动物营养学报 >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 2: 810 - 822

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.063

综述

玉米干酒糟及其可溶物的营养价值及其在猪生产中应用的研究进展

  • 贾祖洋 , 1, 2 ,
  • 史莹华 2 ,
  • 王丽 1 ,
  • 李平 , 1, *
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  • 1 广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所,猪禽种业全国重点实验室,农业农村部华南动物营养与饲料重点实验室,广东省畜禽育种与营养研究重点实验室,广州 510640
  • 2 河南农业大学动物科技学院,郑州 450046
* 李 平,副研究员,硕士生导师,E-mail:

贾祖洋(2002—),男,河南南阳人,硕士研究生,从事动物营养与饲料科学研究。E-mail:

Office editor: 陈鑫

收稿日期: 2025-06-26

  网络出版日期: 2026-02-12

基金资助

“仔猪大宗饲料原料营养价值评价与参数建立”项目(8240225)

国家生猪产业技术体系(CARS-35)

清远市2024年省科技支撑“百千万工程”专项(2024BQW012)

2023年国家(广东)农业基础性长期性科技工作监测子项目(2023KJ252)

收起

Research Progress on Nutritional Value of Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles and Its Application in Pig Production

  • JIA Zuyang , 1, 2 ,
  • SHI Yinghua 2 ,
  • WANG Li 1 ,
  • LI Ping , 1, *
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  • 1 Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-06-26

  Online published: 2026-02-12

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摘要

玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)作为燃料乙醇生产的主要副产物,富含蛋白质、脂肪和有效磷等营养成分,已成为替代玉米和豆粕的重要蛋白质饲料原料,在生猪养殖领域应用广泛。然而,不同类型的玉米DDGS加工工艺与营养成分等方面的差异较大,而且其加工工艺仍在不断改进,近年来又出现了新工艺及其产品。本文系统总结了玉米DDGS的加工工艺、产品类型、营养成分、猪有效能值和氨基酸消化率及其在猪生产中应用的最新进展,以期为玉米DDGS的高效利用提供参考。

关键词： 玉米干酒糟及其可溶物; 加工工艺; 营养价值; 猪生产; 研究进展

本文引用格式

贾祖洋 , 史莹华 , 王丽 , 李平 . 玉米干酒糟及其可溶物的营养价值及其在猪生产中应用的研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(2) : 810 -822 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.063

Abstract

As the main by-product of fuel ethanol production, corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is rich in nutrients such as protein, fat and available phosphorus. It has become an important protein feed raw material to replace corn and soybean meal, and is widely used in the field of pig production industry. However, the processing technology and nutritional components of different kinds of corn DDGS are quite different, and their processing technology is still improving. In recent years, new processes and products have emerged. In this paper, the processing technology, product types, nutritional components, pig available energy value and amino acid digestibility of corn DDGS and the latest progress of its application in pig production were systematically summarized, in order to provide reference for the efficient utilization of corn DDGS.

Key words： corn DDGS; processing technology; nutritional value; pig production; research progress

传统的蛋白质饲料原料,如豆粕和鱼粉价格较高,寻找低成本、高效的替代原料是畜牧行业的重要发展方向[1]。随着乙醇工业的迅猛发展,其主要副产品玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)大量产生,因其营养和价格优势,已成为畜牧业重要的饲料原料[2]。据国家统计局报道,2024年我国玉米DDGS产量达到687万t,2015年进口量曾达到682万t,表明国内需求旺盛。玉米DDGS作为一种重要的蛋白质饲料原料,其应用范围在饲料工业中不断扩大,且在猪饲粮中的使用量也持续增加[3]。然而,不同加工工艺的玉米DDGS之间营养成分差异较大[4-5],存在不溶性纤维和不饱和脂肪酸含量偏高、氨基酸比例失衡和霉菌毒素可能超标等问题,这在一定程度上限制了其在猪生产中的应用[6]。另外,随着工艺技术的不断改进,新型高蛋白质玉米DDGS产品相继出现,其营养价值亟待系统评价。因此,通过精准评价不同类型玉米DDGS及其对不同生长阶段猪的营养价值,适当的加工处理,如脱毒、发酵和酶解等措施,可在一定程度上提高其营养价值[7-8]。本文系统综述了玉米DDGS的加工工艺、产品类型、营养成分、猪有效能值和氨基酸消化率及其在猪生产中应用的最新进展,以期为玉米DDGS的高效利用提供参考。

1 玉米DDGS的加工工艺及产品类型

1.1 传统玉米DDGS

玉米DDGS是以玉米为原料发酵生产酒精的残留物,经固液分离、浓缩和干燥后形成的产物,包括干酒糟(DDG)和干酒糟可溶物(DDS)2个部分[9]。目前,玉米DDGS主要有2种加工工艺,分别为干法和湿法,其工艺流程分别见图1和图2。干法主要步骤包括玉米除杂、粉碎、蒸煮、发酵、蒸馏、混合和干燥等[10],得到酒精和玉米DDGS等产品。湿法为除杂后增加浸泡、去皮及分离胚芽工序,后续步骤与干法基本一致[11]。
图1 玉米DDGS干法生产工艺与Pro Cap DDGS、DDGS-HPLincolnway生产工艺

DDG:干酒糟 distillers dried grains;DDS:干酒糟可溶物 distillers dried solubles;DDGS:干酒糟及其可溶物 distillers dried grains with solubles;CO2:二氧化碳 carbon dioxide;DDGS-HPLincolnway:林肯威高蛋白质玉米干酒糟及其可溶物 Lincolnway high protein corn distillers dried grains with solubles;Pro Cap DDGS:Pro Cap玉米干酒糟及其可溶物 Pro Cap corn distillers dried grains with solubles。

Fig.1 Dry production process of corn DDGS and production process of Pro Cap DDGS and DDGS-HHPLincolnway[4,9,14]

图2 玉米DDGS湿法生产工艺

DDG:干酒糟 distillers dried grains;DDS:干酒糟可溶物 distillers dried solubles;DDGS:干酒糟及其可溶物 distillers dried grains with solubles。

Fig.2 Wet production process of corn DDGS[9]

NRC(2012)根据玉米DDGS中的粗脂肪含量将其分为3类,分别为高油(>10%)、中油(6%~9%)和低油(<4%)[12]。高油玉米DDGS大多采用干法生产工艺,加工步骤简单,易于操作,投资相对较低[10],由于没有提油环节,其保留了玉米胚芽中的脂肪,因此营养价值较高[9]。中油和低油玉米DDGS大多采用湿法生产工艺,将玉米的胚芽和胚乳分离,并通过压榨将胚芽中的油提取出来[13],所以生产的玉米DDGS营养价值较低,尤其因脂肪的大幅减少而降低了其有效能值[9],但产出了高附加值的玉米油,故综合效益较高。我国玉米DDGS国家标准(GB/T 25866—2010)根据其脂肪含量分为2类,高脂型DDGS(≥7%)和低脂型DDGS(≥2%)。另外,根据生产过程中是否采用提油工艺、是否额外填加玉米皮以及提油后胚芽粕回填的差异,将国产玉米DDGS分为:普通全油、加皮全油、部分提油、部分去胚芽粕提油和普通提油5类[9]。

1.2 新型高蛋白质玉米DDGS

最近研究报道,通过新工艺和新技术的应用可生产出与传统工艺化学成分和营养价值不同的新型高蛋白质玉米DDGS[4,14]。

1.2.1 Pro Cap DDGS

Cristobal等[14]研究表明,通过从DDS中分离出高蛋白质和低纤维组分并分别干燥,开发出一种新型高蛋白质玉米DDGS(Pro Cap DDGS)(图1)。与传统提油玉米DDGS相比,Pro Cap DDGS纤维含量更低,且粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量更高,其全部氨基酸的标准回肠末端氨基酸消化率(SID)和代谢能(ME)均显著高于传统提油玉米DDGS。

1.2.2 林肯威高蛋白质玉米DDGS(DDGS-HPLincolnway)

通过乙醇生产工业技术的创新,产生了一种新型高蛋白质玉米DDGS产品(DDGS-HPLincolnway)(图1)。与传统干法生产工艺相比,该产品在发酵前根据纤维的溶解性对其进行机械分离,并在发酵后提取油脂,之后使用压缩干燥系统进行干燥,该系统使物料受热极少,从而避免高温对玉米DDGS营养价值的不利影响。DDGS-HPLincolnway的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪等含量及总能均高于传统玉米DDGS,其中粗蛋白质含量为37%~44%,而传统玉米DDGS的粗蛋白质含量最高约为27%[12]。通过在生长育肥猪上的试验发现,DDGS-HPLincolnway的赖氨酸、亮氨酸和缬氨酸等SID均显著高于传统低油玉米DDGS[4]。

2 玉米DDGS化学成分

在生产过程中,酵母菌通过无氧呼吸将玉米中的淀粉转化为乙醇和二氧化碳(CO2),导致玉米DDGS的淀粉含量较其原料玉米显著下降,其余营养成分(如粗蛋白质和纤维)大体相当于浓缩了3倍[15]。经过发酵,部分植物性蛋白质转化为微生物蛋白[16],发酵过程中酵母菌的增殖使得酵母蛋白质约占玉米DDGS总蛋白质的20%[17]。由于原料玉米中可能存在霉菌毒素,且在发酵过程中碳水化合物的消耗会使毒素出现浓缩效应,从而使玉米DDGS中霉菌毒素含量增加[18],但可使用物理、化学、微生物及酶解脱毒法来降低毒素含量[19]。
不同玉米DDGS营养成分的差异主要取决于是否提油。一般而言,提油越完全,玉米DDGS的粗脂肪含量越低,其营养价值尤其有效能值越低。其他可能影响玉米DDGS化学成分的因素还有很多,如玉米的品种、产地、生产工艺和设备等[9]。
玉米DDGS常规成分如表1所示,不同类型的玉米DDGS中粗蛋白质(26.80%~54.78%)、粗脂肪(1.24%~12.50%)、粗纤维(4.10%~9.98%)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)(28.80%~53.77%)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)(10.28%~20.01%)、淀粉(2.77%~11.20%)、钙(0.02%~0.15%)、磷(0.28%~1.01%)和有效磷(0.56%~0.60%)含量等均存在较大差异。
表1 玉米DDGS的常规营养成分(干物质基础)

Table 1 Conventional nutrient components of corn DDGS (DM basis) %

项目
Items		 NRC(2012)[12] 中国饲料成
分及营养
价值表
(第35版)[26]		 CVB(2023)[27] Rostagno
等[28]		 Feedstuffs[29] Cristobal等[14] Espinosa等[4] Adeola等[30] Park
等[31]		 Hong
等[32]
高油DDGS
High-oil
DDGS		 中油
DDGS
Medium-oil
DDGS		 低油DDGS
Low-oil
DDGS		 中油
DDGS
Medium-oil
DDGS		 低油
DDGS
Low-oil
DDGS		 Pro Cap
DDGS		 提油
DDGS
Oil-extracted
DDGS		 高蛋白质
DDGS
HP-DDGS		 传统
DDGS
CV-DDGS		 高蛋白质
DDGS
HP-DDGS		 DDGS
粗蛋白质CP 30.60 30.62 31.22 30.6 26.8 33.81 29.4 33.0 48.09 31.14 42.90 34.26 54.8 31.2 32.6 33.93
粗脂肪EE 11.68 9.96 4.00 11.4 12.5 8.51 9.8 8.0 9.49 4.14 8.77 7.89 3.1 1.2 12.3 7.43
粗纤维CF 7.91 9.98 6.94 9.1 6.7 8.8 9.2 8.0 - - - - 4.1 8.3 - 8.41
粗灰分Ash 4.60 4.52 5.20 5.0 4.4 3.80 4.9 6.3 7.38 5.11 2.79 4.36 - - 5.45 4.95
中性洗涤纤维NDF 36.39 34.09 37.82 43.5 28.8 53.77 - - - - 36.84 42.70 31.8 41.8 36.2 35.14
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 13.16 13.45 18.95 14.2 11.9 13.19 - - - - 16.97 20.01 18.2 12.2 10.3 15.15
淀粉Starch 7.54 10.78 11.2 4.8 4.1 3.4 - - - - 2.77 4.30 - - - -
钙Ca 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.02 - 0.15 0.11 0.04 0.04 - - 0.06 0.02 - -
总磷TP 0.28 0.67 0.85 0.90 0.82 - 0.93 0.99 0.77 1.01 - - 0.28 0.87 - -
有效磷AP - - - 0.56 - - 0.60 0.59 - - - - - - - -

DDGS:干酒糟及其可溶物。原参考文献数据已进行换算,且小数点后位数与原文献保持一致,表中“-”表示无数据。下表同。

DDGS:distillers dried grains with solubles. The original reference data have been converted, and the number of decimal places remains consistent with that in the original literature, the symbol “-” in the table represents no data. The same as below.

玉米DDGS有效磷的含量较原料玉米显著提升,这是因为发酵过程中由于微生物的代谢活动产生植酸酶,使大部分植酸磷转化为可被动物消化吸收的有效磷[20];但其中残留的植酸磷仍难以利用,可通过添加植酸酶来改善[21]。玉米DDGS还含有丰富的B族维生素、维生素E和未知促生长因子[22]。
玉米DDGS氨基酸含量见表2,由于原料玉米存在氨基酸不平衡的问题,在玉米DDGS生产加工过程中的热损伤会加剧这一状况,导致其氨基酸比例严重失衡。其中赖氨酸(0.60%~1.89%)和色氨酸(0.18%~0.49%)等限制性氨基酸含量较低,而亮氨酸(3.00%~7.69%)等非限制性氨基酸含量较高[6],因此在使用时需要搭配豆粕或工业合成晶体氨基酸以及SID氨基酸含量进行合理调配[23-24]。梁坤等[25]研究表明,当玉米DDGS作为饲粮单一蛋白质源时,补充必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸可提高断奶仔猪生长性能和养分表观消化率。
表2 玉米DDGS中氨基酸含量(干物质基础)

Table 2 Amino acid contents of corn DDGS (DM basis) %

项目
Items		 NRC(2012)[12] 中国饲料
成分及营
养价值表
(第35版)[26]		 CVB
(2023)[27]		 Rostagno
等[28]		 Feedstuffs[29] Cristobal等[14] Espinosa等[4] Adeola等[30] Park
等[31]		 Hong
等[32]
高油
DDGS
High-oil
DDGS		 中油
DDGS
Medium-oil
DDGS		 低油
DDGS
Low-oil
DDGS		 中油
DDGS
Medium-oil
DDGS		 低油
DDGS
Low-oil
DDGS		 Pro Cap
DDGS		 提油
DDGS
Oil-extracted
DDGS		 高蛋白质
DDGS
HP-DDGS		 传统
DDGS
CV-DDGS		 高蛋白质
DDGS
HP-DDGS		 DDGS
粗蛋白质CP 30.06 30.62 31.22 30.6 26.8 33.8 29.3 33.0 48.09 31.14 42.90 30.77 54.8 31.2 32.6 33.93
必需氨基酸EAA
精氨酸Arg 1.30 1.38 1.47 1.25 1.10 1.32 1.2 1.5 2.47 1.35 1.88 1.57 1.77 1.52 1.49 1.65
组氨酸His 0.79 0.83 0.92 0.83 0.67 0.92 0.71 0.84 1.40 0.78 1.12 0.92 1.56 0.96 0.86 0.96
异亮氨酸Ile 1.14 1.19 1.14 1.08 1.07 1.25 1.1 1.1 2.03 1.13 1.84 1.40 2.19 1.19 1.34 1.35
亮氨酸Leu 3.50 3.64 4.08 3.48 3.19 4.38 3.0 3.4 5.57 3.24 5.08 3.92 7.69 3.68 3.59 3.85
赖氨酸Lys 0.86 1.01 0.76 0.78 0.64 0.85 0.9 1.1 1.89 1.03 1.65 1.24 1.21 1.18 0.60 1.20
蛋氨酸Met 0.62 0.64 0.56 0.64 0.27 0.42 0.55 0.65 1.09 0.54 0.81 0.63 1.12 0.61 1.02 0.63
苯丙氨酸Phe 1.50 1.53 1.89 1.42 1.34 1.72 1.3 1.6 2.51 1.33 2.35 1.93 2.81 1.47 1.58 1.56
苏氨酸Thr 1.11 1.11 1.09 1.10 0.96 1.19 1.00 1.20 1.89 1.09 1.61 1.33 1.91 1.16 1.24 1.30
色氨酸Trp 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.23 0.19 0.18 0.2 0.2 0.49 0.20 0.35 0.30 0.28 0.24 0.26 0.26
缬氨酸Val 1.51 1.56 1.50 1.47 1.34 1.67 1.45 1.68 2.84 1.46 2.39 1.91 2.85 1.70 1.65 1.74
非必需氨基酸NEAA
丙氨酸Ala 2.16 2.38 2.39 - 1.93 2.54 - - 3.14 2.00 2.98 2.35 4.45 2.31 2.17 2.19
天冬氨酸Asp 2.04 2.25 2.06 - 1.82 1.20 - - 3.38 1.94 2.82 2.19 2.98 1.98 4.10 2.17
半胱氨酸Cys 0.57 0.49 0.57 - 0.52 0.5 0.7 1.00 0.57 0.80 0.66 0.92 0.59 0.65 -
谷氨酸Glu 4.87 5.99 4.77 - 4.85 2.47 - - 7.52 4.32 6.49 4.43 7.33 4.27 7.05 0.45
甘氨酸Gly 1.16 1.26 1.32 - 1.04 1.22 - - 2.06 1.17 1.68 1.51 1.73 1.32 1.28 1.30
脯氨酸Pro 2.34 2.64 2.36 - 2.11 3.10 - - 3.52 2.21 - - 4.21 2.30 2.42 2.74
丝氨酸Ser 1.32 1.57 1.46 - 1.23 1.53 - - 2.20 1.29 1.69 1.43 2.16 1.29 1.17 1.47
酪氨酸Tyr 1.16 1.37 1.27 - - 1.13 - - 1.90 0.97 1.69 1.33 2.20 1.11 1.42 1.25

3 玉米DDGS对猪的营养价值

目前,有关玉米DDGS在猪上的营养价值评定已广泛开展。Espinosa等[4]在生长育肥猪饲粮中分别添加35% DDGS-HPLincolnway和50%传统玉米DDGS,测得消化能与代谢能分别为4 424和4 148 kcal/kg DM(1 kcal = 4.184 kJ)与4 275和3 983 kcal/kg DM。Cristobal等[14]在生长育肥猪饲粮中分别添加27%的Pro Cap DDGS和55%提油玉米DDGS,测得消化能与代谢能分别为4 945和3 667 kcal/kg DM与4 669和3 454 kcal/kg DM。不同国家、原料数据库中玉米DDGS的有效能和氨基酸标准回肠末端消化率分别见表3和表4。
表3 玉米DDGS的猪有效能值(干物质基础)

Table 3 Available energy value of corn DDGS (DM basis) kcal/kg

项目
Items		 NRC(2012)[12] 中国饲料成
分及营养
价值表(第
35版)[26]		 CVB
(2023)[27]		 Rostagno等[28] Feedstuffs[29] Cristobal等[14] Espinosa等[4] 李平[9]
高油
DDGS
High-oil
DDGS		 中油
DDGS
Medium-oil
DDGS		 低油
DDGS
Low-oil
DDGS		 猪Pigs
(6%~9%)		 母猪Sows
(6%~9%)		 中油
DDGS
Medium-oil
DDGS		 低油
DDGS
Low-oil
DDGS		 Pro Cap
DDGS		 提油
DDGS
Oil-extracted
DDGS		 高蛋白质
DDGS
HP-DDGS		 传统
DDGS
CV-DDGS		 全油
DDGS
Full-oil
DDGS		 提油
DDGS
oil-extracted
DDGS
总能GE 5 429 5 271 5 712 - - 5 298 - - - 5 100 4 471 - - 5 330 4 914
消化能DE 4 053 4 009 3 687 3 909 - 3 462 3 748 - - 4 945 3 667 4 424 4 148 3 848 3 609
代谢能ME 3 845 3 801 3 476 3 523 - 3 248 3 490 3 587 3 532 4 669 3 454 4 275 3 983 3 590 3 260
净能NE 2 669 2 622 2 251 2 555 2 444 2 184 2 360 - - - - - - 2 733 2 446

1 kcal = 4.184 kJ。 表5同 the same as Table 5。

表4 玉米DDGS的猪氨基酸标准回肠末端消化率

Table 4 Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids of corn DDGS %

项目
Items		 NRC(2012)[12] 中国饲料成
分及营养
价值表
(第35版)[26]		 CVB
(2023)[27]		 Cristobal等[14] Espinosa等[4] Park等[31] Adeola等[30] 李平[9]
高油DDGS
High-oil
DDGS		 低油DDGS
Low-oil
DDGS		 Pro Cap
DDGS		 提油DDGS
Oil-extracted
DDGS		 高蛋白质
DDGS
HP-DDGS		 传统
DDGS
CV-DDGS		 高蛋白质
DDGS
HP-DDGS		 DDGS 全油DDGS
Full-oil
DDGS		 提油DDGS
Oil-extracted
DDGS
粗蛋白质CP 74 74 74 60 84.4 70.7 78.7 77.0 77.7 - - 73.95 68.62
必需氨基酸EAA
精氨酸Arg 81 81 81 63 92.0 79.1 87.4 89.4 83.9 96.0 93.1 83.86 81.17
组氨酸His 78 78 78 78 88.1 72.6 82.2 79.6 77.3 91.7 89.1 76.51 70.73
异亮氨酸Ile 76 76 76 76 87.3 73.6 81.9 78.4 77.7 92.4 89.6 80.68 74.10
亮氨酸Leu 84 84 84 85 89.8 82.6 89.2 84.7 86.5 94.1 92.0 87.65 82.57
赖氨酸Lys 61 61 61 63 84.8 60.2 76.2 69.5 52.4 85.8 79.9 66.12 56.16
蛋氨酸Met 82 82 82 83 89.4 80.1 87.2 83.3 85.6 94.6 92.8 84.46 80.01
苯丙氨酸Phe 81 81 81 82 89.4 79.7 85.5 81.8 83.0 93.6 90.7 86.01 82.31
苏氨酸Thr 71 71 71 71 82.6 66.7 75.0 73.7 70.7 93.5 88.4 70.97 65.59
色氨酸Trp 71 71 71 74 90.2 76.4 79.5 80.2 81.5 97.0 92.6 65.06 54.90
缬氨酸Val 75 75 75 76 85.3 70.5 81.1 77.6 77.0 92.3 88.4 78.25 71.95
非必需氨基酸NEAA
丙氨酸Ala 79 79 - 80 85.7 77.3 84.5 81.8 82.3 94.1 91.4 80.20 75.84
天冬氨酸Asp 69 69 - 69 81.7 65.4 72.9 71.8 69.8 91.2 86.0 68.84 63.11
半胱氨酸Cys 73 73 - - 83.9 68.8 74.9 73.2 72.2 90.8 87.3 76.27 71.74
谷氨酸Glu 81 81 - 82 89.3 79.7 87.5 83.1 84.6 93.7 91.6 71.34 61.87
甘氨酸Gly 64 64 - 67 75.5 58.7 71.2 77.3 71.7 99.2 90.7 69.69 65.61
脯氨酸Pro 74 74 - 76 72.5 71.6 - - 96.1 103.9 101.8 84.04 82.49
丝氨酸Ser 77 77 - 77 86.3 73.5 81.8 80.9 77.7 95.1 91.0 92.70 90.71
酪氨酸Tyr 81 81 81 - 90.3 81.9 86.5 83.9 86.0 94.2 91.9 87.59 84.89
粒径是影响玉米DDGS营养价值的重要因素,然而,不同来源的玉米DDGS粒径差异较大[33-34],深度研磨可减小粒径,增加消化酶对营养物质的作用机会从而提高营养物质的消化率[35]。Liu等[36]和Acosta等[37]研究表明,研磨对玉米DDGS的DM和总能消化率方面都有改善作用。
由于玉米DDGS中的非淀粉多糖(NSP)含量较高,高浓度NSP是降低其代谢能的主要原因[38-39],且木聚糖是玉米DDGS中含量最高的NSP[40-41],因此可在饲粮中添加木聚糖酶来降低NSP的抗营养作用[42-43]。Chen等[44]研究表明,在仔猪玉米DDGS饲粮中添加木聚糖酶,可显著提高DM和总能的表观回肠末端消化率。Passos等[45]研究表明,在猪玉米DDGS饲粮中同时添加植酸酶和木聚糖酶,能显著提高其消化能、代谢能和表观全消化道消化率。
由于不同玉米DDGS营养价值差异较大,以及动物试验成本高昂且耗时,国内外研究者尝试将其化学成分与猪的有效能值和氨基酸消化率通过数学回归分析的方法建立预测方程,见表5。
表5 玉米DDGS的猪有效能值预测方程(干物质基础)

Table 5 Effective energy prediction equation of corn DDGS for pigs (DM basis)

序号
No.		 参考文献
References		 生长阶段及初始体重
Growth stage and initial
body weight		 方程
Equations		 决定系数
R2



1


Pedersen等[46]


生长猪
(29.3±0.42) kg		 DE(kcal/kg)=-12 220-(111.21×Ash%)+(26.52×CP%)-
(10.35×Starch%)-(127.05×EE%)-(154.95×
ADF%)+(3.550×GE%)		 0.99
ME(kcal/kg)=-10 267-(175.78×Ash%)+(23.09×CP%)-
(71.22×EE%)-(137.93×ADF%)+(3.036×GE%)		 0.99

2
Anderson等[47]
育肥猪
(112.7±7.9) kg		 DE(kcal/kg)=-7 471+(1.94×GE%)-(50.91×EE%)+(15.20×Total
starch%)+(18.04×Organic matter digestibility%)		 0.90
ME(kcal/kg)=(0.90×GE%)-(29.95×TDF%) 0.72


3

Kerr等[48]
生长猪
(45.3±4.2) kg		 DE(kcal/kg)=1 601-(54.48×TDF%)+(0.69×GE%)+(731.5×BD) 0.91
ME(kcal/kg)=4 558+(52.26×EE%)-(50.08×TDF%) 0.85



4


李平[9]


生长猪
(42.6±6.2) kg		 DE(kcal/kg)=4 338-(36.75×NDF%)+(32.99×CP%)-
(67.10×CF%)		 0.95
ME(kcal/kg)=4 066-(46.30×NDF%)+(45.80×CP%)-
(106.19×Ash%)		 0.94
NE(kcal/kg)=-740.49- 43.82×CF%+161.98×Ash%+0.765×DE 1.00



5

Huang等[49]


生长猪		 DE(kcal/kg)=854.5+(3.6×DIG DM%)+(3.7×DIG EE%)+
(2.0×DIG NDF%)		 0.83
ME(kcal/kg)=704.5+(3.3×DIG DM%)+(4.8×DIG EE%)+
(2.6×DIG NDF%)		 0.76



6

Zeng等[50]


生长猪(90 kg)		 DE(kcal/kg)=2 175-3.07×uNDFom8%-1.50×uNDFom72%+
0.55×GE%		 0.94
ME(kcal/kg)=1 643-2.31×uNDFom8%-2.54×uNDFom72%+
0.65×GE%-1.42×CP%		 0.94

GE:总能 gross energy;DE:消化能 digestible energy;ME:代谢能 metabolizable energy;NE:净能 net energy;Ash:粗灰分 crude ash;CP:粗蛋白质 crude protein;Starch:淀粉;EE:粗脂肪 ether extract;ADF:酸性洗涤纤维 acid detergent fiber;NDF:中性洗涤纤维 neutral detergent fiber;Total starch:总淀粉;Organic matter digestibility:有机物消化率;TDF:总膳食纤维 total dietary fiber;BD:容重 bulk density;CF:粗纤维 crude fiber;DIG:可消化 digestible;DM:干物质 dry matter;uNDFom:NDF不可发酵部分 unfermentable neutral detergent fiber。

4 玉米DDGS在猪生产中的应用

4.1 玉米DDGS在仔猪生产中的应用

由于玉米DDGS中含有较高的NSP及仔猪肠道发育尚未成熟,因此其在仔猪饲粮中的添加量不宜过高,避免引起炎症反应和氧化应激。潘阳等[51]选用200头10 kg左右的去势杂交仔猪,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组用10%、20%和30%的玉米DDGS等量替代饲粮中的玉米和豆粕,结果显示,试验组仔猪平均日采食量(ADFI)显著提高,10%和20%添加量对仔猪无不利影响,但30%添加量会显著降低仔猪生长性能和血清免疫指标。Whitney等[52]研究表明,在体重低于7 kg的仔猪饲粮中添加25%高水平的玉米DDGS,会对采食量和生长性能产生负面影响。Chen等[44]研究表明,在仔猪饲粮中添加30%的玉米DDGS等量替代基础饲粮中的玉米和豆粕,对生长性能无负面影响,但降低了DM和总能的表观回肠末端消化率。Yang等[5]选用360头日龄相近的断奶仔猪[(6.79±0.02) kg],对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组用10%、20%和30%的高蛋白质DDGS(HP-DDGS)等量替代饲粮中的玉米和豆粕,试验期42 d,研究发现,在7~42 d,随着HP-DDGS添加量的增加,平均日增重(ADG)、ADFI和料重比均显著降低;原因可能是:1)由于该试验使用的是生长猪的氨基酸消化率参数和代谢能值,高估了HP-DDGS在仔猪中的营养价值;2)亮氨酸过量引发支链氨基酸拮抗,影响缬氨酸和异亮氨酸利用;3)纤维含量过高降低适口性,减少了采食量。因此作者建议增加饲粮中缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和苏氨酸的含量,以优化HP-DDGS在仔猪饲粮中的应用。Wiseman等[53]研究表明,在断奶仔猪饲粮中,分2个阶段(0~7 d和7~35 d)添加7.5%和25%的玉米DDGS等量替代基础饲粮中的玉米和豆粕,不会对仔猪的生长性能产生不利影响。综上所述,玉米DDGS在仔猪饲粮中的添加比例应控制在25%以下,过高添加量会抑制仔猪的早期生长。

4.2 玉米DDGS在生长育肥猪生产中的应用

由于玉米DDGS中不饱和脂肪酸和纤维含量较高[6],因此需确定玉米DDGS在猪饲粮中的适宜添加量,以避免对猪的生长性能和肉品质产生不利影响。谢飞[54]选用3个体重阶段[(29.09±2.85) kg、(59.18±4.91) kg和(105.37±6.91)kg]的杜×长×大三元杂交去势公猪各6头,在玉米和豆粕基础饲粮中添加29.21%的高油玉米DDGS,结果显示,随着猪体重增加,食入总能与粪尿总能均显著增加,代谢能呈上升趋势,且全肠道总能、有机物、NDF和ADF消化率均显著提高。张代涛等[55]选用768头三元杂交猪[(42.50±0.65) kg],对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别用8%、16%和24%的玉米DDGS等量替代饲粮中的小麦,饲喂至出栏,结果显示,各组生长性能和屠宰性能均无显著差异。Ma等[56]选用24头杜×长×大三元杂交猪[(61.23±3.25) kg],对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组用30%的玉米DDGS等量替代饲粮中的全部豆粕及部分玉米和小麦麸,结果发现,添加玉米DDGS显著增加了背最长肌的黄度、亮度、碘值、亚油酸和多不饱和脂肪酸百分比,其可能通过调节脂质代谢影响肉品质。Lee等[57]研究表明,低油玉米DDGS在杜×长×大三元杂交猪饲粮中的最大建议添加量为16.5%。Schwarz等[58]选用64头日龄相近的波兰长白猪[(15.0±2.1) kg],对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在保育期、生长期和育肥期分别用5%、10%和15%的玉米DDGS等量替代饲粮中的豆粕,结果显示,试验组饲料转化率显著降低,屠宰率显著提高,且2组生长性能、胴体重量、脂肪厚度和肉品质均无显著差异。Wu等[59]选用384头杂交猪[(29.1±3.6) kg],对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组用30%玉米DDGS等量替代饲粮中的玉米和豆粕,结果显示,试验组ADG和饲料转化率与对照组均无显著差异。Cromwell等[60]研究表明,在生长育肥猪基础饲粮中,用45%的玉米DDGS等量替代饲粮中的玉米和豆粕,对生长性能无显著影响。Lee等[61]研究表明,在杜×长×大三元杂交猪基础饲粮中,用20%的玉米DDGS等量替代饲粮中的玉米和豆粕,对猪的胴体特性和肉品质无显著影响。Graham等[62]选用288头体重68.9 kg左右的PIC杂交猪,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组用15%、30%和45%的中油玉米DDGS等量替代饲粮中的玉米和豆粕,结果发现,每添加15%的中油玉米DDGS,ADG和饲料转化率分别降低约2.3%和1.3%,并且最终体重和胴体重均显著降低,但由于中油玉米DDGS脂肪含量较高,其下颌脂肪含量显著增加。综上所述,玉米DDGS在生长育肥猪饲粮中的添加比例应控制在45%以内,这样既能降低饲料成本,又可避免因纤维和抗营养因子含量过高导致生长性能下降。

4.3 玉米DDGS在母猪生产中的应用

母猪能有效利用玉米DDGS中的粗纤维以满足其能量需要和维持肠道健康[63],可在其饲粮中添加较高水平的玉米DDGS。Stein等[63]研究表明,哺乳期和妊娠期母猪可分别饲喂含有30%和50%的玉米DDGS饲粮,而不会对猪的生长性能产生负面影响。Song等[64]选用307头平均4.54胎次的哺乳母猪[(221±15) kg],对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别用10%、20%和30%的玉米DDGS等量替代饲粮中的玉米和豆粕,结果发现,在哺乳期饲粮中添加30%的DDGS不会对母猪和仔猪产生不利影响。Greiner等[65]选用168头PIC经产母猪进行妊娠期试验,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别用10%、20%和30%的玉米DDGS等量替代饲粮中的豆粕,结果显示,随着玉米DDGS添加量的增加,妊娠母猪的体重显著提高,并显著缩短了断奶至配种的时间间隔,且不会对母猪的生产性能产生不利影响。Hill等[66]研究表明,在哺乳母猪饲粮中,用15%的玉米DDGS等量替代基础饲粮中的玉米和豆粕,对母猪泌乳性能、仔猪窝增重和成活率均无显著影响。综上所述,玉米DDGS在妊娠母猪饲粮中的添加比例最高可达50%,但在哺乳母猪阶段建议控制在30%以下,另外,需要关注霉菌毒素含量,以避免对生产性能产生负面影响。

5 小结

玉米DDGS作为一种优质蛋白质饲料原料,在生猪养殖领域展现出良好的应用潜力。然而,不同类型玉米DDGS的营养成分和营养价值差异较大。不同生长阶段的猪对玉米DDGS的消化吸收能力存在差异,且适宜添加比例不同,通过精准配制可替代部分玉米和豆粕。另外,目前不同玉米DDGS类型产品在猪不同生长阶段的营养价值评定及其应用研究仍显不足,尤其不断出现的新工艺新产品,需要及时进行精准评价和更深入研究。

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