1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验材料
1.3 试验设计
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the experimental diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 玉米淀粉糖渣添加量(1~21日龄) Corn starch sugar residue supplemental levels (1 to 21 days of age)/% | 玉米淀粉糖渣添加量(22~42日龄) Corn starch sugar residue supplemental levels (22 to 42 days of age)/% | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | ||||||||||||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 玉米Corn | 61.74 | 59.67 | 57.60 | 51.55 | 45.07 | 69.00 | 66.94 | 64.88 | 60.75 | 54.33 | |||||||||||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 31.50 | 29.72 | 27.95 | 25.80 | 23.70 | 23.94 | 22.17 | 20.41 | 18.45 | 16.32 | |||||||||||||
| 玉米淀粉糖渣 Corn starch sugar residue | 5.00 | 10.00 | 15.00 | 20.00 | 5.00 | 10.00 | 15.00 | 20.00 | |||||||||||||||
| 豆油Soybean oil | 2.50 | 1.30 | 0.10 | 3.05 | 1.84 | 0.63 | |||||||||||||||||
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 3.25 | 6.80 | 1.68 | 5.19 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.85 | 1.85 | 1.85 | 1.85 | 1.85 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | |||||||||||||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | |||||||||||||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | |||||||||||||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |||||||||||||
| L-色氨酸L-Trp | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||||
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 | ||||||||||||||||
| L-赖氨酸L-Lys | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.23 | |||||||||||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||||||||||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.34 | 12.34 | 12.34 | 12.34 | 12.34 | 12.76 | 12.76 | 12.76 | 12.76 | 12.76 | |||||||||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 20.36 | 20.38 | 20.41 | 20.39 | 20.43 | 17.45 | 17.53 | 17.46 | 17.54 | 17.56 | |||||||||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.90 | |||||||||||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.41 | |||||||||||||
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.69 | |||||||||||||
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.19 | |||||||||||||
| 精氨酸Arg | 1.31 | 1.27 | 1.24 | 1.21 | 1.18 | 1.08 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 0.95 | |||||||||||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.61 | |||||||||||||
| 缬氨酸Val | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.77 | |||||||||||||
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.61 | |||||||||||||
| 亮氨酸Leu | 1.63 | 1.64 | 1.65 | 1.64 | 1.63 | 1.44 | 1.46 | 1.47 | 1.47 | 1.45 | |||||||||||||
| 钙Ca | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.81 | |||||||||||||
| 总磷TP | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.66 | |||||||||||||
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VD3 4 000 IU,VA 10 000 IU,VK3 2.5 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 5.0 mg,VB5 40 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB12 2 mg,VE 200 IU,生物素 biotin 0.5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 000 mg,叶酸 folic acid 3 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 20 mg,Cu 10 mg,Se 0.40 mg,Fe 100 mg,Mn 60 mg,Zn 100 mg,I 1.00 mg。 2)代谢能和氨基酸含量参考《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2022年第33版)》计算得出,其余为实测值。ME and AA contents were calculated refer to China Feed Ingredient and Nutritional Value Tables (33rd edition,2022), while the others were measured values. |
1.4 样品采集与指标测定
1.4.1 试验饲粮营养成分含量测定
1.4.2 生长性能测定
1.4.3 屠宰性能和器官指数测定
1.4.4 血浆生化指标测定
1.4.5 胸肌肉品质测定
1.4.6 十二指肠和空肠组织切片制作与测定
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果
2.1 饲粮中添加玉米淀粉糖渣对北京鸭生长性能的影响
表2 饲粮中添加玉米淀粉糖渣对北京鸭生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary corn starch sugar residue supplementation on growth performance of Pekin ducks |
| 项目 Items | 玉米淀粉糖渣添加量 Corn starch sugar residue supplemental levels/% | P值P-value | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | ||||||||||
| 1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age | ||||||||||||||
| 1日龄平均体重 ABW at 1 day of age | 56.27 ±0.56 | 56.50 ±0.60 | 56.93 ±0.32 | 56.42 ±0.40 | 56.48 ±0.50 | 0.145 | 0.561 | 0.072 | ||||||
| 21日龄平均体重 ABW at 21 days of age | 1 349.69 ±23.54a | 1 332.13 ±30.98a | 1 339.76 ±20.40a | 1 296.72 ±32.02b | 1 284.34 ±21.97b | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.778 | ||||||
| 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 61.91 ±1.36a | 60.74 ±1.48ab | 60.71 ±1.40ab | 59.22 ±2.16bc | 58.52 ±1.32c | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.799 | ||||||
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 90.90 ±2.50 | 90.85 ±2.79 | 89.40 ±3.36 | 89.20 ±3.33 | 91.27 ±2.75 | 0.719 | 0.752 | 0.637 | ||||||
| 料重比 F/G | 1.45 ±0.06b | 1.49 ±0.06b | 1.48 ±0.05b | 1.50 ±0.02b | 1.56 ±0.03a | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.376 | ||||||
| 22~42日龄22 to 42 days of age | ||||||||||||||
| 42日龄平均体重 ABW at 42 days of age | 3 112.07 ±41.80a | 3 087.05 ±74.04a | 3 044.40 ±91.64ab | 3 028.56 ±99.09ab | 2 977.04 ±66.84b | 0.020 | <0.001 | 0.825 | ||||||
| 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 83.24 ±1.45 | 83.40 ±2.20 | 81.55 ±4.08 | 80.82 ±3.35 | 79.82 ±1.58 | 0.097 | 0.052 | 0.724 | ||||||
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 198.86 ±8.99 | 199.80 ±9.89 | 202.47 ±11.06 | 201.60 ±18.86 | 206.98 ±11.65 | 0.732 | 0.232 | 0.491 | ||||||
| 料重比 F/G | 2.36 ±0.15 | 2.46 ±0.14 | 2.46 ±0.04 | 2.43 ±0.18 | 2.57 ±0.18 | 0.103 | 0.052 | 0.449 | ||||||
同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮中添加玉米淀粉糖渣对北京鸭屠宰性能和器官指数的影响
表3 饲粮中添加玉米淀粉糖渣对北京鸭屠宰性能和器官指数的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary corn starch sugar residue supplementation on carcass performance and organ indexes of Pekin ducks % |
| 项目 Items | 玉米淀粉糖渣添加量 Corn starch sugar residue supplemental levels/% | P值P-value | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 屠宰性能Carcass performance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 胸肌率 Breast muscle rate | 13.05±1.02a | 11.57±0.82b | 11.78±0.50b | 11.81±0.69b | 11.56±0.59b | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.026 | ||||||||||||||||
| 腿肌率 Leg muscle rate | 8.49±0.55 | 7.53±2.67 | 8.11±0.64 | 8.61±0.73 | 8.46±0.85 | 0.437 | 0.453 | 0.380 | ||||||||||||||||
| 腹脂率 Abdominal fat rate | 0.98±0.23 | 1.07±0.22 | 1.20±0.16 | 1.01±0.16 | 1.16±0.22 | 0.127 | 0.164 | 0.500 | ||||||||||||||||
| 器官指数Organ indexes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 肝脏指数 Liver index | 1.77±0.12 | 1.82±0.20 | 1.89±0.05 | 1.86±0.13 | 1.85±0.05 | 0.452 | 0.147 | 0.255 | ||||||||||||||||
| 脾脏指数 Spleen index | 0.05±0.01ab | 0.06±0.00a | 0.04±0.01b | 0.05±0.01a | 0.05±0.01ab | 0.024 | 0.727 | 0.645 | ||||||||||||||||
| 胰腺指数 Pancreatic index | 0.18±0.04b | 0.21±0.02a | 0.21±0.02a | 0.19±0.02ab | 0.22±0.03a | 0.048 | 0.104 | 0.375 | ||||||||||||||||
| 心脏指数 Heart index | 0.52±0.05 | 0.53±0.04 | 0.50±0.06 | 0.53±0.04 | 0.53±0.04 | 0.575 | 0.653 | 0.545 | ||||||||||||||||
| 肌胃指数 Gizzard index | 1.84±0.13c | 2.08±0.12a | 1.95±0.18ab | 1.77±0.15c | 2.04±0.19a | <0.001 | 0.624 | 0.931 | ||||||||||||||||
| 十二指肠指数 Duodenum index | 0.28±0.01c | 0.32±0.02b | 0.30±0.02bc | 0.31±0.02b | 0.36±0.04a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.267 | ||||||||||||||||
| 空肠指数 Jejunum index | 0.74±0.08 | 0.76±0.09 | 0.70±0.24 | 0.79±0.05 | 0.73±0.27 | 0.848 | 0.951 | 0.919 | ||||||||||||||||
| 回肠指数 Ileum index | 0.75±0.08b | 0.76±0.07b | 0.85±0.10a | 0.75±0.10b | 0.86±0.05a | 0.016 | 0.051 | 0.995 | ||||||||||||||||
2.3 饲粮中添加玉米淀粉糖渣对北京鸭血浆生化指标的影响
表4 饲粮中添加玉米淀粉糖渣对北京鸭血浆生化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary corn starch sugar residue supplementation on plasma biochemical parameters of Pekin ducks |
| 项目 Items | 玉米淀粉糖渣添加量 Corn starch sugar residue supplemental levels/% | P值P-value | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | |||||||||||||||
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 7.39±1.55 | 7.55±1.17 | 8.44±1.13 | 7.25±1.64 | 8.53±1.32 | 0.255 | 0.188 | 0.415 | |||||||||||
| γ-谷氨酰转肽酶 GGT/(IU/L) | 2.00±0.53 | 1.90±0.74 | 2.43±0.53 | 1.70±0.48 | 2.25±0.71 | 0.140 | 0.513 | 1.000 | |||||||||||
| 葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) | 4.25±1.00 | 3.76±0.69 | 4.38±1.04 | 4.37±0.78 | 5.15±0.82 | 0.094 | 0.031 | 0.132 | |||||||||||
| 高密度脂蛋 白胆固醇 HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 1.28±0.25 | 1.07±0.25 | 1.46±0.29 | 1.27±0.47 | 1.44±0.40 | 0.173 | 0.185 | 0.735 | |||||||||||
| 低密度脂蛋 白胆固醇 LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.65±0.24 | 0.40±0.12 | 0.57±0.12 | 0.44±0.22 | 0.59±0.21 | 0.081 | 0.975 | 0.057 | |||||||||||
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 0.50±0.18 | 0.40±0.11 | 0.52±0.09 | 0.44±0.09 | 0.50±0.19 | 0.332 | 0.460 | 0.348 | |||||||||||
| 总蛋白 TP/(mmol/L) | 13.48±3.28 | 13.14±3.25 | 16.44±4.08 | 15.08±5.66 | 17.53±5.25 | 0.225 | 0.029 | 0.871 | |||||||||||
| 总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) | 1.74±0.54 | 1.58±0.35 | 2.24±0.39 | 1.88±0.67 | 2.15±0.71 | 0.127 | 0.692 | 0.132 | |||||||||||
| 乳酸脱氢酶 LDH/(IU/L) | 339.57±181.78a | 198.30±41.65b | 292.86±80.29ab | 192.38±60.94b | 214.50±55.63b | 0.013 | 0.961 | 0.065 | |||||||||||
2.4 饲粮中添加玉米淀粉糖渣对北京鸭胸肌肉品质的影响
表5 饲粮中添加玉米淀粉糖渣对北京鸭胸肌肉品质的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary corn starch sugar residue supplementation on meat quality of breast muscle of Pekin ducks |
| 项目 Items | 玉米淀粉糖渣添加量 Corn starch sugar residue supplemental levels/% | P值P-value | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | ||||||||||
| pH24 h | 5.51±0.10 | 5.49±0.10 | 5.53±0.17 | 5.52±0.14 | 5.51±0.12 | 0.986 | 0.923 | 0.701 | ||||||
| 蒸煮损失 Cooking loss/% | 35.15±3.30 | 33.28±4.61 | 30.00±8.20 | 31.72±4.68 | 34.31±3.11 | 0.290 | 0.448 | 0.180 | ||||||
| 滴水损失 Drip loss/% | 4.77±1.71 | 4.33±1.35 | 4.39±1.67 | 3.92±1.18 | 3.86±1.65 | 0.764 | 0.189 | 0.899 | ||||||
| 肉色Meat color | ||||||||||||||
| 亮度L* | 38.60±4.56b | 39.01±5.33b | 42.64±3.94a | 42.40±3.54a | 40.93±4.92ab | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.012 | ||||||
| 红度a* | 19.06±2.42a | 18.69±2.07ab | 17.66±2.42bc | 17.51±1.48bc | 17.32±2.16c | 0.027 | 0.006 | 0.749 | ||||||
| 黄度b* | 5.23±0.82 | 4.94±1.41 | 5.68±1.12 | 5.40±1.15 | 5.16±1.15 | 0.269 | 0.744 | 0.297 | ||||||
2.5 饲粮中添加玉米淀粉糖渣对北京鸭肠道形态结构的影响
表6 饲粮中添加玉米淀粉糖渣对北京鸭十二指肠和空肠形态结构的影响Table 6 Effects of corn starch sugar residue on morphological structure in duodenum and jejunum of Pekin ducks |
| 项目 Items | 玉米淀粉糖渣添加量 Corn starch sugar residue supplemental levels/% | P值P-value | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||||||||||||
| 0 | 10 | 15 | |||||||||||||
| 十二指肠Duodenum | |||||||||||||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/mm | 1.24±0.10 | 1.09±0.03 | 1.18±0.07 | 0.341 | 0.385 | 0.240 | |||||||||
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 286.00±18.91 | 248.20±21.02 | 294.44±13.41 | 0.185 | 0.924 | 0.069 | |||||||||
| 绒毛高度/隐窝深度 Villus height to crypt depth ratio | 4.53±0.45 | 4.68±0.41 | 4.11±0.38 | 0.618 | 0.590 | 0.415 | |||||||||
| 空肠Jejunum | |||||||||||||||
| 绒毛高度Villus height/mm | 1.15±0.07 | 1.12±0.06 | 1.26±0.09 | 0.254 | 0.261 | 0.366 | |||||||||
| 隐窝深度Crypt depth/μm | 277.86±20.58a | 205.46±14.08b | 206.92±10.62b | 0.049 | 0.068 | 0.171 | |||||||||
| 绒毛高度/隐窝深度 Villus height to crypt depth ratio | 4.88±0.66 | 5.84±0.54 | 6.21±0.49 | 0.152 | 0.127 | 0.622 | |||||||||

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