent on biochemical indexes of sows under high-temperature stress (n=6) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 30.47±2.94 | 31.95±4.24 | 0.790 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 33.00±6.48 | 24.91±2.00 | 0.289 |
| 碱性磷酸酶ALP/(U/L) | 49.92±11.91 | 84.26±15.91 | 0.122 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 81.93±2.23 | 87.60±0.71 | 0.062 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 35.80±0.40 | 38.06±1.39 | 0.186 |
2.3 复合功能生物活性剂对高温应激下母猪乳成分及乳密度的影响
表6 复合功能生物活性剂对高温应激下母猪乳成分及乳密度的影响Table 6 Effects of composite functional bioactive agent on milk composition and milk density of sows under high-temperature stress (n=9) |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 初乳Colostrum | |||
| 乳脂Milk fat/% | 5.27±0.49 | 6.30±0.59 | 0.215 |
| 非脂乳固体Solids-not-fat/% | 13.32±0.56 | 13.36±0.60 | 0.962 |
| 乳蛋白Milk protein/% | 5.05±0.21 | 5.06±0.23 | 0.965 |
| 乳密度Milk density/(kg/m3) | 46.56±2.46 | 45.76±2.90 | 0.839 |
| 常乳Milk | |||
| 乳脂Milk fat/% | 7.33±0.56 | 7.78±0.67 | 0.610 |
| 非脂乳固体Solids-not-fat/% | 10.36±0.19 | 10.73±0.13 | 0.127 |
| 乳蛋白Milk protein/% | 3.93±0.07 | 4.08±0.06 | 0.124 |
| 乳密度Milk density/(kg/m3) | 32.37±0.91 | 33.49±0.55 | 0.308 |
2.4 复合功能生物活性剂对高温应激下母猪血清和乳汁免疫球蛋白含量的影响
表7 复合功能生物活性剂对高温应激下母猪血清和乳汁免疫球蛋白含量的影响Table 7 Effects of composite functional bioactive agent on serum and milk immunoglobulin contents of sows under high-temperature stress g/mL |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 血清Serum (n=40) | |||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA | 25.55±0.94 | 24.56±0.64 | 0.392 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM | 31.75±1.46 | 33.30±1.02 | 0.397 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG | 287.74±12.27 | 301.18±5.71 | 0.260 |
| 初乳Colostrum (n=10) | |||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA | 17.45±0.44 | 16.30±0.53 | 0.122 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM | 22.96±1.04 | 20.10±1.17 | 0.089 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG | 268.04±8.53 | 266.15±11.06 | 0.896 |
| 常乳Milk (n=10) | |||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA | 22.01±0.60 | 21.45±0.60 | 0.523 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM | 28.79±1.34 | 32.09±1.44 | 0.115 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG | 341.61±5.45 | 373.37±17.69 | 0.329 |
| 分泌型免疫球蛋白A sIgA | 8.97±1.40 | 15.78±2.85 | 0.064 |
2.5 复合功能生物活性剂对高温应激下母猪血清及乳汁代谢物的影响
2.5.1 血清代谢物差异分析
2.5.2 乳汁代谢物差异分析
图3 母猪初乳(A)和常乳(B)OPLS-DA得分图Fig.3 OPLS-DA score plots of colostrum (A) and milk (B) of sows (n=6) |
图4 母猪初乳(A)和常乳(B)差异代谢物火山图Fig.4 Differential metabolites volcano plots of colostrum (A) and milk (B) of sows (n=6) |
2.5.3 相关性分析
图6 仔猪ADG、常乳sIgA含量和断奶窝重与常乳差异代谢物的相关性*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。 Fig.6 Correlations between piglet ADG, milk sIgA content, weaning litter weight and milk differential metabolites * indicated significant correlation (P<0.05), and ** indicated extremely significant correlation (P<0.01). |

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