1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验材料
1.3 仪器与设备
1.4 试验方法
1.4.1 发酵工艺参数优化
1.4.1.1 发酵工艺参数的单因素试验设计
表1 发酵工艺参数的单因素试验设计Table 1 Single-factor experiment design for fermentation process parameters |
| 因素 Factors | 水平Levels | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
| 初始pH Initial pH | 5.2 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 6.8 |
| 发酵时间Fermentation time/h | 12 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 28 |
| 水料比Water-to-feed ratio | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.6 |
| 菌酶添加量Bacterial-enzyme additive amount/% | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| 发酵温度Fermentation temperature/℃ | 25 | 30 | 35 | 40 | 45 |
1.4.1.2 发酵工艺参数的响应面试验设计
1.4.2 发酵前后的品质研究
1.4.2.1 养分含量测定
表2 养分含量测定方法的参考依据Table 2 Reference for determination methods of nutrient contents |
| 项目Items | 测定方法的参考依据Reference for the determination method |
|---|---|
| 干物质DM | 《饲料中水分的测定》(GB/T 6435—2014) |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 《饲料中粗蛋白的测定凯氏定氮法》(GB/T 6432—2018) |
| 粗脂肪EE | 《饲料中粗脂肪的测定》(GB/T 6433—2006) |
| 粗纤维CF | 《饲料中粗纤维的含量测定》(GB/T 6434—2022) |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 《饲料中中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的测定》(GB/T 20806—2022) |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 《饲料中酸性洗涤纤维的测定》(NY/T 1459—2022) |
| 粗灰分Ash | 《饲料中粗灰分的测定》(GB/T 6438—2007) |
| 钙Ca | 《饲料中钙的测定》(GB/T 6436—2018) |
| 总磷TP | 《饲料中总磷的测定分光光度法》(GB/T 6437—2018) |
| 17种水解氨基酸17 hydrolyzed AAs | 《饲料中氨基酸的测定》(GB/T 18246—2019) |
| 色氨酸Trp | 《饲料中色氨酸的测定》(GB/T 15400—2018) |
1.4.2.2 超微结构观察
1.4.2.3 蛋白质结构分析
1.4.2.4 微生物组成分析
1.4.3 生长猪的氨基酸回肠消化率测定试验
1.4.3.1 试验设计与饲养管理
表3 氨基酸回肠消化率测定试验所用饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 3 Dietary composition and nutrient levels for AA ileal digestibility determination experiment (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 无氮饲粮 NFD | 酱香型鲜白酒糟饲粮 Fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees diet | 发酵酱香型鲜白酒糟饲粮 Fermented fresh Maotai- flavor Baijiu lees diet |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米淀粉Corn starch | 78.90 | 58.90 | 58.90 |
| 酱香型鲜白酒糟 Fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees | 24.50 | ||
| 发酵酱香型鲜白酒糟 Fermented fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees | 24.50 | ||
| 蔗糖Sucrose | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
| 羧甲基纤维素CMC | 4.00 | ||
| 碳酸钙CaCO3 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 2.20 | 2.20 | 2.20 |
| 三氧化二铬Cr2O3 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| 矿物质预混料Mineral premix2) | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| 碳酸钾K2CO3 | 0.40 | ||
| 氧化镁MgO | 0.10 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 0.28 | 4.05 | 4.08 |
| 钙Ca | 0.53 | 0.81 | 0.70 |
| 总磷TP | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.41 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
1)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 15 000 IU,VD3 5 000 IU,VE 40 IU,VK3 5 mg,VB1 5 mg,VB2 12.5 mg,VB6 6 mg,VB12 0.06 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 0.25 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 25 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 50 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.5 mg。 | |
2)矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets:Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 100.0 mg,Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 6.0 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 80.0 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 3.0 mg,I (KI) 0.14 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.25 mg。 | |
3)营养水平均为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.4.3.2 样品采集
1.4.3.3 测定指标
1.4.4 生长猪的消化代谢试验
1.4.4.1 试验设计与饲养管理
表4 消化代谢试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 4 Dietary composition and nutrient levels for digestive and metabolism experiment (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basic diet | 酱香型鲜白酒糟饲粮 Fresh Maotai- flavor Baijiu lees diet | 发酵酱香型鲜白酒糟饲粮 Fermented fresh Maotai- flavor Baijiu lees diet |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 68.52 | 53.52 | 53.52 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 27.88 | 27.88 | 27.88 |
| 酱香型鲜白酒糟 Fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees | 15.00 | ||
| 发酵酱香型鲜白酒糟 Fermented fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees | 15.00 | ||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
| L-色氨酸L-Trp | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| 碳酸钙CaCO3 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 三氧化二铬Cr2O3 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 维生素预混料Vitamin premix1) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 矿物质预混料Mineral premix2) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels3) | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 17.93 | 20.73 | 21.21 |
| 钙Ca | 0.63 | 0.74 | 0.82 |
| 总磷TP | 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.54 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.45 | 1.35 | 1.31 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 |
1)维生素预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The vitamin premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 15 000 IU,VD3 5 000 IU,VE 40 IU,VK3 5 mg,VB1 5 mg,VB2 12.5 mg,VB6 6 mg,VB12 0.06 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 0.25 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 25 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 50 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.5 mg。 | |
2)矿物质预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets:Fe (FeSO4·H2O) 100.0 mg,Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 6.0 mg,Zn (ZnSO4·H2O) 80.0 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 3.0 mg,I (KI) 0.14 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.25 mg。 | |
3)营养水平均为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.4.4.3 样品采集
1.4.4.4 测定指标
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 发酵工艺参数优化及发酵后的品质变化
2.1.1 发酵工艺参数的单因素试验结果
图1 初始pH对发酵酱香型鲜白酒糟半纤维素、总糖和总酸含量的影响数据柱标记*表示差异显著(P<0.05),标记**(P<0.01)、***(P<0.001)、****(P<0.000 1)表示差异极显著。下图同。 Fig.1 Effects of initial pH on contents of hemicellulose, total sugar and total acid of fermented fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees Data columns marked with * mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with ** (P<0.01), *** (P<0.001) and **** (P<0.000 1) mean extremely significant difference. The same as below. |
图2 发酵时间对发酵酱香型鲜白酒糟半纤维素、总糖和总酸含量的影响Fig.2 Effects of fermentation time on contents of hemicellulose, total sugar and total acid of fermented fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees |
图3 水料比对发酵酱香型鲜白酒糟半纤维素、总糖和总酸含量的影响Fig.3 Effects of water-to-feed ratio on contents of hemicellulose, total sugar and total acid of fermented fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees |
图4 菌酶添加量对发酵酱香型鲜白酒糟半纤维素、总糖和总酸含量的影响Fig.4 Effects of bacterial-enzyme additive amount on contents of hemicellulose, total sugar and total acid of fermented fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees |
2.1.2 发酵工艺参数的响应面试验结果
表5 发酵酱香型鲜白酒糟响应面试验设计以及其半纤维素含量的观测值和预测值Table 5 Design of the response surface experiment of fermented fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees, and observed and predicted values of hemicellulose content |
| 序号 No. | 因素Factors | 半纤维素Hemicellulose/% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 初始pH Initial pH (A) | 水料比 Water-to- feed ratio (B) | 菌酶添加量 Bacterial-enzyme additive amount (C)/% | 发酵温度 Fermentation temperature (D)/℃ | 观测值 Observed value | 预测值 Predicted value | ||
| 1 | 6.0(0) | 2.2(1) | 0.2(0) | 35(-1) | 9.26 | 9.18 | |
| 2 | 6.4(1) | 1.8(-1) | 0.2(0) | 40(0) | 9.31 | 9.21 | |
| 3 | 6.4(1) | 2.0(0) | 0.1(-1) | 40(0) | 9.72 | 9.67 | |
| 4 | 6.4(1) | 2.0(0) | 0.3(1) | 40(0) | 8.95 | 8.86 | |
| 5 | 6.4(1) | 2.0(0) | 0.2(0) | 35(-1) | 9.23 | 9.33 | |
| 6 | 6.0(0) | 2.2(1) | 0.3(1) | 40(0) | 8.75 | 8.71 | |
| 7 | 6.0(0) | 1.8(-1) | 0.1(-1) | 40(0) | 9.45 | 9.41 | |
| 8 | 6.0(0) | 2.0(0) | 0.1(-1) | 45(1) | 9.43 | 9.40 | |
| 9 | 6.4(1) | 2.2(1) | 0.2(0) | 40(0) | 9.28 | 9.32 | |
| 10 | 5.6(-1) | 2.2(1) | 0.2(0) | 40(0) | 8.95 | 8.90 | |
| 11 | 5.6(-1) | 2.0(0) | 0.1(-1) | 40(0) | 9.38 | 9.25 | |
| 12 | 6.0(0) | 2.2(1) | 0.2(0) | 45(1) | 9.06 | 9.05 | |
| 13 | 6.0(0) | 2.0(0) | 0.2(0) | 40(0) | 9.10 | 9.06 | |
| 14 | 6.0(0) | 2.0(0) | 0.2(0) | 40(0) | 8.90 | 9.06 | |
| 15 | 6.0(0) | 2.0(0) | 0.3(1) | 45(1) | 8.55 | 8.59 | |
| 16 | 5.6(-1) | 1.8(-1) | 0.2(0) | 40(0) | 8.86 | 8.79 | |
| 17 | 6.0(0) | 2.0(0) | 0.2(0) | 40(0) | 9.18 | 9.06 | |
| 18 | 6.0(0) | 2.0(0) | 0.2(0) | 40(0) | 8.91 | 9.06 | |
| 19 | 5.6(-1) | 2.0(0) | 0.3(1) | 40(0) | 8.36 | 8.44 | |
| 20 | 6.0(0) | 1.8(-1) | 0.2(0) | 35(-1) | 9.01 | 9.07 | |
| 21 | 6.0(0) | 2.0(0) | 0.1(-1) | 35(-1) | 9.40 | 9.53 | |
| 22 | 6.0(0) | 1.8(-1) | 0.3(1) | 40(0) | 8.50 | 8.60 | |
| 23 | 6.0(0) | 1.8(-1) | 0.2(0) | 45(1) | 8.89 | 8.94 | |
| 24 | 6.4(1) | 2.0(0) | 0.2(0) | 45(1) | 9.28 | 9.20 | |
| 25 | 6.0(0) | 2.2(1) | 0.1(-1) | 40(0) | 9.37 | 9.52 | |
| 26 | 6.0(0) | 2.0(0) | 0.3(1) | 35(-1) | 8.77 | 8.72 | |
| 27 | 6.0(0) | 2.0(0) | 0.2(0) | 40(0) | 9.12 | 9.06 | |
| 28 | 5.6(-1) | 2.0(0) | 0.2(0) | 35(-1) | 9.01 | 8.91 | |
| 29 | 5.6(-1) | 2.0(0) | 0.2(0) | 45(1) | 8.70 | 8.78 | |
设计矩阵中的每个因素设置3个梯度:-1为低水平,0为中心水平,1为高水平。 | |
Three gradients were set for each factor in the design matrix: -1 for low level, 0 for central level, and 1 for high level. |
表6 发酵酱香型鲜白酒糟半纤维素含量拟合模型的方差分析Table 6 Variance analysis of the fitting model for hemicellulose content of fermented fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees |
| 方差来源 Variance sources | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度 df | 均方差 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 2.700 0 | 14 | 0.193 0 | 24.840 0 | <0.000 1 | 显著 |
| A | 0.527 5 | 1 | 0.527 5 | 67.900 0 | <0.000 1 | 显著 |
| B | 0.034 5 | 1 | 0.034 5 | 4.440 0 | 0.053 6 | 不显著 |
| C | 1.980 0 | 1 | 1.980 0 | 254.440 0 | <0.000 1 | 显著 |
| D | 0.052 0 | 1 | 0.052 0 | 6.690 0 | 0.021 5 | 显著 |
| AB | 0.003 3 | 1 | 0.003 3 | 0.431 2 | 0.522 1 | 不显著 |
| AC | 0.015 8 | 1 | 0.015 8 | 2.040 0 | 0.175 3 | 不显著 |
| AD | 0.032 6 | 1 | 0.032 6 | 4.200 0 | 0.059 7 | 不显著 |
| BC | 0.025 7 | 1 | 0.025 7 | 3.300 0 | 0.090 5 | 不显著 |
| BD | 0.001 5 | 1 | 0.001 5 | 0.198 5 | 0.662 7 | 不显著 |
| CD | 0.016 1 | 1 | 0.016 1 | 2.070 0 | 0.171 8 | 不显著 |
| A2 | 0.013 5 | 1 | 0.013 5 | 1.730 0 | 0.209 2 | 不显著 |
| B2 | 0.000 1 | 1 | 0.000 1 | 0.014 2 | 0.906 7 | 不显著 |
| C2 | 0.000 1 | 1 | 0.000 1 | 0.008 6 | 0.927 4 | 不显著 |
| D2 | 0.000 3 | 1 | 0.000 3 | 0.045 0 | 0.835 1 | 不显著 |
| 残差Residual | 0.108 8 | 14 | 0.007 8 | |||
| 失拟项Lack of fit | 0.040 1 | 10 | 0.004 0 | 0.233 5 | 0.971 7 | 不显著 |
| 纯误差Pure error | 0.068 7 | 4 | 0.017 2 | |||
| 总和Sum | 2.810 0 | 28 | ||||
| 决定系数R2 | 0.961 3 | |||||
| 调整决定系数Adj R2 | 0.922 6 |
A:初始pH initial pH;B:水料比 water-to-feed radio;C:菌酶添加量 bacterial-enzyme additive amount;D:发酵温度 fermentation temperature。 |
2.1.3 养分含量变化
表7 发酵前后酱香型鲜白酒糟的常规养分含量变化(干物质基础)Table 7 Changes in common nutrient content of fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees before and after fermentation (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 未发酵 Unfermented | 发酵 Fermented | 变化率 Rate of change | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质CP | 22.48 | 24.90 | 10.74 | 0.061 | <0.001 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 18.65 | 20.55 | 10.22 | 0.283 | <0.001 |
| 粗纤维CF | 11.88 | 9.38 | -21.02 | 0.562 | 0.011 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 35.85 | 30.33 | -15.41 | 0.481 | <0.001 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 25.30 | 21.78 | -13.90 | 0.410 | 0.001 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 6.05 | 8.83 | 46.09 | 0.051 | <0.001 |
| 钙Ca | 1.42 | 2.30 | 61.74 | 0.113 | <0.001 |
| 磷P | 0.40 | 0.47 | 18.33 | 0.021 | 0.012 |
表8 发酵前后酱香型鲜白酒糟氨基酸含量变化(干物质基础)Table 8 Changes in AA contents of fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees before and after fermentation (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 未发酵 Unfermented | 发酵 Fermented | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 精氨酸Arg | 0.49 | 0.55 | 0.011 | 0.006 |
| 组氨酸His | 0.31 | 0.35 | 0.012 | 0.001 |
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 0.63 | 0.72 | 0.012 | 0.004 |
| 亮氨酸Leu | 1.73 | 2.04 | 0.040 | 0.001 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.011 | 0.030 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.010 | 0.036 |
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 0.80 | 0.92 | 0.021 | 0.002 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.59 | 0.66 | 0.013 | 0.003 |
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.014 | 0.001 |
| 缬氨酸Val | 0.79 | 0.90 | 0.012 | 0.001 |
| 丙氨酸Ala | 1.34 | 1.60 | 0.033 | 0.002 |
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 1.09 | 1.25 | 0.020 | 0.001 |
| 胱氨酸Cys | 0.16 | - | - | - |
| 谷氨酸Glu | 4.77 | 5.25 | 0.082 | 0.004 |
| 甘氨酸Gly | 0.69 | 0.77 | 0.011 | 0.004 |
| 脯氨酸Pro | 3.66 | 4.03 | 0.052 | 0.003 |
| 丝氨酸Ser | 0.75 | 0.82 | 0.021 | 0.017 |
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.020 | 0.038 |
| 总氨基酸TAA | 19.25 | 21.51 | 0.340 | 0.003 |
-:未测出 Not detected。 |
2.1.4 超微结构、蛋白质结构和微生物组成变化
表9 发酵前后酱香型鲜白酒糟的微生物α多样性分析Table 9 Analysis of microbial α diversity of fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees before and after fermentation |
| 项目 Items | 未发酵 Unfermented | 发酵 Fermented | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ace指数Ace index | 311.94 | 81.14 | 9.750 | <0.001 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 311.23 | 79.62 | 10.161 | <0.001 |
| Sobs指数Sobs index | 301.00 | 77.33 | 14.182 | <0.001 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 2.25 | 2.33 | 0.343 | 0.832 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.44 | 0.24 | 0.082 | 0.122 |
| Coverage指数Coverage index | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.000 | 0.171 |
图11 发酵前后酱香型鲜白酒糟微生物组成circos图H3、H1、H2:发酵酱香型鲜白酒糟 fermented fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees;G2、G1、G3:未发酵酱香型鲜白酒糟 unfermented fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees;Acetobacter:醋酸杆菌属;Enterococcus:肠球菌属;Clostridium:梭状芽孢杆菌属;Lysinibacillus:赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属;Acinetobacter:不动杆菌属;Paenibacillus:类芽孢杆菌属;Heyndrickxia:凝结芽孢杆菌属;Bacillus:芽孢杆菌属;unclassified_f_Enterobacteriaceae:未分类肠杆菌科;Pseudomonas:假单胞菌属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;norank_o_Chloroplast:未排序叶绿体;Bifidobacterium:双歧杆菌属;Weissella:魏斯氏菌属;Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkho:伯克霍尔德菌属-卡巴列罗菌属-副伯克霍尔德菌属;Blautia:布劳特氏菌属;Lactiplantibacillus:植物乳杆菌属;unclassified_o_Enterobacterales:未分类肠杆菌目;Romboutsia:罗姆布茨菌属;Fusicatenibacter:梭链杆菌属;Aquabacterium:水杆菌属;others:其他。下图同The same as below。 Fig.11 Circos diagram of microbial composition of fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees before and after fermentation |
图12 发酵前后酱香型鲜白酒糟微生物功能预测热图Propanoate metabolism:丙酸代谢;2-Oxocarboxylic acid metabolism:氧代羧酸代谢;Peptidoglycan biosynthesis:肽聚糖生物合成;Methane metabolism:甲烷代谢;Fructose and mannose metabolism:果糖与甘露糖代谢;Homologous recombination:同源重组;Pentose phosphate pathway:磷酸戊糖途径;Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes:原核生物碳固定途径;Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism:丙氨酸、天冬氨酸与谷氨酸代谢;Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism:甘氨酸、丝氨酸与苏氨酸代谢;Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism:卟啉与叶绿素代谢;Phosphotransferase system(PTS):磷酸转移酶系统;Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis:氨酰-tRNA生物合成;Cysteine and methionine metabolism:半胱氨酸与蛋氨酸代谢;Pyrimidine metabolism:嘧啶代谢;Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism:氨基糖与核苷酸糖代谢;Starch and sucrose metabolism:淀粉与蔗糖代谢;Pyruvate metabolism:丙酮酸代谢;Oxidative phosphorylation:氧化磷酸化;Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis:糖酵解/糖异生;Quorum sensing:群体感应;Purine metabolism:嘌呤代谢;Ribosome:核糖体;Two-component system:双组分系统;ABC transporters:ABC转运蛋白;Carbon metabolism:碳代谢;Biosynthesis of amino acids:氨基酸生物合成;Microbial metabolism in diverse environments:多样环境中的微生物代谢;Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites:次级代谢产物生物合成;Metabolic pathways:代谢途径。 Fig.12 Functional prediction heatmap for microbial of fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees before and after fermentation |
2.2 在生长猪上的氨基酸回肠消化率
表10 发酵前后酱香型鲜白酒糟在生长猪上的氨基酸回肠消化率(干物质基础)Table 10 AA ileal digestibility of fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees before and after fermentation in growing pigs (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 表观回肠消化率AID | 标准回肠消化率SID | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 未发酵 Unfermented | 发酵 Fermented | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | 未发酵 Unfermented | 发酵 Fermented | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 40.88 | 47.54 | 5.981 | 0.290 | 62.84 | 69.34 | 5.981 | 0.301 | |
| 精氨酸Arg | 31.22 | 53.90 | 5.261 | 0.002 | 80.74 | 104.99 | 5.261 | 0.004 | |
| 组氨酸His | 55.47 | 69.09 | 2.562 | <0.001 | 74.32 | 88.80 | 2.562 | <0.001 | |
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 59.83 | 75.56 | 2.371 | <0.001 | 73.33 | 87.97 | 2.371 | <0.001 | |
| 亮氨酸Leu | 75.01 | 84.48 | 1.530 | <0.001 | 83.15 | 92.37 | 1.530 | <0.001 | |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 29.51 | 41.25 | 7.990 | 0.003 | 55.57 | 83.20 | 7.990 | 0.006 | |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 62.95 | 75.96 | 3.592 | 0.005 | 72.42 | 83.07 | 3.592 | 0.014 | |
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 69.33 | 80.37 | 1.840 | <0.001 | 79.06 | 89.51 | 1.840 | <0.001 | |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 39.56 | 63.48 | 5.411 | 0.001 | 65.13 | 92.42 | 5.411 | 0.001 | |
| 色氨酸Trp | 55.39 | 88.19 | 4.812 | <0.001 | 72.75 | 98.44 | 4.812 | <0.001 | |
| 缬氨酸Val | 66.52 | 75.08 | 2.360 | 0.005 | 78.79 | 90.07 | 2.360 | 0.001 | |
| 丙氨酸Ala | 72.97 | 82.37 | 1.762 | <0.001 | 85.6 | 96.18 | 1.762 | <0.001 | |
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 57.85 | 71.92 | 3.042 | 0.001 | 80.64 | 93.30 | 3.042 | 0.002 | |
| 胱氨酸Cys | 61.83 | 66.50 | 4.221 | 0.295 | 73.13 | 79.84 | 4.221 | 0.157 | |
| 谷氨酸Glu | 78.81 | 86.03 | 2.012 | 0.005 | 85.45 | 92.29 | 2.012 | 0.007 | |
| 甘氨酸Gly | 37.13 | 51.84 | 10.190 | 0.180 | 108.79 | 142.09 | 10.190 | 0.008 | |
| 脯氨酸Pro | 79.31 | 86.75 | 2.472 | 0.013 | 85.64 | 92.50 | 2.472 | 0.020 | |
| 丝氨酸Ser | 56.72 | 70.98 | 3.241 | 0.001 | 78.78 | 95.85 | 3.241 | <0.001 | |
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 65.02 | 78.04 | 2.014 | <0.001 | 76.92 | 89.16 | 2.014 | <0.001 | |
2.3 在生长猪上的养分TTD、消化能和代谢能
表11 发酵前后酱香型鲜白酒糟及其对应试验饲粮在生长猪上的养分全肠道消化率、消化能和代谢能(干物质基础)Table 11 Nutrient TTD, DG and ME of fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees before and after fermentation and the corresponding experimental diets in growing pigs (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 未发酵 Unfermented | 发酵 Fermented | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 饲粮Diets | ||||
| 干物质全肠道消化率DM TTD | 80.75 | 84.19 | 1.421 | 0.036 |
| 粗蛋白质全肠道消化率CP TTD | 75.06 | 82.65 | 2.771 | 0.021 |
| 粗脂肪全肠道消化率EE TTD | 85.61 | 88.57 | 1.352 | 0.053 |
| 粗纤维全肠道消化率CF TTD | 21 | 38.53 | 3.71 | 0.001 |
| 中性洗涤纤维全肠道消化率NDF TTD | 51.02 | 57.89 | 3.214 | 0.059 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维全肠道消化率ADF TTD | 24.53 | 27.44 | 4.392 | 0.522 |
| 粗灰分全肠道消化率Ash TTD | 48.28 | 62.64 | 2.234 | <0.001 |
| 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 14.52 | 14.99 | 0.292 | 0.14 |
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 14.4 | 14.86 | 0.281 | 0.129 |
| 酱香型鲜白酒糟Fresh Maotai-flavor Baijiu lees | ||||
| 干物质全肠道消化率DM TTD | 92.2 | 93.48 | 0.59 | 0.05 |
| 粗蛋白质全肠道消化率CP TTD | 90.22 | 91.94 | 1.081 | 0.141 |
| 粗脂肪全肠道消化率EE TTD | 94.31 | 95.36 | 0.543 | 0.081 |
| 粗纤维全肠道消化率CF TTD | 73.03 | 76.45 | 2.951 | 0.281 |
| 中性洗涤纤维全肠道消化率NDF TTD | 82.54 | 84.96 | 1.31 | 0.09 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维全肠道消化率ADF TTD | 63.79 | 68.21 | 3.292 | 0.21 |
| 粗灰分全肠道消化率Ash TTD | 76.1 | 78.93 | 1.351 | 0.06 |
| 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) | 8.92 | 11.18 | 1.67 | 0.201 |
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 8.56 | 10.85 | 1.632 | 0.191 |

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