1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
1.2 试验饲粮
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 饲粮CP和SID AA水平Dietary CP and SID AA levels1) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16% (100.0%) | 15% (100.0%) | 14% (75.0%) | 14% (87.5%) | 14% (100.0%) | 14% (112.5%) | ||||||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||||||
| 玉米Corn | 56.61 | 60.18 | 63.75 | 63.75 | 63.75 | 63.78 | |||||||
| 小麦Wheat | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | |||||||
| 碎米Broken rice | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | |||||||
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.85 | 0.94 | 1.02 | 1.10 | |||||||
| 米糠Rice husk | 3.51 | 3.16 | 2.35 | 2.58 | 2.82 | 3.05 | |||||||
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | |||||||
| 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 | |||||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 11.88 | 8.61 | 7.32 | 6.33 | 5.33 | 4.30 | |||||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 1.78 | 1.51 | 0.88 | 1.05 | 1.23 | 1.40 | |||||||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.39 | 0.57 | 0.75 | 0.94 | |||||||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.13 | |||||||
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.33 | |||||||
| L-色氨酸L-Trp | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.10 | |||||||
| L-缬氨酸L-Val | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.28 | ||||||||
| L-异亮氨酸L-Ile | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.21 | ||||||||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.65 | |||||||
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | |||||||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.18 | 1.22 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | |||||||
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | |||||||
| 矿物质预混料Mineral premix2) | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | |||||||
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix3) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |||||||
| 酸化剂Acidifier | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | |||||||
| 复合酶Compound enzyme4) | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |||||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels5) | |||||||||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.00(15.78) | 15.00(14.69) | 14.00(13.46) | 14.00(13.46) | 14.00(13.48) | 14.00(13.50) | |||||||
| 净能NE/(MJ/kg) | 10.26 | 10.26 | 10.26 | 10.26 | 10.26 | 10.26 | |||||||
| 钙Ca | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 | |||||||
| 标准全肠道可消化磷STTD | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | |||||||
| 标准回肠可消化氨基酸SID AA | |||||||||||||
| 标准回肠可消化赖氨酸SID Lys | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.74 | 0.86 | 0.98 | 1.10 | |||||||
| 标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸SID Met | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.32 | |||||||
| 标准回肠可消化苏氨酸SID Thr | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.44 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.66 | |||||||
| 标准回肠可消化色氨酸SID Trp | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.19 | |||||||
| 标准回肠可消化缬氨酸SID Val | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.50 | 0.56 | 0.64 | 0.72 | |||||||
| 标准回肠可消化异亮氨酸SID Ile | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.57 | |||||||
1)14%、15%和16%分别表示饲粮CP水平,75.0%、87.5%、100.0%和112.5%分别表示饲粮SID AA水平为75.0%、87.5%、100.0%和112.5% NRC(2012)推荐量。表2至表9同。14%, 15% and 16% represented dietary CP levels, and 75.0%, 87.5%, 100.0% and 112.5% represented that dietary SID AA levels were 75.0%, 87.5%, 100.0% and 112.5% of NRC (2012) recommendations, respectively. The same as Table 2 to Table 9. | |
2)矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets:Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 70 mg,Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 4.50 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 70 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 3 mg,I (KI) 0.14 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.30 mg。 | |
3)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 15 000 IU,VD3 5 000 IU,VE 40.0 IU,VK3 5.0 mg,VB1 5.0 mg,VB2 12.5 mg,VB6 6.0 mg,VB12 0.6 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 50.0 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 25.0 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.5 mg,生物素 biotin 2.5 mg。 | |
4)复合酶组成:木聚糖酶活性≥32 000 U/g,β-葡聚糖酶活性≥3 500 U/g,β-甘露聚糖酶活性≥1 000 U/g,纤维素酶活性≥1 000 U/g,淀粉酶活性≥3 500 U/g,蛋白酶活性≥8 000 U/g,载体为玉米淀粉,水分含量≤10.0%。Composition of compound enzymes: xylanase activity≥32 000 U/g, β-glucanase activity≥3 500 U/g, β-mannanase activity≥1 000 U/g, cellulase activity≥1 000 U/g, amylase activity≥3 500 U/g, protease activity≥8 000 U/g, carrier was corn starch, and moisture content≤10.0%. | |
5)粗蛋白质括号中的数据为实测值;其余指标为计算值[根据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版)》计算]。Data of CP in parentheses were measured values, while the others were calculated values according to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (31st edition, 2020). |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集
1.4.1 饲粮样品
1.4.2 粪尿样品
1.4.3 血清样品
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.5.1 生长性能
1.5.2 养分表观消化率
采食量)-(粪便中该养分含量×排粪量)/
(饲粮中该养分含量×采食量)]×100。
1.5.3 血清氮代谢指标
1.5.4 氮平衡指标
(摄入氮-粪氮)]×100。
1.5.5 粪便微生物区系
1.6 数据处理和统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 多元化饲粮不同CP和SID AA水平对生长猪生长性能的影响
表2 多元化饲粮不同CP和SID AA水平对生长猪生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of different CP and SID AA levels in diversified diets on growth performance in growing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 饲粮CP和SID AA水平Dietary CP and SID AA levels | P值P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16%(100.0%) | 15%(100.0%) | 14%(75.0%) | 14%(87.5%) | 14%(100.0%) | 14%(112.5%) | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | |||
| 初重IBW/kg | 25.41±1.99 | 25.40±1.97 | 25.45±2.06 | 25.39±2.24 | 25.40±2.10 | 25.40±2.14 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.970 | 0.999 | ||
| 末重FBW/kg | 51.77±2.53 | 52.59±1.78 | 49.97±3.94 | 51.28±3.83 | 52.98±3.33 | 52.18±3.76 | 0.712 | 0.543 | 0.217 | 0.368 | ||
| 平均日采食量ADFI/(kg/d) | 1.83±0.21 | 1.84±0.08 | 1.89±0.15 | 1.88±0.18 | 1.93±0.14 | 1.90±0.16 | 0.495 | 0.965 | 0.813 | 0.963 | ||
| 平均日增重ADG/(kg/d) | 0.88±0.06 | 0.91±0.06 | 0.82±0.08 | 0.86±0.06 | 0.92±0.06 | 0.89±0.06 | 0.488 | 0.067 | 0.027 | 0.036 | ||
| 料重比F/G | 2.08±0.14 | 2.04±0.12 | 2.32±0.14a | 2.18±0.09b | 2.10±0.08b | 2.13±0.15b | 0.704 | 0.018 | 0.008 | 0.006 | ||
P1表示相同SID AA(100.0% NRC)不同CP水平组间P值,差异显著性采用肩标字母x、y和z表示,不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05);P2表示相同CP(14%)不同SID AA水平组间P值,差异显著性采用肩标字母a、b和c表示,不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05);P3表示在14% CP下SID AA水平线性效应P值;P4表示在14% CP下SID AA水平二次效应P值。下表同。 | |
P1 represented P-value between groups with the same SID AA (100.0% NRC) but different CP levels, the significance of difference was indicated by shoulder script letters x, y and z, and different letters indicated significant difference (P<0.05). P2 represents P-value between groups with the same CP (14%) but different SID AA levels, the significance of difference was indicated by shoulder script letters a, b and c, and different letters indicated significant difference (P<0.05). P3 represented P-value of linear effect of SID AA level at 14% CP, and P4 represented P-value of quadratic effect of SID AA level at 14% CP. The same as below. |
2.2 多元化饲粮不同CP和SID AA水平对生长猪养分表观消化率的影响
表3 多元化饲粮不同CP和SID AA水平对生长猪养分表观消化率的影响Table 3 Effects of different CP and SID AA levels in diversified diets on nutrient apparent digestibilities in growing pigs % |
| 项目 Items | 饲粮CP和SID AA水平Dietary CP and SID AA levels | P值P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16%(100.0%) | 15%(100.0%) | 14%(75.0%) | 14%(87.5%) | 14%(100.0%) | 14%(112.5%) | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | |||
| 干物质DM | 85.16±0.42z | 86.28±0.75y | 86.33±0.20b | 85.84±0.53b | 87.32±0.69ax | 87.71±0.47a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| 总能GE | 85.86±0.31y | 87.04±0.77x | 86.86±0.13b | 86.61±0.44b | 87.60±0.73ax | 88.42±0.38a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| 粗脂肪EE | 74.72±0.12 | 73.93±2.61 | 69.44±1.50b | 72.65±0.61a | 74.72±3.03a | 74.28±1.04a | 0.810 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 80.06±1.30y | 81.57±0.98x | 79.31±1.40c | 81.20±1.09b | 82.04±0.71abx | 83.09±0.80a | 0.012 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
2.3 多元化饲粮不同CP和SID AA水平对生长猪血清氮代谢指标的影响
表4 多元化饲粮不同CP和SID AA水平对生长猪血清氮代谢指标的影响Table 4 Effects of different CP and SID AA levels in diversified diets on serum nitrogen metabolism indices in growing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 饲粮CP和SID AA水平Dietary CP and SID AA levels | P值P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16%(100.0%) | 15%(100.0%) | 14%(75.0%) | 14%(87.5%) | 14%(100.0%) | 14%(112.5%) | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | |||
| 尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) | 6.26±0.91x | 4.89±0.90y | 4.32±0.81 | 3.98±0.34 | 4.24±1.02y | 4.87±1.67 | 0.007 | 0.554 | 0.521 | 0.520 | ||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 50.09±2.29 | 51.03±2.78 | 51.72±1.93 | 53.52±1.71 | 51.20±1.75 | 52.84±2.24 | 0.676 | 0.187 | 0.651 | 0.854 | ||
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 29.36±0.95 | 28.73±1.28 | 27.18±2.12 | 27.98±0.99 | 28.83±1.83 | 29.71±1.65 | 0.711 | 0.092 | 0.009 | 0.043 | ||
2.4 多元化饲粮不同CP和SID AA水平对生长猪氮平衡指标的影响
表5 多元化饲粮不同CP和SID AA水平对生长猪氮平衡指标的影响Table 5 Effects of different CP and SID AA levels in diversified diets on nitrogen balance indices in growing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 饲粮CP和SID AA水平Dietary CP and SID AA levels | P值P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16%(100.0%) | 15%(100.0%) | 14%(75.0%) | 14%(87.5%) | 14%(100.0%) | 14%(112.5%) | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | |||
| 摄入氮Nitrogen intake/(g/d) | 55.89±4.57 | 53.20±4.16 | 46.32±4.20 | 47.20±3.46 | 49.56±4.10 | 48.07±3.89 | 0.065 | 0.539 | 0.503 | 0.804 | ||
| 粪氮Fecal nitrogen/(g/d) | 11.11±0.58x | 9.80±0.91y | 9.59±1.10 | 9.23±1.26 | 8.90±0.44z | 8.14±0.89 | <0.001 | 0.095 | 0.005 | 0.041 | ||
| 尿氮Urinary nitrogen/(g/d) | 16.85±3.84 | 15.81±3.29 | 14.70±2.44 | 12.24±1.73 | 13.07±4.81 | 14.48±3.97 | 0.276 | 0.570 | 0.790 | 0.034 | ||
| 总氮排放量 Total nitrogen emission/(g/d) | 27.95±3.85 | 25.61±4.07 | 24.29±2.04 | 21.47±2.48 | 21.96±5.02 | 22.61±4.01 | 0.086 | 0.560 | 0.203 | 0.063 | ||
| 沉积氮 Nitrogen deposition/(g/d) | 27.93±3.76 | 27.59±1.87 | 22.03±4.50 | 25.73±2.28 | 27.60±3.77 | 25.46±4.65 | 0.979 | 0.131 | 0.046 | 0.039 | ||
| 氮沉积率 Nitrogen deposition rate/% | 52.12±1.82y | 53.77±1.23y | 49.80±2.37c | 53.40±2.17b | 58.98±2.12ax | 55.72±4.86b | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.019 | 0.002 | ||
| 氮表观生物学价值 Apparent biological value of nitrogen/% | 65.27±2.50y | 65.80±1.74y | 63.07±2.38c | 66.59±2.21bc | 72.05±2.94ax | 67.18±5.88b | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.160 | 0.009 | ||
2.5 多元化饲粮不同CP和SID AA水平对生长猪粪便微生物区系的影响
表6 生长猪粪便微生物区系α多样性分析Table 6 α diversity analysis of fecal microbiota in growing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 饲粮CP和SID AA水平Dietary CP and SID AA levels | P值P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16%(100.0%) | 14%(75.0%) | 14%(100.0%) | P1 | P2 | ||
| ACE指数ACE index | 472.95±84.96 | 426.97±70.96 | 412.89±100.78 | 0.522 | 0.873 | |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 473.48±85.16 | 429.44±69.00 | 412.99±100.93 | 0.522 | 1.000 | |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.98±0.01 | 0.96±0.01 | 0.97±0.01 | 0.628 | 0.264 | |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 4.75±0.28 | 4.44±0.39 | 4.50±0.41 | 0.423 | 0.749 | |
图1 生长猪粪便微生物区系β多样性分析14% CP+75.0% NRC表示饲粮CP水平为14%,SID AA水平为75.0% NRC(2012)推荐量;14% CP+100.0% NRC表示饲粮CP水平为14%,SID AA水平为100.0% NRC(2012)推荐量;16% CP+100.0% NRC表示饲粮CP水平为16%,SID AA水平为100.0% NRC(2012)推荐量。图2同。 Fig.1 β diversity analysis of fecal microbiota in growing pigs 14% CP+75.0% NRC indicated that dietary CP level was 14% and SID AA level was 75.0% of NRC (2012) recommendations, 14% CP+100.0% NRC indicated that dietary CP level was 14% and SID AA level was 100.0% of NRC (2012) recommendations, and 16% CP+100.0% NRC indicated that dietary CP level was 16% and SID AA level was 100.0% of NRC (2012) recommendations. The same as Fig.2. |
图2 生长猪粪便微生物区系在门(A)和属(B)水平上的组成Fig.2 Composition of fecal microbiota in growing pigs at phylum (A) and genus (B) levels |
表7 生长猪粪便微生物区系在门水平上相对丰度Table 7 Relative abundance of fecal microbiota in growing pigs at phylum level % |
| 项目 Items | 饲粮CP和SID AA水平Dietary CP and SID AA levels | P值P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16%(100.0%) | 14%(75.0%) | 14%(100.0%) | P1 | P2 | ||
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 54.19±7.50 | 55.85±9.39 | 52.59±5.69 | 1.000 | 0.522 | |
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 38.71±5.88 | 31.59±4.81b | 39.70±4.43a | 0.873 | 0.025 | |
| 螺旋体门Spirochaetes | 2.59±1.63 | 6.26±6.70 | 2.07±2.33 | 0.421 | 0.262 | |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 2.57±1.58 | 4.55±6.95 | 3.73±3.21 | 0.522 | 1.000 | |
| 广古菌门Euryarchaeota | 0.50±0.33 | 0.72±0.47 | 0.95±0.83 | 0.575 | 0.749 | |
| Epsilonbacteraeota | 0.37±0.30 | 0.45±0.37 | 0.21±0.20 | 0.261 | 0.204 | |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteria | 0.48±0.47 | 0.10±0.02 | 0.14±0.09 | 0.149 | 0.377 | |
| 纤维杆菌门Fibrobacteres | 0.15±0.07 | 0.12±0.06 | 0.13±0.11 | 0.520 | 0.874 | |
| Kiritimatiellaeota | 0.09±0.15 | 0.12±0.14 | 0.16±0.16 | 0.813 | 0.630 | |
| 软壁菌门Tenericutes | 0.09±0.04 | 0.07±0.05 | 0.06±0.06 | 0.260 | 0.518 | |
表8 生长猪粪便微生物区系在属水平上相对丰度Table 8 Relative abundance of fecal microbiota in growing pigs at genus level % |
| 项目 Items | 饲粮CP和SID AA水平Dietary CP and SID AA levels | P值P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16%(100.0%) | 14%(75.0%) | 14%(100.0%) | P1 | P2 | ||
| 普雷沃氏菌属9 Prevotella 9 | 10.80±5.55 | 7.51±8.99 | 13.65±9.17 | 0.337 | 0.109 | |
| 乳杆菌属Lactobacillus | 8.72±8.02 | 12.52±7.45 | 7.24±5.25 | 0.873 | 0.150 | |
| 狭义梭菌属1 Clostridium sensu stricto 1 | 5.05±1.76 | 7.41±4.38 | 6.25±2.61 | 0.262 | 0.873 | |
| 巨球型菌属Megasphaera | 6.29±4.32 | 4.56±4.53 | 5.10±2.20 | 0.749 | 0.631 | |
| 普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31群 Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group | 5.46±1.75 | 4.11±2.54 | 6.24±3.24 | 0.423 | 0.262 | |
| 普雷沃氏菌属1 Prevotella 1 | 6.40±1.71 | 2.66±0.88 | 4.75±3.55 | 0.262 | 0.423 | |
| 未分类韦荣氏菌科 Unclassified Veillonellaceae | 4.04±3.30 | 1.83±2.75b | 6.51±2.13a | 0.200 | 0.016 | |
| 密螺旋体属2 Treponema 2 | 2.59±1.63 | 6.26±6.70 | 2.07±2.33 | 0.418 | 0.262 | |
| 链球菌属Streptococcus | 2.29±0.69 | 4.10±4.04 | 3.24±1.95 | 0.749 | 0.873 | |
| 拟普雷沃氏菌属Alloprevotella | 3.46±1.31 | 2.67±1.78 | 2.65±0.95 | 0.625 | 1.000 | |
2.6 生长猪低蛋白质多元化饲粮适宜SID AA水平
表9 饲粮SID AA水平与生长猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和氮平衡指标回归分析Table 9 Regression analysis of dietary SID AA level with growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance indices in growing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 回归方程 Regression equations | P值 P-value | 决定系数 R2 | 适宜SID AA水平 Optimal SID AA level/% NRC | 指标极值 Index extremum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 生长性能Growth performance | |||||
| 平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | y=-0.117 3x2+24.271 0x-347.920 0 | 0.036 | 0.92 | 103.46 | 907.58 |
| 料重比F/G | y=0.000 3x2-0.059 1x+5.142 5 | 0.006 | 0.99 | 98.50 | 2.23 |
| 养分表观消化率Nutrient apparent digestibility/% | |||||
| 粗脂肪EE | y=-584×10-5x2+1.227 1x+10.171 0 | <0.001 | 0.99 | 105.06 | 74.63 |
| 氮平衡指标Nitrogen balance indices/% | |||||
| 氮沉积率Nitrogen deposition rate | y=-0.011 0x2+2.242 3x-57.237 0 | 0.002 | 0.87 | 101.92 | 57.03 |
| 氮表观生物学价值 Apparent biological value of nitrogen | y=-0.013 4x2+2.661 0x-61.563 0 | 0.009 | 0.82 | 99.29 | 70.54 |

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