动物营养学报 >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 1: 58 - 67

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.005

综述

植物多糖在肉鸡生产中的应用研究进展

  • 郑伟剑 , 1 ,
  • 黄东璋 2 ,
  • 王郡东 1 ,
  • 沈留红 , 1, *
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  • 1 四川农业大学动物医学院,成都 611130
  • 2 江苏农牧科技职业学院,泰州 225300
* 沈留红,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

郑伟剑(1998-),男,江西九江人,硕士研究生,从事天然产物与兽医临床应用研究。E-mail:

收稿日期: 2025-07-11

  网络出版日期: 2026-01-13

基金资助

江苏农牧科技职业学院科研项目(NSF2024ZR08)

江苏农牧科技职业学院科研项目(NSF2022ZR03)

四川省科学技术厅重点研发项目(2024YFFK0146)

国家自然科学基金资助项目(32473109)

收起

Research Progress on Application of Plant Polysaccharides in Broiler Production

  • ZHENG Weijian , 1 ,
  • HUANG Dongzhang 2 ,
  • WANG Jundong 1 ,
  • SHEN Liuhong , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
  • 2 Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-07-11

  Online published: 2026-01-13

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摘要

植物多糖(PPs)具有抗氧化、免疫调节和增加肠道有益菌等多种生物活性,已广泛应用于畜禽养殖。虽然PPs对肉鸡生长性能及肉品质的相关研究较多,但尚未见系统性的论述。本文总结了国内外植物多糖在肉鸡养殖中的研究热点,归纳为其对肉鸡的5个方面(肠道菌群、抗氧化能力、免疫调节、生长性能及肉品质)影响,并浅析其作用机理,旨在为PPs在肉鸡生产中的开发应用提供参考。

关键词： 植物多糖; 肉鸡; 作用机制; 生产应用

本文引用格式

郑伟剑 , 黄东璋 , 王郡东 , 沈留红 . 植物多糖在肉鸡生产中的应用研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(1) : 58 -67 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.005

Abstract

Plant polysaccharides (PPs) exhibit various biological activities such as antioxidant properties, immunomodulatory effects, and promotion of beneficial gut bacteria, and have been widely applied in livestock and poultry breeding. Although there is a wealth of research on the effects of plant polysaccharides on the production performance and meat quality of broiler chickens, a systematic review has not yet been formed. This paper summarizes the research hotspots of plant polysaccharides in broiler chicken farming both domestically and internationally, categorizing their impacts on broiler chickens into five major aspects: gut microbiota, antioxidant capacity, immune regulation, production performance, and meat quality. It also provides a preliminary analysis of the underlying mechanisms of action. The aim is to provide references for the development and application of plant polysaccharides in broiler production, so as to improve breeding efficiency.

Key words： plant polysaccharides; broiler chickens; mechanism of action; production application

肉鸡产业作为全球主要动物蛋白质来源之一,其高效安全的养殖模式对保障粮食安全至关重要。然而传统养殖中长期滥用抗生素,易诱发耐药病原菌产生及药物残留问题,严重威胁人类健康与食品安全,这促进了养殖业需向“绿色、安全、功能化”的转型。在此背景下,寻求安全高效的抗生素替代物成为产业和科研共同目标。植物多糖(PPs)作为广泛存在于植物体内的天然活性物质(如黄芪多糖、香菇多糖、人参多糖等),凭借“来源天然、无残留、功能多样”特性正成为替抗添加剂研究热点[1]。已有研究表明,PPs可通过调控肠道菌群平衡(如增殖乳酸杆菌、粪杆菌等[2])、增强黏膜免疫[如促进免疫球蛋白A(IgA)分泌[3]]、改善代谢功能(如提高养分利用率)等途径,提升肉鸡生长性能与肉品质[3-4]。然而,PPs对肉鸡养殖影响的研究,多聚焦于表型指标(如生长指标、菌群丰度变化等),也因不同来源的PPs存在效果差异、适宜添加量以及与养殖环境匹配性等问题,缺乏系统性阐述。本文则通过CNKI、PubMed等数据库,以“多糖(筛选后的植物多糖)”“肉鸡”等为关键词,检索近5年PPs在肉鸡养殖中研究报道,并进行文献计量分析。发现相关研究主要集中在生长性能、抗氧化性能、肠道菌群、免疫功能及肉品质等方面。本文从上述角度综述了PPs在肉鸡养殖中的应用及其作用机制,以期为PPs开发利用提供依据,为其作为肉鸡绿色功能性饲粮添加剂的应用提供参考。

1 PPs概述

PPs是具有复杂分子结构的大分子质量聚合物和生物活性大分子,通常由10个以上单糖(如甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖等)组成,这些单糖通过直链或支链的α或β糖苷键连接而成[5]。按其组成可以概括为同多糖和杂聚多糖两大类。前者由1种单糖缩合而成,如淀粉、糖原、纤维素等;后者由1种以上单糖或其他衍生物组成,如半纤维素、果胶等。PPs的生物学性质又与其组成结构特征(主链的α、β糖苷键连接方式以及摩尔质量)密切相关。如β-葡聚糖可结合巨噬细胞表面的C型凝集素样受体-1(Dectin-1)受体,触发吞噬活性[6]。大分子质量多糖黏度高、水溶性差、理化性质不稳定,限制其吸收、利用和生物活性;低分子质量多糖分子内氢键弱,游离氨基和羟基多,利于生物活性;相反,高分子质量多糖因形成空间结构,往往生物活性更好;同时,分子质量太低,多糖生物活性基团少,无法形成活性空间结构[7]。
PPs又可根据来源差异,可分为膳食纤维(菊粉、树胶、果胶)、藻类和中草药多糖[8]。源自粮食作物的PPs(淀粉、纤维素),则在能量供给及肠道健康调节方面发挥关键作用。而一些PPs在改善肠道微生态、提高生产性能、增强免疫功能等方面有着良好的作用[9]。此外,众多研究已充分证明,PPs由于其绿色安全的特性及丰富的生物学功能,常被作为饲料添加剂,以促进动物生长、增强抗应激能力或调节免疫反应[10-12](表1),进而具有提升肉鸡的整体性能指标和免疫功能的作用。
表1 植物多糖在肉鸡养殖中的应用及其作用效果

Table 1 Application and effect of plant polysaccharides in broiler breeding

序号
No.		 添加物
Additive		 作用类别
Category of
action		 肉鸡品种
Broiler breed		 日龄
Days of age		 剂量和添加方式
Dosage and
addition methods		 应用效果
Apply effects		 参考文献
References
1 刺五加多糖 肠道菌群调节 爱拔益加肉鸡 1~42 1 000 mg/kg 回肠致病菌(大肠埃希菌和沙门氏菌)丰富度↓ [9]
817杂交肉鸡 1~21 250 mg/kg 乳酸菌、粪杆菌、负杆菌和真杆菌丰富度↑,且与肠道绒毛发育呈正相关 [13]
2 无花果多糖 三黄肉鸡 7~50 2 g/kg灌胃 有益菌经黏液真杆菌属、考拉杆菌属和
另枝菌属丰富度↑、短链脂肪酸含量↑		 [14]
3 人参多糖 乌骨肉鸡 7~150 200 mg/kg 萨特氏菌属丰度↑,且与绒隐比呈正相关,
与隐窝深度呈负相关,保障肠道健康		 [15]
4 茶多糖 抗氧化功能 崇仁麻鸡 1~56 400 mg/kg 激活Nrf2-Keap1/ARE信号通路,血清GSH-Px、SOD活性↑,MDA含量↓ [16]
5 牛樟芝多 麻黄肉鸡 1~28 500 mg/kg 缓解脂多糖诱导的氧化应激,血清脂质过氧化
产物含量↓,过氧化氢酶活性↑;肝脏MDA含量↓		 [17]
6 刺五加多糖 免疫功能 817杂交肉鸡 4~24 80 mg/kg
灌胃		 抵抗环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制,恢复胸腺小叶结构,促进免疫器
官发育和增强免疫器官指数,血清IL-2、IFN-γ、lgG含量↑		 [18]
7 山药多糖 817杂交肉鸡 1~48 500 mg/kg 血清IgA、C3、C4、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6和TNF-α含量↑,从而增强抗体
介导免疫应答;IGF-1、T3、T4、INS、GH等激素含量↑		 [3]
8 枸杞多糖 科宝500肉鸡 1~21 4 000 mg/kg 血液CD3 T细胞百分比↑,CD4 T细胞
百分比更高;加强巨噬细胞吞噬作用		 [19]
9 黄精多糖 生产性能 罗斯308肉鸡 1~35 800 mg/kg 料重比↓;嗉囊、回肠及盲肠pH↓,回肠绒毛高度↑ [20]
10 枸杞多糖 爱拔益加肉鸡 1~42 2 000 mg/kg 平均日增重↑,肠道总淀粉酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性↑ [21]
11 山药多糖 817杂交肉鸡 1~48 500 mg/kg 出栏体重↑、半净膛率↑、全净膛率↑、腿肌率↑ [4]
12 金顶侧耳多糖 肉品质调节 爱拔益加肉鸡 1~42 750 mg/kg 肉中丙氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸、亮氨酸、谷氨酸含量↑ [22]
13 浒苔多糖 罗斯308肉鸡 1~42 400 mg/kg 参与脂肪酸合成的基因(srebp1c、acc1、fads1)表达↓,血清甘油
三酯和低密度蛋白胆固醇含量↓,调节脂质代谢,减少脂质沉积		 [23]
14 甘草多糖 爱拔益加肉鸡 1~42 1 500 mg/kg 胸肌纤维密度↑,胸肌和腿肌蒸煮损失率↓,腿肌滴水损失率↓;
风味亚油酸和油酸含量↑,硬脂酸、肉豆蔻酸和二十二碳六
烯酸含量↓;肌细胞生成素和肌原分化基因表达↑		 [24]

Nrf2-Keap1:核因子E2相关因子2-Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1 nuclear factor E2-related factor 2-Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-related protein 1;ARE:抗氧化反应元件 antioxidant response element;GSH-Px:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 glutathione peroxidase;SOD:超氧化物歧化酶 superoxide dismutase;MDA:丙二醛 malondialdehyde;IL-2:白细胞介素-2 interleukin-2;IFN-γ:γ-干扰素 interferon-gamma;IgG:免疫球蛋白 G immunoglobulin G;IgA:免疫球蛋白 A immunoglobulin A;C3:补体3 complement 3;C4:补体4 complement 4;IL-4:白细胞介素-4 interleukin-4;IL-6:白细胞介素-6 interleukin-6;TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha;IGF-1:胰岛素样生长因子-1 insulin-like growth factor-1;T3:三碘甲状腺原氨酸 triiodothyronine;T4:四碘甲状腺原氨酸 tetraiodothyronine;INS:胰岛素 insulin;GH:生长激素 growth hormone;srebp1c:固醇调节元件结合蛋白 1c sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c;acc1:乙酰辅酶A羧化酶 1 acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1;fads1:脂肪酸去饱和酶 1 fatty acid desaturase 1。

↑表示增强或上调,↓表示抑制或下调。↑ indicates enhancement or upregulation, and ↓ indicates inhibition or downregulation.

2 PPs改善肉鸡的肠道健康

肠道作为肉鸡消化吸收营养物质的核心场所,其健康状态直接影响生产性能。而肠道菌群作为肠道健康的“核心调控者”,通过定植形成菌膜屏障、维持微生物稳态,构成了肠道防御的首道防线[25]。研究表明,肉鸡肠道菌群以厚壁菌门(乳杆菌属、粪杆菌属、罗氏杆菌属、经黏液真杆菌属、考拉杆菌属、链球菌属等)、拟杆菌门(拟杆菌属、普雷沃氏菌属)及变形菌门(大肠杆菌属、沙门氏菌属、杆状细菌属)为主[26],这些菌群通过相互依存与制约,共同调节机体肠道健康。其中厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门与机体物质运输和能量代谢密切相关[27-28]。在体外发酵试验中,Wang等[29]发现,刺五加多糖可调节肉鸡粪便中粪杆菌属和副普雷沃氏菌属等有益菌丰度,从而促进短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)产生,调节肠道微生物结构;Lu等[14]给肉鸡灌胃2 g/kg的无花果多糖溶液,发现其肠道考拉杆菌属、经黏液真杆菌属等有益菌丰度也显著增加,链球菌属和颤螺菌属等有害菌丰度显著降低。这些有益菌均可促进SCFAs(如乙酸、丙酸、丁酸等)生成,而SCFAs不但能够为肠道细胞供应能量,促使肠绒毛发育,而且可下调肠道pH,进而遏制有害菌定植,减少炎症产生,发挥肠道健康守护剂的作用[30];而变形菌门均是革兰氏阴性菌,其外膜主要由脂多糖组成,其丰度异常升高则常伴随菌群失调,并诱发肠道炎症[31-32]。而饲粮中补充1 000 mg/kg的刺五加提取物能显著降低肉鸡回肠大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌等致病菌数量,直接优化菌群拮抗关系[9],从而减少炎症产生;此外,人参多糖可通过调控回肠中变形菌门萨特氏菌属的相对丰度,增加肠绒毛长度与绒隐比,并降低隐窝深度,从而改善肠道黏膜屏障结构,维护肠道健康[15]。Zhang等[33]发现,饲粮补充2 000 mg/kg茯苓多糖可缓解脂多糖诱导的肉鸡肠炎,有效增强十二指肠和空肠紧密连接蛋白基因表达,从而缓解肠炎造成的肠黏膜损伤。其次,饲粮中添加多糖有利于促进肠道黏膜产生IgA的细胞发育,增加分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)含量,可防止病原体和毒素侵入上皮表面,维持肠道稳态[34-35]。
综上所述,PPs的肠道菌群调节功能可能是因其复杂的糖苷键结构难以被宿主直接利用,却可作为益生元,被厚壁菌门菌群优先利用,为这类优势菌群提供增殖所需能源,形成占位效应,有效抑制致病菌繁殖,减少肠道疾病发生。此外,优势菌群代谢的SCFAs也能够作为营养物质被肠道上皮细胞利用,从而增强肉鸡肠道的机械屏障功能并改善肠道结构。正是有益菌群和完整的肠道屏障结构为肉鸡提供充足的营养与健康的生理环境,从而为其快速生长奠定重要的生物学基础。

3 PPs提升肉鸡的抗氧化能力

肉鸡养殖因高密度、高温、快速生长等因素,常导致肉鸡体内活性氧(ROS)大量积累,引发氧化应激,严重阻碍其生长发育[36]。正常情况下,机体ROS维持动态平衡,保持氧化还原稳态至关重要[37]。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)负责维持ROS形成和清除间的平衡[38]。丙二醛(MDA)是氧化应激指标,是多不饱和脂肪酸过氧化的最终产物[39]。
脂质过氧化反应链中产生的ROS可被多糖捕获,从而缩短脂质过氧化反应链的长度,致使脂质过氧化被阻断或减慢[40]。PPs环状结构上的羟基能与金属离子络合,阻止金属离子催化产生羟基自由基,从而抑制ROS生成并发挥抗氧化作用[41]。如APS可增强SOD活性,清除ROS,阻断自由基引起的链式反应[42]。
Li等[16]研究发现,400 mg/kg营山云雾茶多糖通过调控Kelch样氯丙烷相关蛋白1(Keap1)-核转录因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/抗氧化反应元件(ARE)信号通路,提高肉鸡血清GSH-Px、SOD和CAT活性,同时降低MDA含量。牛樟芝多糖[17](500 mg/kg)和龙须菜多糖[43](1 000 mg/kg)具有相似调节作用,均可显著提高肉鸡血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),增强抗氧化能力。细胞层面研究显示,200 μg/mL五味子多糖可通过抑制调节丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPKs)[细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)]的磷酸化,防止过度细胞自噬,进而减少ROS产生,保护鸡胚肝细胞免受过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导的氧化损伤[44]。此外,在肉鸡热应激模型中,饲粮中添加1 000 mg/kg的浒苔多糖能增强肠道总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活性,并降低空肠、回肠和法氏囊中的细胞凋亡率,和下调核因子κB p65亚基(NF-κB p65)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)等基因表达,进而缓解热应诱导的肠道损伤[45-46]。
综上所述,PPs能有效增强肉鸡抗氧化性能,缓解应激源导致的氧化应激损伤。

4 PPs提高肉鸡的免疫功能

免疫力是肉鸡健康生长、抵御疾病的关键防线。然而,养殖过程中环境应激、营养物质缺乏、疫苗接种及药物使用等因素对肉鸡免疫力均有较高的要求。免疫力低下时,肉鸡则易感染疾病,导致生长缓慢、饲料转化率低、生产性能下降等问题。而研究表明,PPs可通过影响免疫器官发育、激活免疫细胞(巨噬细胞、T/B淋巴细胞、杀伤细胞等)、激活补体系统等途径[47],PPs刺激肉鸡免疫系统,产生白细胞介素(IL)、干扰素(IFN)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)等免疫相关因子[48-49],以及提高机体的抗体水平和促进淋巴细胞成熟与分化[50],起到提高肉鸡的特异性和非特异性免疫功能。
在免疫器官层面,PPs可显著提升脾脏、法氏囊、胸腺等免疫器官指数,促进其生长发育并延缓性成熟阶段法氏囊和胸腺的退化[3,19];刺五加多糖[18](灌胃80 mg/kg)和白术多糖[51](饲粮添加400 mg/kg)还能改善环磷酰胺对免疫器官发育的抑制,恢复胸腺小叶结构,增加成熟胸腺细胞及淋巴细胞数量。在免疫细胞调节方面,PPs通过多途径激活免疫应答:淋巴细胞增殖(10~20 mg/kg贵州南五味子多糖[50])、巨噬细胞吞噬活性增强(15.62 μg/mL桔梗多糖[52]提升吞噬指数和细胞因子分泌)及自然杀伤(NK)细胞含量增加[人参叶多糖(100~200 mg/kg)提高粤黄鸡血清NK细胞水平[53]];同时,饲粮中添加4 000 mg/kg的枸杞多糖可调节CD4+/CD8+比值,维持免疫平衡[19]。体液免疫层面,山药多糖能显著提高血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、IgA、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)及补体3、补体4含量,增强抗体介导的免疫应答[3]。细胞因子分泌上,PPs通过调节白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)等促炎/抗炎因子,维持Th1/Th2细胞亚群平衡[如100 mg/mL泰山松花粉多糖[54]刺激IL-2、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)分泌],避免免疫紊乱。此外,500 mg/kg纳米砂仁多糖可促进树突状细胞(DC)成熟与迁移,增加其表面分子(CD11、CD40等)及主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ类分子(MHC Ⅱ)表达,分泌IL-2、IFN-γ等因子,激活T细胞免疫反应[55]。
综上所述,PPs可促进淋巴细胞增殖和成熟及免疫器官发育,进而提高肉鸡免疫力,保障肉鸡健康。

5 PPs改善肉鸡的生长及屠宰性能

在禁抗养殖背景下,通过饲料添加剂提升肉鸡生长性能成为关键[56]。PPs作为绿色饲料添加剂,具有增强动物消化吸收能力和促进机体生长等作用,可提高平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI),降低料重比(F/G),从而改善肉鸡生长性能[57]。研究表明,饲粮中补充800 mg/kg黄精多糖可改善肠道微生态环境(如促进有益菌增殖、优化肠绒毛结构),提升营养物质吸收效率,加速肉鸡生长[20]。在环磷酰胺诱导的肉鸡肠道免疫抑制模型中,5 000 mg/kg菊苣多糖可维持肠道菌群稳态,消除菌群紊乱,保障肉鸡生长性能[58]。山药多糖(500 mg/kg)通过提高肉鸡血清生长激素(GH)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)和四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T4)含量,促进机体蛋白质合成与肌肉沉积,缩短肉鸡达到标准出栏体重时间[3-4,59];生长速度提升与饲料转化效率优化密切相关。研究发现,枸杞多糖(2 000 mg/kg)和黄芪多糖(1 000 mg/kg)均可显著提高肉鸡小肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶等消化酶活性,增强肠道消化吸收能力,显著降低料重比[21,60]。郑雨萱等[61]研究表明,饲粮中添加1.6%猴头菇多糖可提高热应激肉鸡免疫和抗氧化能力,缓解ADG下降,进而提升生长性能。
此外,PPs对屠宰性能的改善同样突出。屠宰性能(屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、腿肌率、胸肌率和腹脂率)是衡量肉类动物经济效益关键指标[62]。其中,屠宰率和全净膛率可反映动物产肉性能。PPs(山药多糖[4]、甘草多糖[24]等)可通过提高肉鸡屠宰率和全净膛率,增强肉鸡产肉性能。无花果叶多糖(1 000 mg/kg)能显著提高肉鸡胸肌率和腿肌率,显著降低腹脂率,改善屠宰性能[63]。这些屠宰性能的提升,可能与PPs能够调节机体内的激素有关,如GH对脂肪沉积的抑制作用与PPs对脂肪代谢基因的调控作用的相互配合,进而减少腹部脂肪堆积,IGF-1能促进肌细胞分化与肌纤维增粗,使得胸肌率和腿肌率也有不同程度提高,综合提升产肉效率和产品品质。
综上所述,PPs通过提高肉鸡消化酶活性增强消化吸收能力,进而提升饲料转化效率;同时调节生长相关激素分泌,协同调控肌肉生长与脂肪沉积(促进蛋白质利用、增强脂代谢),最终实现提高屠宰率、胸肌率和腿肌率以及降低腹脂率,有效改善其屠宰性能。

6 PPs改善肉鸡的肉品质

肉鸡肉品质是衡量其经济价值与食用品质的核心指标,主要由风味、肉色、pH及嫩度(蒸煮损失率、剪切力)等多维度特性共同决定。风味由非挥发性滋味物质(如核糖、小肽、游离氨基酸及其衍生物,构成甜、鲜、苦等基本味道)和挥发性香味物质(如醛类、酮类、含硫化合物等)共同塑造[22,64];肉色通过亮度、红度、黄度值综合评估[65];肉鸡屠宰后肌肉中糖酵解在持续发生,乳酸会不断累积,致使肌肉pH持续下降[66]。当pH接近肌红蛋白等电点时,蛋白质与水结合力会降低,进而致使肌肉的保水力下降、滴水损失率增加;滴水损失率和蒸煮损失率反映肌肉保水能力,保水能力越高,嫩度越好[67]。剪切力是反映肌肉嫩度的最直观指标[68]。
在PPs对肉鸡肉品质影响的研究中,发现金顶侧耳多糖通过菌群代谢产生肌酸、甜菜碱、肌氨酸和牛磺酸等代谢物,为风味前体物质合成提供原料,并通过氨基酸代谢、嘌呤代谢和脂质代谢途径,增加肌肉中鲜味氨基酸(谷氨酸)及丙氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸、亮氨酸等氨基酸的含量,显著增强肉的鲜味与香味层次感[22];山药多糖增强血清抗氧化酶(SOD、GSH-Px)活性,抑制肌红蛋白氧化,从而延缓肌肉褐变,使宰后24 h的肉色值维持在理想范围,改善肉品质[4];甘草多糖通过调节糖原代谢相关酶活性,使得肉鸡宰后糖酵解速率趋于平稳,有效避免因 pH 快速下降导致的 PSE 肉,以及因 pH 下降迟缓引发的 DFD 肉等异常肉质的产生。pH24 h稳定在5.8~6.0的理想范围,为肌肉蛋白质胶凝特性提供保障,减少肌肉汁液流失[24]。400 mg/kg英山云雾茶多糖可提升肉鸡肝脏内葡萄糖激酶表达,推动肝糖原合成,同时通过增强肌内脂肪酸合酶和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶1表达来促进脂肪沉积,优化肌肉中肌纤维比例,进而减少肌肉剪切力,提高肉质的鲜嫩程度及口感[69];植物多糖(1 500 mg/kg甘草多糖[24]、8 000 mg/kg玉屏风多糖[70])还能显著降低胸肌和腿肌滴水损失率,改善肌肉剪切力,提升肉质鲜嫩度和口感。
此外,PPs对肉鸡的作用不仅限于直接改善肉品质,骨骼健康的调节同样是肉质优化的重要支撑。胫骨作为肉鸡运动核心骨骼,其矿化程度直接影响骨骼强度——若矿化不足(如钙、磷吸收障碍),易导致胫骨软骨发育不良等腿病,限制肉鸡活动并间接影响肌肉发育。研究表明,饮水中添加500 mg/L巴戟天多糖可调节肉鸡肠道菌群,促进矿物质吸收[71];饲粮中添加600 mg/kg熟地黄多糖能提升肉鸡血清钙和钾水平,促进骨组织矿物质沉积[72]。随胫骨矿化程度提高,肉鸡恢复活力和采食。活动量增加直接促进腿肌锻炼,使腿肌纤维直径增粗、肌原纤维密度提升,从而其肌肉结构更紧实。
综上所述,PPs可通过改善菌群组成、增强机体抗氧化能力及调节糖酵解途径,从而改善肉鸡肉品质。

7 小结与展望

综上所述,肠道健康、抗氧化和免疫功能是保障肉鸡健康快速生长及优质肉产出的重要条件基础。而PPs通过影响肉鸡肠道菌群组成和改善肠道微生物结构,为营养物质吸收提供良好条件;PPs增强抗氧化和免疫功能则是缓解肉鸡快速生长带来的负面影响(如氧化应激或免疫抑制等),为肉鸡健康生长提供保障;此外,PPs直接或间接影响着肉鸡激素水平和风味氨基酸前体物质,从而改善产肉量和肉品质。
总之,PPs种类繁多,来源广泛,安全性高,在肉鸡养殖方面具有广阔的应用前景。但PPs在肉鸡生产中的应用仍面临挑战:1)PPs结构及成分复杂多样,添加剂量各不相同,造成不同种类PPs在肉鸡中应用效果存在差异;2)现有提取方法和加工工艺无法高纯度、高效率提取PPs。未来的研究应重点关注PPs生物学功能及其作用机制、高纯度提取技术开发及其在规模化养殖中的应用效果。通过进一步的研究和开发,PPs有望成为肉鸡养殖中替代抗生素的重要选择,推动畜禽养殖业的绿色、可持续发展。

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