1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 原料Ingredients | 含量Content | 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | 含量Content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 玉米Corn | 12.00 | 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 11.30 | |
| 次粉Wheat middlings | 5.00 | 干物质DM | 91.50 | |
| 玉米皮Corn bran | 5.00 | 粗蛋白质CP | 18.69 | |
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 8.50 | 粗脂肪EE | 3.37 | |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 1.50 | 粗纤维CF | 16.13 | |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 14.00 | 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 37.74 | |
| 菜籽粕Rapeseed meal | 6.00 | 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 21.23 | |
| 黑啤酒糟Brewer’s spent grain | 9.00 | 酸性洗涤木质素ADL | 5.60 | |
| 玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal | 6.50 | 粗灰分Ash | 8.72 | |
| 青蒿粉Artemisia annua powder | 1.50 | 钙Ca | 1.12 | |
| 稻壳粉Rice husk powder | 6.00 | 总磷TP | 0.77 | |
| 花生壳粉Peanut shell powder | 5.00 | 赖氨酸Lys | 0.92 | |
| 艾杆粉Artemisia argyi stem powder | 7.00 | 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.44 | |
| 羊草Leymus chinensis hay | 8.00 | 苏氨酸Thr | 0.62 | |
| 预混料Premix1) | 5.00 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Zn 70 mg,Mn 10 mg,Co 0.15 mg,Fe 70 mg,Cu 20 mg,I 0.2 mg,Se 0.25 mg,VA 10 000 IU,VE 50 mg,VK2 2 mg,硫胺素 thiamine 2 mg,核黄素 riboflavin 6 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 50 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 44 mg,胆碱 choline 1 000 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 50 mg,VD3 900 IU。 2)消化能、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸和苏氨酸为计算值,其余为实测值。DE, Lys, Met+Cys and Thr were calculated values, while the others were measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 指标测定
1.4.1 饲粮营养成分测定
1.4.2 兔舍热应激环境评定方法
1.4.3 母兔繁殖性能测定
1.4.4 仔兔生长性能测定
1.4.5 母兔血清指标测定
1.4.6 母兔肠道菌群16S rRNA测序与分析
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 兔舍热应激环境的评定
2.2 饲粮中添加QG对热应激条件下母兔采食量的影响
表2 饲粮中添加QG对热应激条件下母兔平均日采食量的影响Table 2 Effects of dietary QG supplementation on ADFI of female rabbits under heat-stress conditions |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | QG100组 QG100 group | QG200组 QG200 group | QG400组 QG400 group | QG600组 QG600 group | P值P-value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||||||||
| 妊娠期 Gestation | 280.77 ±2.83c | 287.73 ±2.04bc | 289.52 ±3.32b | 298.64 ±2.12a | 305.67 ±2.76a | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.023 | ||||||
| 哺乳期 Lactation | 355.94 ±3.70b | 365.31 ±4.01b | 359.83 ±3.64ab | 366.10 ±4.61ab | 374.18 ±4.73a | 0.037 | 0.005 | 0.659 | ||||||
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 饲粮中添加QG对热应激条件下母兔繁殖性能的影响
表3 饲粮中添加QG对热应激条件下母兔繁殖性能的影响Table 3 Effects of dietary QG supplementation on reproductive performance of female rabbits under heat-stress conditions |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | QG100组 QG100 group | QG200组 QG200 group | QG400组 QG400 group | QG600组 QG600 group | P值P-value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||||||||
| 受胎率 Conception rate/% | 65.22b | 73.81b | 62.79b | 78.16b | 80.25a | 0.037(卡方检验Chi-square test) | ||||||||
| 分娩率 Farrowing rate/% | 56.67b | 51.61b | 61.11b | 63.24b | 69.23b | 0.318(卡方检验Chi-square test) | ||||||||
| 窝产仔数 Litter size/只 | 7.43 ±0.56c | 9.20 ±0.55a | 7.60 ±0.56c | 7.57 ±0.50c | 8.40 ±0.49b | <0.001 | 0.547 | 0.611 | ||||||
| 窝产活仔数 Litter size born alive/只 | 6.80 ±0.66d | 8.90 ±0.71a | 7.20 ±0.76c | 7.03 ±0.80cd | 8.03 ±0.61b | <0.001 | 0.324 | 0.354 | ||||||
| 综合窝产仔数 Total litter size/只 | 4.16 ±0.31c | 4.69 ±0.28b | 4.63 ±0.34b | 4.76 ±0.31b | 5.79 ±0.34a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 综合窝产活仔数 Total litter size born alive/只 | 3.80 ±0.37c | 4.53 ±0.36b | 4.39 ±0.46b | 4.43 ±0.50b | 5.54 ±0.42a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 | ||||||
| 窝产死胎数 Stillborn kits per litter/只 | 0.63 ±0.49 | 0.33 ±0.47 | 0.40 ±0.56 | 0.53 ±0.50 | 0.37 ±0.49 | 0.122 | 0.262 | 0.343 | ||||||
| 初生总窝重 Total litter birth weight/g | 368.67 ±26.22c | 385.33 ±25.15b | 372.67 ±21.48c | 394.33 ±20.11b | 445.33 ±24.17a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 初生活仔窝重 Litter weight born alive/g | 337.33 ±25.31c | 361.67 ±28.77b | 355.67 ±31.69b | 367.67 ±28.96b | 418.33 ±33.74a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 初生活仔均重 Average weight of kits born alive/g | 49.60 ±4.14b | 40.60 ±3.66c | 50.23 ±3.43b | 52.33 ±2.48a | 52.10 ±3.88a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
2.4 饲粮中添加QG对热应激条件下母兔后代仔兔生长性能的影响
表4 饲粮中添加QG对热应激条件下母兔后代仔兔生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary QG supplementation on growth performance of offspring rabbits of female rabbits under heat-stress conditions |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | QG100组 QG100 group | QG200组 QG200 group | QG400组 QG400 group | QG600组 QG600 group | P值P-value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||||||||
| 7日龄7 days of age | ||||||||||||||
| 窝仔数 No. of kits per litter/只 | 5.13 ±0.43b | 5.37 ±0.49ab | 5.57 ±0.50a | 5.63 ±0.49a | 5.57 ±0.50a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.027 | ||||||
| 窝重 Litter weight/g | 568.67 ±26.61cd | 556.33 ±27.72d | 579.67 ±24.28bc | 588.33 ±25.87ab | 594.67 ±29.21a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.227 | ||||||
| 均重 Average weight/g | 110.83 ±4.89a | 103.59 ±5.13c | 104.07 ±3.27c | 104.51 ±3.46c | 106.77 ±4.82b | <0.001 | 0.014 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 14日龄14 days of age | ||||||||||||||
| 窝仔数 No. of kits per litter/只 | 5.03 ±0.49b | 5.33 ±0.47a | 5.53 ±0.50a | 5.60 ±0.56a | 5.53 ±0.50a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.013 | ||||||
| 窝重 Litter weight/g | 1 137.00 ±64.17c | 1 162.00 ±41.72c | 1 251.33 ±57.75b | 1 321.33 ±55.13a | 1 304.67 ±63.82a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.014 | ||||||
| 均重 Average weight/g | 228.33 ±6.82b | 219.93 ±8.27c | 227.16 ±8.68b | 237.80 ±9.28a | 240.00 ±7.64a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 21日龄21 days of age | ||||||||||||||
| 窝仔数 No. of kits per litter/只 | 5.00 ±0.37c | 5.27 ±0.45b | 5.50 ±0.50ab | 5.57 ±0.50a | 5.47 ±0.50ab | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.006 | ||||||
| 窝重 Litter weight/g | 1 654.00 ±86.04b | 1 692.67 ±121.93b | 1 883.00 ±99.69a | 1 892.33 ±100.53a | 1 878.33 ±73.11a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 均重 Average weight/g | 332.63 ±6.90b | 323.74 ±5.60c | 345.37 ±6.98a | 342.92 ±7.51a | 346.61 ±7.16a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.913 | ||||||
| 35日龄35 days of age | ||||||||||||||
| 窝仔数 No. of kits per litter/只 | 4.97 ±0.49c | 5.17 ±0.37bc | 5.47 ±0.50a | 5.43 ±0.56ab | 5.33 ±0.54ab | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 | ||||||
| 窝重 Litter weight/g | 3 402.67 ±324.39c | 3 647.67 ±110.26b | 4 032.67 ±243.99a | 3 994.33 ±255.33a | 3 951.00 ±274.51a | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 均重 Average weight/g | 693.13 ±21.35b | 709.12 ±37.63b | 741.45 ±35.74a | 741.88 ±45.18a | 744.56 ±35.78a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.019 | ||||||
2.5 饲粮中添加QG对热应激条件下母兔妊娠第15天血清中生殖激素、炎症因子和抗氧化指标的影响
表5 饲粮中添加QG对热应激条件下母兔妊娠第15天血清中生殖激素、炎症因子和抗氧化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary QG supplementation on serum reproductive hormones, inflammatory factors and antioxidative indexes on the 15th day of pregnancy of female rabbits under heat-stress conditions |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | QG100组 QG100 group | QG200组 QG200 group | QG400组 QG400 group | QG600组 QG600 group | P值P-value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方差分析 ANOVA | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||||||||||
| 孕酮 P/(ng/mL) | 1.48 ±1.60d | 8.05 ±1.26bc | 5.98 ±2.18c | 10.92 ±3.66ab | 12.51 ±1.89a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.627 | ||||||
| 雌二醇 E2/(pg/mL) | 24.36 ±11.21 | 19.25 ±4.65 | 16.98 ±8.47 | 19.00 ±3.13 | 16.44 ±3.30 | 0.663 | 0.186 | 0.514 | ||||||
| 白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) | 15.50 ±2.17 | 8.90 ±3.05 | 8.35 ±3.07 | 7.38 ±3.68 | 9.03 ±3.53 | 0.063 | 0.043 | 0.028 | ||||||
| 白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/mL) | 4.24 ±1.06c | 8.40 ±0.84b | 9.78 ±1.86ab | 12.58 ±4.05a | 13.70 ±1.35a | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.311 | ||||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 236.90 ±3.25c | 279.70 ±10.16a | 263.37 ±5.68b | 280.20 ±10.83a | 289.69 ±7.38a | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.274 | ||||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mL) | 10.51 ±0.13b | 11.44 ±0.73a | 12.18 ±0.56a | 11.97 ±0.22a | 12.24 ±0.34a | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.107 | ||||||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 1 355.06 ±24.68c | 1 455.74 ±34.97b | 1 515.54 ±58.57ab | 1 532.91 ±33.93a | 1 554.75 ±31.84a | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.036 | ||||||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) | 5.55 ±0.19a | 4.84 ±0.69a | 3.94 ±0.44b | 3.91 ±0.39b | 3.58 ±0.41b | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.024 | ||||||
2.6 饲粮中添加QG对热应激条件下母兔肠道菌群的影响
2.6.1 饲粮中添加QG对热应激条件下母兔肠道菌群多样性的影响
2.6.2 饲粮中添加QG对热应激条件下母兔肠道菌群结构和组成的影响
2.6.2.1 肠道菌群门和属水平相对丰度分析
图4 饲粮中添加QG对热应激条件下母兔肠道菌群门和属水平相对丰度的影响Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝细菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Patescibacteria:髌骨菌门;unclassified_k_Bacteria:未分类细菌;Desulfobacterota:脱硫杆菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Campilobacterota:弯曲菌门;Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;Synergistota:互氧菌门;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae:毛螺菌科的未分类属;unclassified_o_Clostridia_vadinBB60_group:梭菌目vadinBB60群的未分类属;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;unclassified_o_Clostridia_UCG-014:梭菌目UCG-014的未分类属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;unclassified_c_Bacteroidia:拟杆菌纲的未分类属;unclassified_o_Gastranaerophilales:胃厌氧菌目的未分类属;V9D2013_group:V9D2013群;Alistipes:另枝菌属;unclassified_o_Bacteroidales:拟杆菌目的未分类属;unclassified_f_Oscillospiraceae:颤螺菌科的未分类属;Akkermansi:阿克曼氏菌属;Candidatus_Saccharimonas:假定糖单胞菌属;unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae:瘤胃球菌科的未分类属;others:其他。 A:热应激条件下母兔肠道菌群门水平上物种分布柱状图 species distribution histogram at phylum level of gut microbiota in female rabbits under heat-stress conditions;B:热应激条件下母兔肠道菌群属水平上物种分布柱状图 species distribution histogram at genus level of gut microbiota in female rabbits under heat-stress conditions。 Fig.4 Effects of dietary QG supplementation on relative abundances of gut microbiota at phylum and genus levels of female rabbits under heat-stress conditions |
2.6.2.2 肠道菌群LEfSe分析
图5 热应激条件下母兔肠道菌群LEfSe分析g_unclassified_o_Bacteroidales:拟杆菌目的未分类属;s_unclassified_o_Bacteroidales:拟杆菌目的未分类种;f_unclassified_o_Bacteroidales:拟杆菌目的未分类科;s_Bacteroides_sp:拟杆菌属的未鉴定种;g_Barnesiella:巴恩斯氏菌属;f_Barnesiellaceae:巴恩斯氏菌科;s_Bacteroides_caccae:粪拟杆菌;g_Butyricimonas:丁酸单胞菌属;s_unclassified_g_Lysinibacillus:赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属的未分类种;g_Lysinibacillus:赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属;s_unclassified_f_Acholeplasmataceae:无胆甾原体科的未分类种;g_unclassified_f_Acholeplasmataceae:无胆甾原体科的未分类种;s_Alistipes_senegalensis_JC50:塞内加尔艾斯特菌JC50株;s_unclassified_g_Oscillibacter:颤螺菌属的未分类种;g_Cloacibacillus:粪杆菌属;c_Synergistia:互养菌纲;f_Synergistaceae:互养菌科;p_Synergistota:互养菌门;o_Synergistales:互养菌目;g_Eubacterium_hodatum_group:霍氏真杆菌群;s_unclassified_g_:未知菌属的未分类种;g_Methanosphaera:甲烷球菌属;s_Methanosphaera_cuniculi:兔甲烷球形菌;p_Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;o_Methanobacteriales:甲烷杆菌目;f_Methanobacteriaceae:甲烷杆菌科;c_Methanobacteria:甲烷菌纲;s_unclassified_g_Christensenellaceae_R-7_group:克里斯滕森菌科R群的未分类种;g_Sporosarcina:芽孢八叠球菌属;s_unclassified_g_Sporosarcina:芽孢八叠球菌属的未分类种;g_Sanguibacteroides:血杆菌样菌属;s_unclassified_g_Farabacteroides:法拉杆菌属的未分类种;s_Ruminococcus_sp:瘤胃球菌属的未知种;s_Bacteroides_caccae:粪拟杆菌;s_Bacteroides_sp:拟杆菌属的未知种;g_Barnesiella:巴氏菌属;f_Barnesiellaceae:巴氏菌科;g_Butyricimonas:丁酸单胞菌属;g_Sanguibacteroides:血液拟杆菌;s_unclassified_g_Parabacteroides:副拟杆菌属的未分类种;s_unclassified_o_Bacteroidales:拟杆菌目的未分类种;g_unclassified_o_Bacteroidales:拟杆菌目的未分类属;f_unclassified_o_Bacteroidales:拟杆菌目的未分类科; g_Methanosphaera:甲烷球形菌属;f_Methanobacteriaceae:甲烷杆菌科;s_unclassified_f_Acholeplasmataceae:无胆甾支原体科的未分类种;g_unclassified_f_Acholeplasmataceae:无胆甾支原体科的未分类属;s_unclassified_g_Lysinibacillus:溶杆菌属的未分类种;g_Lysinibacillus:溶杆菌属;s_unclassified_g_Sporosarcina:芽孢八叠球菌属的未分类种;g_Sporosarcina:芽孢八叠球菌属;s_unclassified_g_Oscillibacter:颤螺旋菌属的未分类种;s_Ruminococcus_sp:瘤胃球菌属下的某个未指明种;g_Eubacterium_nodatum_group:优杆菌属nodatum群;g_Cloacibacillus:阴沟杆菌属;f_Synergistaceae:协同菌科。 A:LDA柱状图 LDA bar plot;B:物种进化分支图 branching map of species evolution。 Fig.5 LEfSe analysis of gut microbiota of female rabbits under heat-stress conditions |

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