1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 孵化管理
1.3 胚蛋注射
1.4 试验设计
1.4.1 预试验:胚蛋给养Leu适宜注射条件的确定
1.4.2 胚蛋注射Leu试验
1.5 样品采集和指标测定
1.6 胸大肌肌纤维指标测定
1.7 RNA提取和实时定量PCR
表1 引物序列Table 1 Primer sequences |
| 基因 Genes | 引物序列 Primer sequences (5'—3') |
|---|---|
| 哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体1 mTORC1 | F:GAAGTCCTGCGCGAGCATAAG R:TTTGTGTCCATCAGCCTCCAGT |
| 核糖体P70S6激酶 P70S6K | F:ATTCGATCACCTCGCAGATTCATAG R:AGTATTTGATGCGCTGGCAGAAG |
| 胰岛素样生长因子1 IGF1 | F:TGTACTGTGCTCCAATAAAGC R:CTGTTTCCTGTGTTCCCTCTACTTG |
| 过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α PGC1α | F:GACTCAGGTGTCAATGGAAGTG R:ATCAGAACAAGCCCTGTGGT |
| 配对盒转录因子3 PAX3 | F:GAGCATCAGCAGCCCAGTCT R:TGTCAGGGTAGTGTGTCCTCTCA |
| 配对盒转录因子7 PAX7 | F:AGGCTGACTTCTCCATCTCTCCT R:TGTAACTGGTGGTGCTGTAGGTG |
| 肌分化因子 MyoD | F:GGAGAGGATTTCCACAGACAACTC R:CTCCACTGTCACTCAGGTTTCCT |
| 肌细胞生成素 MyoG | F:GCTCTTTGAGACCAACCCTTACTT R:GTCCAGTCCTTCTCCTCCAAA |
| 生肌调节因子4 MRF4 | F:GCGCCATCAGCTACATCGA R:GCATTTTGTCCTGCTGATCCA |
| 肌肉环指因子1 MuRF1 | F:GCCAAGCAGCTCATTAAAACG R:CATGTTCTCATAGCCTTGCTCAAT |
| 萎缩素第一型基因 Atrogin1 | F:AGGCCGCAGTGTGTTGTTCT R:GTGTGAATGGCTGGTTGCAT |
| 肌肉生长抑制素 MSTN | F:GCTTTTGATGAGACTGGACGAG R:AGCGGGTAGCGACAACATC |
| 叉头框蛋白O1 FoXO1 | F:TCTGGTCAGGAGGGAAATGG R:GCTTGCAGGCCACTTTGAG |
| 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶 GAPDH | F:ACATGGCATCCAAGGAGTGAG R:GGGGAGACAGAAGGGAACAGA |
1.8 胸大肌代谢组学分析
1.9 统计分析
2 结果
2.1 胚蛋给养Leu适宜注射条件的确定
表2 胚蛋给养Leu适宜注射条件的确定Table 2 Determination of optimal injection conditions for in ovo feeding of Leu |
| 项目 Items | 注射胚龄 Injection embryonic age | 组别Groups | P值P-value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NC | PC | 1.0 mg/mL Leu | 2.0 mg/mL Leu | 4.0 mg/mL Leu | 注射胚龄 Injection embryonic age | 处理 Treatment | 注射胚龄×处理 Injection embryonic age× treatment | ||||
| 孵化率 Hatchability/% | 6 | 91.50±5.56 | 87.38±8.83 | 91.50±5.56 | 83.13±8.99 | 95.75±4.25 | 0.737 | 0.451 | 0.511 | ||
| 8 | 91.50±5.56 | 74.88±12.26 | 95.75±4.25 | 95.75±4.25 | 74.88±12.26 | ||||||
| 10 | 91.50±5.56 | 83.25±10.97 | 87.38±8.83 | 95.75±4.25 | 91.50±5.56 | ||||||
| 健雏率 Rate of healthy chicks/% | 6 | 95.75±4.25 | 91.50±5.56 | 95.75±4.25 | 91.50±5.56 | 95.75±4.25 | 0.788 | 0.465 | 0.990 | ||
| 8 | 95.75±4.25 | 87.25±6.22 | 91.50±5.56 | 95.75±4.25 | 87.38±8.83 | ||||||
| 10 | 95.75±4.25 | 87.38±8.83 | 95.75±4.25 | 91.50±5.56 | 87.38±8.83 | ||||||
| 出壳重 Hatch weight/g | 6 | 39.37±1.68 | 38.84±2.76 | 40.71±2.65 | 41.56±4.54 | 38.00±2.93 | 0.513 | 0.465 | 0.122 | ||
| 8 | 39.37±1.68 | 38.75±3.76 | 38.83±4.23 | 39.86±3.40 | 42.95±6.00 | ||||||
| 10 | 39.37±1.68 | 41.73±3.22 | 39.40±3.22 | 40.70±2.89 | 41.44±2.94 | ||||||
| 胸肌重 Breast muscle weight/g | 6 | 0.37±0.03b | 0.38±0.06b | 0.37±0.07b | 0.46±0.09a | 0.47±0.04a | 0.017 | 0.298 | 0.069 | ||
| 8 | 0.37±0.03 | 0.33±0.05 | 0.38±0.10 | 0.37±0.05 | 0.36±0.08 | ||||||
| 10 | 0.37±0.03 | 0.42±0.08 | 0.42±0.10 | 0.38±0.10 | 0.40±0.09 | ||||||
| 胸肌率 Breast muscle rate/% | 6 | 0.94±0.10bc | 0.97±0.06bc | 0.92±0.07c | 1.10±0.21ab | 1.25±0.09a | 0.004 | 0.582 | 0.003 | ||
| 8 | 0.94±0.10 | 0.92±0.12 | 0.98±0.06 | 0.92±0.04 | 0.81±0.14 | ||||||
| 10 | 0.94±0.10 | 1.00±0.17 | 1.07±0.06 | 0.94±0.09 | 0.97±0.21 | ||||||
| 腿肌重 Thigh muscle weight/g | 6 | 3.30±0.29 | 3.21±0.23 | 3.38±0.33 | 3.36±0.34 | 3.22±0.25 | 0.014 | 0.932 | 0.557 | ||
| 8 | 3.26±0.29 | 3.11±0.47 | 3.07±0.50 | 3.07±0.27 | 3.23±0.60 | ||||||
| 10 | 3.30±0.29 | 3.49±0.40 | 3.30±0.42 | 3.42±0.35 | 3.61±0.53 | ||||||
| 腿肌率 Thigh muscle rate/% | 6 | 8.39±1.00 | 8.29±0.59 | 8.30±0.66 | 8.10±0.40 | 8.50±0.83 | 0.014 | 0.781 | 0.728 | ||
| 8 | 8.39±1.00 | 8.02±0.85 | 7.90±0.95 | 7.72±0.70 | 7.33±1.13 | ||||||
| 10 | 8.39±1.00 | 8.38±0.71 | 8.37±0.74 | 8.42±0.96 | 8.69±0.92 | ||||||
| 肝脏重 Liver weight/g | 6 | 0.80±0.09a | 0.67±0.13b | 0.70±0.07ab | 0.66±0.11b | 0.67±0.11b | 0.121 | <0.001 | 0.456 | ||
| 8 | 0.80±0.09 | 0.72±0.10 | 0.67±0.11 | 0.72±0.09 | 0.77±0.09 | ||||||
| 10 | 0.80±0.09a | 0.61±0.08b | 0.67±0.06b | 0.72±0.13ab | 0.62±0.15b | ||||||
| 肝脏指数 Liver rate/% | 6 | 2.24±0.27 | 1.91±0.41 | 1.89±0.22 | 1.77±0.39 | 1.96±0.38 | 0.181 | <0.001 | 0.341 | ||
| 8 | 2.24±0.27 | 2.07±0.42 | 1.91±0.28 | 2.00±0.29 | 1.85±0.30 | ||||||
| 10 | 2.24±0.27a | 1.62±0.18b | 1.88±0.14b | 1.96±0.36ab | 1.65±0.45b | ||||||
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 胚蛋给养Leu对肉鸡孵化性能和器官指数的影响
2.2.1 孵化性能
表3 胚蛋给养Leu对肉鸡孵化性能的影响Table 3 Effects of in ovo feeding of Leu on hatching performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 采样时间 Sampling time | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NC | PC | Leu | |||
| 蛋重 Egg weight/g | 15胚龄E15 | 54.48±5.41 | 56.31±4.55 | 52.20±3.00 | 0.202 |
| 17胚龄E17 | 54.51±2.78 | 53.34±5.30 | 53.11±2.00 | 0.717 | |
| 19胚龄E19 | 53.42±1.56 | 53.94±2.37 | 53.21±4.43 | 0.891 | |
| 孵化率 Hatchability/% | 出壳Hatch | 97.22±1.82 | 95.83±2.92 | 98.61±1.39 | 0.662 |
| 健雏率 Rate of healthy chicks/% | 出壳Hatch | 95.83±2.92 | 94.45±2.10 | 97.22±1.82 | 0.705 |
| 体重 Body weight/g | 15胚龄E15 | 27.29±3.08 | 24.97±2.60 | 26.14±2.58 | 0.267 |
| 17胚龄E17 | 39.77±1.89a | 32.10±3.14b | 37.20±2.62ab | <0.001 | |
| 19胚龄E19 | 40.54±2.70 | 39.69±1.71 | 42.37±3.44 | 0.157 | |
| 出壳Hatch | 42.01±2.62 | 43.31±2.12 | 43.89±2.24 | 0.625 | |
| 卵黄囊重 Yolk sac weight/g | 15胚龄E15 | 11.86±2.08 | 12.82±2.40 | 12.42±1.84 | 0.666 |
| 17胚龄E17 | 16.53±1.97a | 13.49±1.50b | 14.67±1.90ab | 0.010 | |
| 19胚龄E19 | 9.88±2.02 | 11.13±1.67 | 9.03±1.97 | 0.106 | |
| 胸肌重 Breast muscle weight/g | 15胚龄E15 | 0.19±0.02b | 0.17±0.02b | 0.24±0.02a | <0.001 |
| 17胚龄E17 | 0.28±0.03b | 0.26±0.03b | 0.32±0.03a | <0.001 | |
| 19胚龄E19 | 0.34±0.06b | 0.35±0.03b | 0.44±0.08a | 0.003 | |
| 出壳Hatch | 0.41±0.05 | 0.44±0.04 | 0.49±0.05 | 0.064 | |
| 胸肌率 Breast muscle rate/% | 15胚龄E15 | 0.70±0.10b | 0.70±0.13b | 0.91±0.13a | 0.009 |
| 17胚龄E17 | 0.70±0.06c | 0.80±0.06b | 0.87±0.08a | <0.001 | |
| 19胚龄E19 | 0.83±0.13b | 0.89±0.10b | 1.04±0.14a | 0.008 | |
| 出壳Hatch | 0.98±0.09 | 1.02±0.09 | 1.12±0.12 | 0.102 | |
| 腿肌重 Thigh muscle weight/g | 15胚龄E15 | 0.65±0.05a | 0.58±0.07b | 0.64±0.06a | 0.003 |
| 17胚龄E17 | 1.28±0.10a | 0.90±0.17b | 1.27±0.18a | <0.001 | |
| 19胚龄E19 | 2.17±0.58 | 2.07±0.32 | 2.53±0.23 | 0.070 | |
| 出壳Hatch | 3.34±0.32 | 3.28±0.15 | 3.31±0.27 | 0.566 | |
| 腿肌率 Thigh muscle rate/% | 15胚龄E15 | 2.41±0.38 | 2.34±0.39 | 2.44±0.13 | 0.761 |
| 17胚龄E17 | 3.22±0.26a | 2.79±0.35b | 3.34±0.38a | <0.001 | |
| 19胚龄E19 | 5.32±0.46 | 5.21±0.67 | 5.98±0.41 | 0.175 | |
| 出壳Hatch | 7.98±0.88 | 7.58±0.50 | 7.55±0.54 | 0.393 | |
2.2.2 肝脏、骨骼和肠道指数
表4 胚蛋给养Leu对肉鸡肝脏和骨骼指数的影响Table 4 Effects of in ovo feeding of Leu on liver and bone indices of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 采样时间 Sampling time | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NC | PC | Leu | |||
| 肝脏重 Liver weight/g | 15胚龄E15 | 0.24±0.03 | 0.21±0.04 | 0.22±0.03 | 0.156 |
| 17胚龄E17 | 0.48±0.04a | 0.38±0.06b | 0.46±0.04a | <0.001 | |
| 19胚龄E19 | 0.58±0.05 | 0.61±0.05 | 0.61±0.06 | 0.755 | |
| 出壳Hatch | 0.81±0.08 | 0.83±0.06 | 0.84±0.11 | 0.748 | |
| 肝脏指数 Liver index/% | 15胚龄E15 | 0.88±0.10 | 0.83±0.14 | 0.84±0.08 | 0.516 |
| 17胚龄E17 | 1.20±0.10 | 1.17±0.12 | 1.25±0.15 | 0.504 | |
| 19胚龄E19 | 1.37±0.21 | 1.52±0.11 | 1.43±0.08 | 0.125 | |
| 出壳Hatch | 1.94±0.17 | 1.93±0.10 | 1.92±0.27 | 0.859 | |
| 股骨重 Femur weight/g | 15胚龄E15 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.03±0.01 | 0.573 |
| 17胚龄E17 | 0.10±0.04 | 0.08±0.03 | 0.10±0.02 | 0.179 | |
| 19胚龄E19 | 0.18±0.06 | 0.18±0.03 | 0.22±0.03 | 0.077 | |
| 出壳Hatch | 0.29±0.04b | 0.30±0.03b | 0.33±0.04a | 0.015 | |
| 股骨指数 Femur index/% | 15胚龄E15 | 0.09±0.03 | 0.09±0.04 | 0.11±0.06 | 0.664 |
| 17胚龄E17 | 0.25±0.10 | 0.24±0.09 | 0.28±0.06 | 0.562 | |
| 19胚龄E19 | 0.49±0.10 | 0.44±0.09 | 0.53±0.07 | 0.190 | |
| 出壳Hatch | 0.69±0.07 | 0.69±0.08 | 0.76±0.09 | 0.154 | |
| 胫骨重 Tibia weight/g | 15胚龄E15 | 0.12±0.04 | 0.09±0.03 | 0.09±0.04 | 0.201 |
| 17胚龄E17 | 0.17±0.03 | 0.13±0.04 | 0.17±0.05 | 0.129 | |
| 19胚龄E19 | 0.32±0.05a | 0.26±0.06b | 0.31±0.04a | 0.037 | |
| 出壳Hatch | 0.35±0.02b | 0.33±0.03b | 0.40±0.06a | 0.015 | |
| 胫骨指数 Tibia index/% | 15胚龄E15 | 0.36±0.18 | 0.35±0.08 | 0.36±0.15 | 0.397 |
| 17胚龄E17 | 0.43±0.07 | 0.41±0.10 | 0.45±0.10 | 0.839 | |
| 19胚龄E19 | 0.78±0.10 | 0.66±0.15 | 0.75±0.11 | 0.182 | |
| 出壳Hatch | 0.84±0.08 | 0.77±0.10 | 0.92±0.14 | 0.051 | |
表5 胚蛋给养Leu对肉鸡出壳时肠道指数的影响Table 5 Effects of in ovo feeding of Leu on intestinal indices of broilers at hatch |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NC | PC | Leu | ||
| 十二指肠重Duodenum weight/g | 0.26±0.07 | 0.24±0.03 | 0.27±0.06 | 0.820 |
| 空肠重Jejunum weight/g | 0.20±0.02b | 0.23±0.03b | 0.27±0.04a | 0.001 |
| 回肠重Ileum weight/g | 0.19±0.06b | 0.22±0.01ab | 0.24±0.04a | 0.047 |
| 十二指肠指数Duodenum index/% | 0.63±0.18 | 0.56±0.08 | 0.61±0.14 | 0.783 |
| 空肠指数Jejunum index/% | 0.47±0.07b | 0.53±0.08b | 0.63±0.11a | 0.008 |
| 回肠指数Ileum index/% | 0.46±0.15 | 0.51±0.04 | 0.55±0.10 | 0.258 |
2.3 胚蛋给养Leu对肉鸡胸大肌肌纤维指标的影响
图1 胚蛋给养Leu对肉鸡胸大肌肌纤维形态的影响Fig.1 Effects of in ovo feeding of Leu on myofiber morphology of pectoralis major muscle of broilers |
表6 胚蛋给养Leu对肉鸡胸大肌肌纤维指标的影响Table 6 Effects of in ovo feeding of Leu on myofiber indices of pectoralis major muscle of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NC | PC | Leu | ||
| 肌纤维横截面面积 Cross-sectional area of myofiber/μm2 | 23.37±0.88b | 23.83±1.38b | 30.26±0.88a | <0.001 |
| 肌纤维直径Diameter of myofiber/μm | 5.41±0.10b | 5.44±0.15b | 6.17±0.09a | 0.006 |
2.4 胚蛋给养Leu对肉鸡胸大肌肌肉生成相关基因表达的影响
图2 胚蛋给养Leu对肉鸡胸大肌肌肉生成相关基因表达的影响数据柱标相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下图同。 Fig.2 Effects of in ovo feeding of Leu on expression of myogenesis related genes in pectoralis major muscle of broilers Value columns with the same small letter or no letter mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.5 胚蛋给养Leu对肉鸡胚胎期胸大肌代谢组学的影响
图4 NC组和Leu组肉鸡胸大肌差异代谢物层次聚类热图Carnosine:肌肽;Ala-His:丙氨酸-组氨酸;Symmetric dimethylarginine:对称性二甲基精氨酸;Fumaric acid:富马酸;Etimicin:爱大霉素;Morph:吗啡;Methionyl-asparagine:甲硫氨酸基-天冬酰胺;Macrosphelide D:巨三内酯D;5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one:5,6-二氢-2H-吡喃-2-酮;Deoxynivalenol:红梭霉毒素;L-saccharopine:L-酵母氨酸;Vanillin-4-sulfate:香草醛-4-硫酸盐;3H-adrenaline:3H-肾上腺素;sphingosine:鞘氨醇;N,N-dimethyltetradecylamine:N,N-二甲基十四胺;Glycylprolylhydroxyproline:甘氨酰脯氨酸羟基脯氨酸;Ethyl sulfate:硫酸乙酯;5'-methylthioadenosine:甲硫腺苷;2-hydroxystearic acid:2-羟基硬脂酸;Hypoxanthine:次黄嘌呤;Met:蛋氨酸;Met-Glu:蛋氨酸-谷氨酸;Gamma-glutamylglutamate:γ-谷氨酰谷氨酸;Glu:谷氨酸;D-erythrose 4-phosphate:D-赤藓糖4-磷酸;8-hydroxy-5,6-octadienoic acid:8-羟基-5,6辛二烯酸;Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate:景天庚酮糖7-磷酸;12'-Apo-B-carotene-3,12'-diol:12'-Apo-β-胡萝卜素-3,12'-二醇;L-cysteinylglycine disulfide:L-半胱氨酰甘氨酸二硫化物;3-phosphorylcholine:磷酸胆碱;Deoxycholylmethionine:脱氧胆酰甲硫氨酸;Lpc(18∶2):溶血磷脂酰胆碱(18∶2);Lpe(20∶4):溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(20∶4);Pe(O-20∶5/2∶0):磷脂酰乙醇胺(O-20∶5/2∶0);Lpe(22∶4):溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(22∶4);Pc(O-8∶0/10∶0):磷脂酰胆碱(O-8∶0/10∶0);Pe(O-16∶1/2∶0):磷脂酰乙醇胺(O-16∶1/2∶0);Pc(O-8∶0/8∶0):磷脂酰胆碱(O-8∶0/8∶0);Lpe(O-16∶1):溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(O-16∶1);Lpe(O-18∶2):溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(O-18∶2);Lpe(18∶1):溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(18∶1);Butyrylcarnitine:丁酰肉碱;Hexanoyl-L-carnitine:己酰肉碱;Pc(20∶4/0∶0):磷脂酰胆碱(20∶4/0∶0);Pc(22∶5/0∶0):磷脂酰胆碱(22∶5/0∶0);Lpc(20∶4):溶血磷脂酰胆碱(20∶4);Lpe(22∶5):溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(22∶5);Pe(O-13∶1/7∶0):磷脂酰乙醇胺(O-13∶1/7∶0);Lpc(22∶4-Sn1):溶血磷脂酰胆碱(22∶4-Sn1);Lpc(18∶1):溶血磷脂酰胆碱(18∶1)。 Fig.4 Heat map of hierarchical clustering of differential metabolites of pectoralis major muscle of broilers between Leu group and NC group |
表7 Leu组和NC组肉鸡胸大肌氨基酸及其衍生物差异代谢物相对丰度变化Table 7 Changes in relative abundances of differential metabolites of amino acids and their derivatives in pectoralis major muscle of broilers between Leu group and NC group |
| 序号 Serial numbers | 代谢物 Metabolite | 代谢物ID Metabolite ID | 变量重要 性投影 VIP | P值 P-value | 差异倍数 FC | 变化 Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 苏氨酸-亮氨酸-酪氨酸 Threonine-leucine-tyrosine | metab_4564 | 3.487 | 0.023 | 1.144 | 上调 |
| 2 | 磷酸肌酸Phosphocreatine | metab_424 | 2.061 | 0.018 | 1.044 | 上调 |
| 3 | 组氨酸Histidine | metab_11269 | 1.642 | 0.037 | 1.028 | 上调 |
| 4 | 甲硫氨酰基-天冬酰胺 Methionyl-asparagine | metab_7377 | 1.997 | 0.025 | 1.039 | 上调 |
| 5 | S-腺苷甲硫氨酸S-adenosylmethionine | metab_518 | 3.506 | 0.004 | 0.886 | 下调 |
| 6 | 脱氧胆酰蛋氨酸Deoxycholylmethionine | metab_8553 | 1.798 | 0.014 | 0.970 | 下调 |
| 7 | 精氨酸-天冬氨酸Arginine-aspartate | metab_8363 | 1.347 | 0.048 | 0.979 | 下调 |
| 8 | 谷氨酸Glutamate | metab_7028 | 1.287 | 0.011 | 0.985 | 下调 |
| 9 | 蛋氨酸Methionine | metab_1028 | 1.573 | 0.017 | 0.977 | 下调 |

京公网安备 11010802041926号