1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计与饲养管理
1.2 试验饲粮
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 植物甾醇添加量 Phytosterol supplementation levels/(mg/kg) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 15 | ||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||
| 高粱Sorghum | 33.30 | 33.30 | |||
| 发芽小麦Sprouted wheat | 20.00 | 20.00 | |||
| 葵花仁粕Sunflower seed meal | 15.00 | 15.00 | |||
| 玉米干酒糟及其可溶物 Corn DDGS | 10.00 | 10.00 | |||
| 玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal | 5.00 | 5.00 | |||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 2.44 | 2.44 | |||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.48 | 0.48 | |||
| 石粉Limestone | 8.70 | 8.70 | |||
| 膨润土Bentonite | 3.09 | 3.09 | |||
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | |||
| L-赖氨酸硫酸盐L-Lys·H2SO4 | 0.59 | 0.59 | |||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.10 | 0.10 | |||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 10.25 | 10.25 | |||
| 干物质DM | 89.80 | 89.80 | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 17.00 | 17.20 | |||
| 钙Ca | 3.30 | 3.34 | |||
| 总磷TP | 0.57 | 0.56 | |||
| 粗纤维CF | 6.21 | 6.15 | |||
| 粗脂肪EE | 3.60 | 3.54 | |||
| 非植酸磷NPP | 0.30 | 0.30 | |||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.86 | 0.86 | |||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.42 | 0.42 | |||
| 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.70 | 0.70 | |||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.54 | 0.54 | |||
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.19 | 0.19 | |||
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets: VA 12 000 IU,VD3 1 800 IU,VE 26 IU,VK 1.0 mg,VB1 3.0 mg,VB2 9.6 mg,VB6 6.0 mg,VB12 0.03 mg,胆碱 choline 500 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 28.5 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 50 mg,Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 10 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 90 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 90 mg,I [Ca(IO3)2] 0.50 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.40 mg,植酸酶 phytase (20 000 FTU/kg) 150 mg。 2)干物质、粗蛋白质、钙、总磷、粗纤维和粗脂肪为实测值,其余为计算值,均参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2024年第35版)》计算。DM, CP, Ca, TP, CF and EE were measured values, and the others were calculated values, all calculated with reference to the Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (35th edition, 2024). |
1.3 检测指标与方法
1.3.1 饲粮营养水平测定
1.3.2 产蛋性能
1.3.3 蛋品质
1.3.4 卵巢指数和卵泡相对重
1.3.5 血浆脂质代谢、肝脏和腹脂指标
1.3.6 肝脏组织形态及脂滴空泡比例
1.4 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果
2.1 饲粮中添加植物甾醇对不同产蛋阶段蛋鸭产蛋性能的影响
表2 饲粮中添加植物甾醇对不同产蛋阶段蛋鸭产蛋性能的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary phytosterol supplementation on laying performance of laying ducks at different laying stages |
| 项目 Items | 平均日 采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 产蛋率 Laying rate/% | 蛋重 Egg weight/g | 日产蛋重 Daily egg weight/(g/d) | 料蛋比 Feed to egg ratio | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 组别Groups | A1B1 | 147.50 | 71.00 | 66.00 | 46.90 | 3.17 |
| A2B1 | 161.90 | 93.40 | 63.80 | 59.60 | 2.72 | |
| A1B2 | 147.70 | 71.20 | 65.50 | 44.50 | 3.39 | |
| A2B2 | 163.20 | 94.10 | 62.80 | 59.20 | 2.76 | |
| 均值标准误SEM | 1.430 | 2.050 | 0.580 | 1.620 | 0.118 | |
| 主效应Main effect | ||||||
| 日龄Days of age | 820 | 147.60b | 71.10b | 65.70a | 45.70b | 3.28a |
| 210 | 162.50a | 93.70a | 63.30b | 59.40a | 2.74b | |
| 均值标准误SEM | 1.010 | 1.320 | 0.370 | 1.170 | 0.093 | |
| 植物甾醇添加量 PS supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | 0 | 154.70 | 82.20 | 64.90 | 53.20 | 2.94 |
| 15 | 155.40 | 82.70 | 64.20 | 51.80 | 3.07 | |
| 均值标准误SEM | 1.010 | 1.320 | 0.370 | 1.170 | 0.093 | |
| P值P-value | ||||||
| 日龄Days of age | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| 植物甾醇添加量PS supplemental levels | 0.614 | 0.795 | 0.196 | 0.411 | 0.330 | |
| 交互作用Interaction | 0.696 | 0.892 | 0.588 | 0.556 | 0.504 | |
同列数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same column, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮中添加植物甾醇对不同产蛋阶段蛋鸭蛋品质和蛋组成的影响
表3 饲粮中添加植物甾醇对不同产蛋阶段蛋鸭蛋品质的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary phytosterol supplementation on egg quality of laying ducks at different laying stages |
| 项目 Items | 蛋形指数 Egg shape index/% | 蛋壳强度 Eggshell strength/ N | 蛋白高度 Albumin height/ mm | 蛋黄色泽 Yolk color | 哈氏单位 Haugh unit | 蛋壳厚度 Eggshell thickness/ mm | 蛋壳韧性 Eggshell toughness/ (N/mm3/2) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 组别Groups | A1B1 | 72.80 | 34.70c | 6.46 | 11.50 | 75.40b | 0.320b | 494c |
| A2B1 | 74.20 | 44.40a | 7.19 | 11.20 | 83.40a | 0.332a | 581a | |
| A1B2 | 73.60 | 38.80b | 7.11 | 11.40 | 82.90a | 0.325ab | 531b | |
| A2B2 | 74.20 | 40.90b | 7.36 | 11.20 | 84.60a | 0.322b | 560a | |
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.570 | 0.980 | 0.131 | 0.100 | 1.220 | 0.003 5 | 9.2 | |
| 主效应Main effect | ||||||||
| 日龄Days of age | 820 | 73.20 | 36.70b | 6.78b | 11.50a | 79.10b | 0.32 | 512b |
| 210 | 74.20 | 42.70a | 7.28a | 11.20b | 84.00a | 0.33 | 571a | |
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.410 | 0.710 | 0.103 | 0.090 | 0.860 | 0.001 | 7.1 | |
| 植物甾醇添加量 PS supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | 0 | 73.50 | 39.50 | 6.82b | 11.30 | 79.40b | 0.33 | 538 |
| 15 | 73.90 | 39.90 | 7.24a | 11.30 | 83.70a | 0.32 | 545 | |
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.410 | 0.710 | 0.103 | 0.090 | 0.860 | 0.001 | 7.1 | |
| P值P-value | ||||||||
| 日龄Days of age | 0.106 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.044 | <0.001 | 0.095 | <0.001 | |
| 植物甾醇添加量 PS supplemental levels | 0.511 | 0.755 | 0.010 | 0.837 | 0.002 | 0.375 | 0.447 | |
| 交互作用Interaction | 0.476 | 0.001 | 0.115 | 0.945 | 0.018 | 0.007 | 0.010 | |
表4 饲粮中添加植物甾醇对不同产蛋阶段蛋鸭蛋组成的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary phytosterol supplementation on egg composition of laying ducks at different laying stages % |
| 项目 Items | 蛋黄相对重 Yolk relative weight | 蛋壳相对重 Eggshell relative weight | 蛋白相对重 Albumin relative weight | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 组别Groups | A1B1 | 32.10 | 9.34 | 58.70 | ||||
| A2B1 | 30.30 | 9.83 | 60.20 | |||||
| A1B2 | 31.90 | 9.37 | 58.70 | |||||
| A2B2 | 32.40 | 9.54 | 58.10 | |||||
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.770 | 0.080 | 0.740 | |||||
| 主效应Main effect | ||||||||
| 日龄Days of age | 820 | 32.00 | 9.36b | 58.70 | ||||
| 210 | 31.30 | 9.68a | 59.20 | |||||
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.550 | 0.060 | 0.550 | |||||
| 植物甾醇添加量 PS supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | 0 | 31.10 | 9.58 | 59.50 | ||||
| 15 | 32.10 | 9.45 | 58.40 | |||||
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.550 | 0.060 | 0.550 | |||||
| P值P-value | ||||||||
| 日龄Days of age | 0.409 | <0.001 | 0.569 | |||||
| 植物甾醇添加量PS supplemental levels | 0.234 | 0.136 | 0.185 | |||||
| 交互作用Interaction | 0.184 | 0.076 | 0.192 | |||||
2.3 饲粮中添加植物甾醇对不同产蛋阶段蛋鸭繁殖器官的影响
表5 饲粮中添加植物甾醇对不同产蛋阶段蛋鸭繁殖器官的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary phytosterol supplementation on reproductive organs of laying ducks at different stages |
| 项目 Items | 卵巢指数 Ovarian index/(g/kg) | 卵泡相对重 Follicle relative weight/% | 卵泡数 Follicle number/个 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| >8 mm | >6~8 mm | 3~6 mm | >8 mm | >6~8 mm | 3~6 mm | ||||
| 组别Groups | A1B1 | 24.00 | 66.20 | 3.97b | 6.65a | 2.60b | 4.75b | 18.10 | |
| A2B1 | 30.30 | 88.20 | 2.79b | 2.66b | 4.70a | 5.83b | 16.90 | ||
| A1B2 | 26.30 | 73.80 | 8.59a | 4.70a | 3.80a | 10.10a | 15.50 | ||
| A2B2 | 29.00 | 72.60 | 3.46b | 5.77a | 4.42a | 3.83b | 16.60 | ||
| 均值标准误SEM | 5.060 | 6.390 | 0.678 | 1.276 | 0.315 | 1.324 | 2.360 | ||
| 主效应Main effect | |||||||||
| 日龄Days of age | 820 | 25.10 | 70.00 | 6.28a | 5.68 | 3.20b | 7.42 | 16.80 | |
| 210 | 29.70 | 80.40 | 3.13b | 4.21 | 4.56a | 4.83 | 16.80 | ||
| 均值标准误SEM | 3.540 | 4.160 | 0.508 | 0.814 | 0.199 | 0.897 | 1.760 | ||
| 植物甾醇添加量 PS supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | 0 | 27.10 | 77.20 | 3.38b | 4.65 | 3.65 | 5.29 | 17.50 | |
| 15 | 27.70 | 73.20 | 6.02a | 5.24 | 4.11 | 6.96 | 16.00 | ||
| 均值标准误SEM | 3.540 | 4.160 | 0.508 | 0.814 | 0.199 | 0.897 | 1.760 | ||
| P值P-value | |||||||||
| 日龄Days of age | 0.379 | 0.091 | <0.001 | 0.219 | <0.001 | 0.055 | 0.987 | ||
| 植物甾醇添加量 PS supplemental levels | 0.921 | 0.507 | 0.002 | 0.617 | 0.119 | 0.204 | 0.564 | ||
| 交互作用Interaction | 0.723 | 0.062 | 0.013 | 0.040 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.655 | ||
2.4 饲粮中添加植物甾醇对不同产蛋阶段蛋鸭血浆脂质代谢指标的影响
表6 饲粮中添加植物甾醇对不同产蛋阶段蛋鸭血浆脂质代谢指标的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary phytosterol supplementation on plasma lipid metabolism indexes of laying ducks at different laying stages |
| 项目 Items | 总胆固醇 T-CHO/ (mmol/L) | 甘油三酯 TG/ (mmol/L) | 低密度 脂蛋白- 胆固醇 LDL-C/ (mmol/L) | 高密度 脂蛋白- 胆固醇 HDL-C/ (mmol/L) | 谷草 转氨酶 GOT/ (U/L) | 谷丙 转氨酶 GPT/ (U/L) | 碱性 磷酸酶 AKP/ (U/L) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 组别Groups | A1B1 | 2.46 | 3.92 | 5.00 | 3.99 | 2.46 | 29.50 | 68.5 |
| A2B1 | 1.87 | 4.81 | 3.99 | 4.13 | 3.43 | 28.10 | 74.7 | |
| A1B2 | 2.10 | 4.57 | 5.01 | 2.43 | 3.09 | 26.50 | 55.1 | |
| A2B2 | 1.80 | 4.69 | 3.53 | 2.61 | 1.92 | 29.80 | 51.5 | |
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.090 | 0.240 | 0.221 | 0.620 | 0.620 | 2.830 | 5.37 | |
| 主效应Main effect | ||||||||
| 日龄Days of age | 820 | 2.28a | 4.24 | 5.01a | 3.21 | 2.78 | 28.00 | 61.8 |
| 210 | 1.83b | 4.75 | 3.76b | 3.37 | 2.68 | 28.90 | 63.1 | |
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.070 | 0.180 | 0.142 | 0.410 | 0.480 | 1.970 | 4.21 | |
| 植物甾醇添加量 PS supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | 0 | 2.16a | 4.37 | 4.49 | 4.06a | 2.95 | 28.80 | 71.6a |
| 15 | 1.95b | 4.63 | 4.27 | 2.52b | 2.51 | 28.10 | 53.3b | |
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.070 | 0.180 | 0.142 | 0.410 | 0.480 | 1.970 | 4.21 | |
| P值P-value | ||||||||
| 日龄Days of age | <0.001 | 0.055 | <0.001 | 0.786 | 0.881 | 0.739 | 0.833 | |
| 植物甾醇添加量 PS supplemental levels | 0.037 | 0.302 | 0.282 | 0.014 | 0.524 | 0.820 | 0.006 | |
| 交互作用Interaction | 0.141 | 0.135 | 0.262 | 0.975 | 0.130 | 0.414 | 0.422 | |
2.5 饲粮中添加植物甾醇对不同产蛋阶段蛋鸭肝脏和腹脂指标的影响
表7 饲粮中添加植物甾醇对不同产蛋阶段蛋鸭肝脏和腹脂指标的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary phytosterol supplementation on liver and abdominal fat indexes of laying ducks at different laying stages |
| 项目 Items | 肝脏指数 Liver index/ (g/kg) | 肝脏 干物质 Hepatic DM/% FW | 肝脏 粗脂肪 (干重基础) Hepatic EE (DM weight basis)/% | 肝脏 粗脂肪 (鲜重基础) Hepatic EE (fresh weight basis)/% | 腹脂指数 Abdominal fat index/ (g/kg) | 肝脏脂滴 空泡比例 Ratio of vacuoles to lipid droplets in hepatic tissue/% | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 组别Groups | A1B1 | 30.40 | 21.60 | 26.90 | 14.70 | 7.44 | 4.25b | ||||||||
| A2B1 | 29.50 | 26.00 | 29.90 | 16.20 | 9.05 | 7.79a | |||||||||
| A1B2 | 29.70 | 23.10 | 28.80 | 15.40 | 7.73 | 6.44ab | |||||||||
| A2B2 | 29.40 | 26.70 | 35.70 | 20.10 | 6.74 | 5.18ab | |||||||||
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.480 | 0.590 | 1.880 | 1.200 | 0.880 | 0.920 | |||||||||
| 主效应Main effect | |||||||||||||||
| 日龄Days of age | 820 | 30.00 | 22.30b | 27.80b | 15.10b | 7.59 | 5.35 | ||||||||
| 210 | 29.40 | 26.30a | 32.80a | 18.20a | 7.90 | 6.48 | |||||||||
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.340 | 0.400 | 1.320 | 0.400 | 0.580 | 0.720 | |||||||||
| 植物甾醇添加量 PS supplemental levels/(mg/kg) | 0 | 29.90 | 23.80 | 28.40 | 15.40 | 8.25 | 6.02 | ||||||||
| 15 | 29.50 | 24.90 | 32.20 | 17.80 | 7.24 | 5.81 | |||||||||
| 均值标准误SEM | 0.340 | 0.400 | 1.320 | 0.400 | 0.580 | 0.720 | |||||||||
| P值P-value | |||||||||||||||
| 日龄Days of age | 0.215 | <0.001 | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.706 | 0.278 | |||||||||
| 植物甾醇添加量 PS supplemental levels | 0.407 | 0.070 | 0.053 | 0.065 | 0.229 | 0.838 | |||||||||
| 交互作用Interaction | 0.476 | 0.487 | 0.316 | 0.196 | 0.128 | 0.029 | |||||||||

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