动物营养学报 >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 2: 926 - 935

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.073

综述

黄芩黄酮的生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

  • 肖华钦 , 1, 2 ,
  • 熊云霞 1 ,
  • 曹舒婷 1 ,
  • 王丽 , 1, *
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  • 1 广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所,猪禽种业全国重点实验室,农业农村部华南动物营养与饲料重点实验室,广东省畜禽育种与营养研究重点实验室,广州 510640
  • 2 华南农业大学动物科学学院,广州 510642
* 王 丽,研究员,硕士生导师,E-mail:

肖华钦(1999—),男,广东湛江人,硕士研究生,研究方向为猪营养与肠道健康。E-mail:

Office editor: 陈鑫

收稿日期: 2025-07-08

  网络出版日期: 2026-02-12

基金资助

国家生猪产业技术体系项目(CARS-35)

广东省现代农业产业技术体系生猪创新团队项目(2025CXTD22)

河源市高层次人才引进项目

广州市科技特派员项目(2025D04J0053)

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Research Progress on Biological Functions of Scutellaria baicalensis Flavonoids and Their Applications in Livestock and Poultry Production

  • XIAO Huaqin , 1, 2 ,
  • XIONG Yunxia 1 ,
  • CAO Shuting 1 ,
  • WANG Li , 1, *
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  • 1 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition Research, Key Laboratory of South China Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Key Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-07-08

  Online published: 2026-02-12

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摘要

黄芩黄酮作为传统中药黄芩的主要活性成分,具有良好的抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌及抗病毒等生物活性,在畜牧产业转型升级中有望发挥关键作用,应用前景十分广阔。本文系统综述了黄芩黄酮的理化性质,深入剖析其消化代谢及生物学功能,并详细阐述其在畜禽生产中的相关应用研究进展,旨在为黄芩黄酮在畜禽生产中的合理开发和应用提供参考。

关键词： 黄芩黄酮; 理化性质; 生物学功能; 畜禽生产

本文引用格式

肖华钦 , 熊云霞 , 曹舒婷 , 王丽 . 黄芩黄酮的生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(2) : 926 -935 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.073

Abstract

Scutellaria baicalensis flavonoids, as the primary bioactive components of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Scutellaria baicalensis, exhibit significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities. They are expected to play a key role in the transformation and upgrading of the livestock and poultry industry, with broad application prospects. This paper systematically reviews the physicochemical properties of Scutellaria baicalensis flavonoids, deeply analyzes their digestive and metabolic processes as well as biological functions, and elaborates on the research progress of their relevant applications in livestock and poultry production, aiming to provide a reference for the rational development and application of Scutellaria baicalensis flavonoids in livestock and poultry production.

Key words： Scutellaria baicalensis flavonoids; physicochemical properties; biological functions; livestock and poultry production

黄芩是唇形科黄芩属的多年生草本植物,其干燥根为传统中药材。黄芩药用价值记录最早可追溯至东汉时期的《神农本草经》(约公元200年),该典籍明确记载其“主诸热黄疽,肠澼泄利,逐水下血闭”等功效。现代药理学研究揭示,黄芩的药用物质基础主要源于其黄酮类化合物,以黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素为主要特征成分[1-2],未干燥加工黄芩样品中黄芩苷含量高达(179.639±5.900)mg/g,经传统加工后黄芩苷含量可达到(206.869±7.122) mg/g[3]。这些化合物具有许多生物学功效,包括抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒等作用。2020年1月1日起,我国全面禁止除中药类外,动物用促生长类抗菌药物作为饲料添加剂使用[4],黄芩黄酮作为天然替抗产品,凭借其多种生物功能及低毒特性,在保障畜禽养殖业高质量发展中应用前景广阔。本文系统综述其理化性质、生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用,为其在畜牧领域开发应用提供科学参考。

1 黄芩黄酮的化学结构

黄芩黄酮是以黄芩根茎为原料提取的典型黄酮类次生代谢产物,以黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素为主要特征成分,其分子式分别为C21H18O11、C22H20O11、C15H10O5、C16H12O5,相对分子质量分别为446.37、460.40、270.24、284.26[5-7],其主要成分化学结构式如图1所示。
图1 黄芩黄酮主要成分化学结构式

Fig.1 Chemical structural formulas of main components of Scutellaria baicalensis flavonoids

2 黄芩黄酮消化吸收与代谢过程

黄芩黄酮的消化吸收过程涉及多个器官和酶系统。为探究黄芩苷的消化吸收部位,有研究以雄性大鼠为试验对象,采用原位灌注法,大鼠禁食12 h后麻醉,暴露胃并结扎贲门、幽门,进行胃闭环灌注,分别注入黄芩苷胃灌流液、黄芩素胃灌流液,收集灌流液,发现在胃环境(pH 1.2)中黄芩苷2 h剩余率为(101.03±2.60)%,黄芩素剩余率为(97.32±1.85)%,提示黄芩苷在胃环境中稳定性良好[8-9]。未被胃吸收的黄芩黄酮进入肠道,肠道是黄芩黄酮的主要吸收部位,黄芩苷由于极性强难被直接吸收,需水解为黄芩素后吸收[10-11]。黄芩苷在肠道内被肠道菌群的β-葡萄糖醛酸酶水解[8],生成脂溶性较好、更易透过肠上皮细胞的苷元黄芩素,黄芩素进入肠上皮细胞后,被尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UGT)催化[12],与葡萄糖醛酸结合,生成黄芩苷及其异构体异黄芩苷,生成的黄芩苷和异黄芩苷通过转运蛋白进入肠系膜血液,而后进一步转运进入肝脏。在进入肝脏后,黄芩苷和异黄芩苷可被多种UGT进一步催化,生成黄芩素-6,7-二葡萄糖醛酸苷,该代谢产物可通过多重耐药相关蛋白2(MRP2)和乳腺癌耐药蛋白(BCRP)转运至胆汁,最终随粪便排出,或部分释放入血液后经肾脏排泄[13-14]。分泌至胆汁中的单葡萄糖醛酸苷和双葡萄糖醛酸苷可被肠道微生物再次水解为黄芩素,重新被吸收进入体循环,形成肠肝循环。黄芩黄酮在人体的消化吸收与代谢过程如图2所示。
图2 黄芩黄酮在人体消化吸收与代谢过程

MRP2: 多重耐药相关蛋白2 multidrug resistance-associated protein 2; BCRP: 乳腺癌耐药蛋白 breast cancer drug resistance protein。

Fig.2 Digestion, absorption and metabolism process of Scutellaria baicalensis flavonoids in human body

3 黄芩黄酮的生物学功能

3.1 抗炎作用

黄酮类化合物具有广泛药理活性,黄芩黄酮发挥抗炎作用的分子机制主要是阻断炎症级联反应——从源头抑制促炎因子转录及调控炎症相关信号通路减少炎症介质生成,同时调节机体免疫平衡[15],其抗炎作用已在多类疾病模型中得到系统验证[16-22]。基于网络药理学和动物试验探究黄芩茎叶总黄酮治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用机制,研究表明,黄芩茎叶总黄酮治疗溃疡性的潜在通路,包括芳香烃受体(AhR)、辅助性T细胞17(Th17)分化、T细胞受体等[23]。在大肠杆菌(E.coli)感染模型研究中发现,E.coli感染导致仔猪生长性能下降、肠道损伤和肠道菌群紊乱,提高回肠促炎代谢物含量,同时上调Th17分化相关基因和自身免疫病相关基因表达,下调调节性T细胞(Treg)相关基因表达,导致Th17/Treg细胞数量比例降低;黄芩苷干预可缓解E.coli暴露导致的肠道损伤,同时减少粪便E.coli数量,部分恢复肠道菌群多样性,显著降低促炎代谢物含量,提高参与膜修复、蛋白合成和免疫调节的磷脂类和氨基酸含量,提高Treg细胞数量并抑制Th17分化重塑免疫平衡[24];且黄芩苷可通过Toll样受体4(TLR4)/干扰素调节因子(IRF)/信号转导与转录激活因子(STAT)途径抑制M1巨噬细胞极化缓解机体肠道炎症[25]。黄芩提取物可多靶点干预E.coli K88诱导的断奶仔猪急性肠道炎症及肠屏障功能障碍,通过下调TLR4和髓样分化因子88(MyD88)表达,阻断核因子-κB(NF-κB)和p38的激活,降低促炎因子含量,恢复紧密连接蛋白表达,形成“屏障保护-炎症抑制”双重调控[26]。饲粮中添加黄芩苷可有效逆转脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)暴露导致的NF-κB信号通路激活引起的肠道组织炎症等病理变化,通过上调核因子-κB抑制蛋白α(Iκ-Bα)表达阻断NF-κB信号通路的异常激活,抑制下游炎症介质表达[27]。黄芩苷还可通过靶向聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶1(PARP1)表达,同时抑制其介导的NF-κB和NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3)信号通路,实现对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的肠道炎症损伤的缓解[28]。黄芩苷通过抑制TLR4-NF-κB、NLRP3-半胱天冬酶1(caspase-1)通路中核心关键基因的表达,进而缓解尿酸钠导致的鸡单核细胞炎性损伤[29]。黄芩苷-金属离子复合物可通过调节肠道菌群组成,缓解DON诱导导致的仔猪炎症反应[30-31],揭示了金属离子螯合对黄芩苷抗炎活性的增强效应。黄芩在使用过程中常常与其他植物成分配伍,在妊娠母猪饲粮中添加金银花和黄芩混合提取物,可缓解母猪体内的炎症,说明黄芩黄酮与其他植物成分可能存在有效协同作用[32]。黄芩黄酮可通过“通路抑制-免疫调节-菌群平衡”多维机制实现抗炎作用,其与其他成分协同及金属离子螯合策略为炎症相关疾病提供了高效解决方案。

3.2 抗氧化作用

黄芩黄酮可通过直接清除自由基、强化内源性抗氧化酶系统、调控红系衍生的核因子2相关因子(Nrf2)通路三重机制协同发挥强效抗氧化作用,且该作用在多物种模型中得到验证。在雏鸡[33]、育肥猪[34]、肉鸡[35]等畜禽氧化应激损伤模型中,黄芩苷(或其复合物)可显著提升超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),降低脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量,缓解氧化损伤;在罗非鱼[36]、泰迪犬[37]等动物模型中亦呈现类似效果,证实其抗氧化活性的跨物种保守性。细胞及分子机制研究进一步揭示,黄芩苷(或其酯化物)可通过激活Nrf2/血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)信号通路,上调HO-1表达,促进胆红素抗氧化作用,增强抗氧化酶活性,从而减轻由过氧化氢(H2O2)引起猪小肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)氧化应激和高胆固醇饮食诱导兔的氧化应激[38-39]。

3.3 抗菌作用

黄芩苷具有广谱抑菌作用,其核心机制为破坏细胞壁完整性(如诱导碱性磷酸酶异常释放、促进胞内蛋白外泄),导致菌体表面结构塌陷。黄芩苷处理导致嗜水气单胞菌细胞壁被破坏,其正常结构完整性丧失[40]、黄芩苷促进碱性磷酸酶活性提高,造成E.coli表面凹陷和干瘪[41]等,该物理性破坏机制与传统抗生素作用模式形成显著差异[42]。同时,黄芩苷通过“病原抑制-免疫调节”双效机制调控宿主-病原互作。黄芩苷可阻断缝隙连接蛋白-1(Panx-1)/P2Y型嘌呤能受体6(P2Y6)/P2X型嘌呤能受体7(P2X7)轴及NF-κB/NLRP3/caspase-1通路,降低白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)等促炎因子表达,缓解猪副嗜血杆菌感染[43];在与乳酸菌上清液协同作用时,既能增加金黄色葡萄球菌细胞内物质泄漏,又能抑制Toll样受体2(TLR2)/NF-κB通路减轻乳腺组织炎症,该协同调控模式在乳腺炎防治中得到验证[44]。

3.4 抗病毒作用

黄芩素作为黄芩的主要黄酮类化合物,具有广谱抗病毒活性[45],核心作用机制包括增强宿主免疫力、直接结合病毒蛋白及干扰病毒生命周期。黄芩素已被报道可应用于猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、猪流行性腹泻病毒等的防治过程。PRRSV可引起猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS),导致仔猪呼吸困难和母猪繁殖障碍[46]。Wu等[47]研究发现,用黄芩苷在PRRSV感染前24 h预处理、共感染、感染后处理均有效,表明其兼具预防与治疗潜力;研究其机制发现,黄芩苷一方面可直接与 PRRSV 结合并抑制其复制,还能通过阻断表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的磷酸化,以及下游磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶 B(PI3K-AKT)信号通路,抑制 PRRSV侵入宿主细胞;另一方面,黄芩苷可显著增强仔猪 PRRSV 感染后的免疫应答,通过调控宿主免疫反应缓解病毒感染引发的病理症状,具体包括调节干扰素与促炎细胞因子的分泌。PRV可导致猪群严重呼吸道、生殖系统疾病,甚至跨物种传播至人类,造成重大经济损失和公共卫生风险[48]。研究发现,黄芩苷(62.5~125.0 μmol/L)可显著降低PRV子代病毒滴度,下调UL19、UL35等14种病毒结构蛋白表达,直接影响病毒颗粒组装;同时抑制糖蛋白 D(gD)等糖蛋白与宿主受体蛋白黏附分子-1(nectin-1)的结合,阻断病毒吸附与免疫逃逸,并伴随铁硫簇支架同源物1(NFU1)介导的线粒体功能恢复[49]。盖他病毒(GETV)是一种人畜共患的虫媒病毒,能够引起人类和动物的疾病[50-51]。黄芩苷对GETV同样具有抑制活性:黄芩提取物可将GETV感染细胞的存活率提升至80%以上,同时显著缩短病毒血症的清除周期(试验组14 d,对照组21 d)[52]。禽类传染病毒如禽传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)属于冠状病毒科,变异频繁且血清型复杂,导致疫苗保护力有限,给全球养禽业造成严重经济损失[53-54]。黄芩苷抗IBV的作用机理具有“双重性”:一方面通过直接灭活病毒和干扰复制周期(吸附、侵入、内化、释放)直接作用于病毒;另一方面通过激活双链RNA依赖的蛋白激酶(PKR)/真核起始因子2α(eIF2α)-GTP酶激活蛋白结合蛋白1(G3BP1)通路,诱导应激颗粒(SG)形成以激活宿主抗病毒反应,两者协同作用实现对IBV的高效抑制[55]。

4 黄芩黄酮在动物生产中的应用

4.1 黄芩黄酮在猪生产中的应用

仔猪断奶早期由于消化系统和免疫系统发育不完善,常因断奶应激引发腹泻等健康问题[56]。已有研究表明,发酵中药材及其提取物对改善仔猪生长性能和肠道健康具有积极作用,饲粮中添加发酵黄芩复合物(如1%乌梅+3%黄芩发酵物[57]、2 kg/t发酵黄芩药渣[58])可显著提升仔猪平均日增重、降低腹泻率,通过释放黄酮类活性成分及益生菌代谢产物,改善肠道消化吸收功能,促进营养利用(未发酵药渣则无显著效果)。除此之外,黄芩黄酮可缓解PRRSV感染导致的生长性能下降,兼具预防与治疗潜力[47]。黄芩黄酮功效还存在母子代际效应。研究表明,母猪妊娠期饲粮中添加0.5 g/kg金银花-黄芩混合提取物可提高总产仔数、21日龄窝重及仔猪平均体重,缓解母猪炎症与氧化应激,同时提升哺乳期采食量和仔猪存活率[32]。在母猪围产-泌乳期饲粮中添加山银花-黄芩提取物(1 000 mg/kg)可改善泌乳期采食,提升哺乳仔猪生长性能及育成率[59]。这可能由于妊娠期间母猪常因能量需求增加和代谢负担而遭受氧化应激[60],而黄芩黄酮能够减轻母猪因能量需求增加导致的氧化应激,从而改善胎儿的生长环境。同时,通过初乳/母乳传递免疫支持,增强仔猪免疫力;再则其抗炎特性可同时减少炎性因子对母猪和胎儿的不良影响。育肥猪饲粮中添加200 mg/kg黄芩黄酮效果显著,高剂量(600 mg/kg)未进一步提升生长性能,部分指标甚至接近空白对照组[34],提示黄芩黄酮的功效存在剂量依赖效应,需避免因适口性下降或代谢负担抵消其效益。黄芩黄酮通过发酵增效、复合配伍及精准剂量调控,可有效改善仔猪肠道健康与抗病力,并通过母体干预实现母子代际增益,为畜禽健康养殖提供综合解决方案。

4.2 黄芩黄酮在家禽生产中的应用

黄芩黄酮具有改善家禽生产性能、免疫、抗氧化功能的综合作用。在玉米赤霉烯酮毒素暴露模型中,40、80 mg/kg黄芩苷可使雏鸡血清转氨酶[天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)]活性及肌酐水平恢复正常,同时抑制肝脏TNF-α、IL-1β等炎症基因表达,缓解肝肾功能损伤[33]。在高温环境下,蛋鸡饲粮中添加30、60 mg/kg黄芩提取物,可改善高温环境下的产蛋率,降低料蛋比及软破蛋率;同时降低血清白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、TNF-α含量以减轻炎症,并提升免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量增强免疫防御[61]。饲粮中添加500 mg/kg绿原酸-黄芩苷组合物可缓解LPS诱导的肉鸡免疫应激,提高平均日增重;但高剂量(1 000 mg/kg)添加可能因代谢负担导致效果下降,提示需控制添加剂量[62-63]。白羽肉鸡饲粮中添加黄芩素-铝复合物可富集瘤胃球菌科、罕见小球菌等有益菌,上调唾液乳杆菌、均匀拟杆菌丰度,改善肠道健康以促进生长[64]。同时,黄芩茎叶提取物对鸡源呼吸道细菌感染也有一定的防治作用,黄芩茎叶提取物可缓解家禽呼吸道细菌感染症状(减少咳嗽、流涕及肺部炎症浸润),同时提高产蛋率、降低异常蛋率[65]。黄芩黄酮通过调节炎症因子、增强抗氧化酶活性、修复肝肾功能、调节肠道菌群平衡及提升免疫球蛋白水平,实现家禽多维度健康增益。

4.3 黄芩黄酮在反刍和水产动物生产中的应用

黄芩黄酮在反刍动物、水产养殖中展现生长促进与消化改善作用。在反刍动物中,瘤胃体外发酵试验发现,添加黄芩苷可显著降低产气量,同时提高干物质降解率[66],提示其可能通过调节瘤胃发酵效率改善饲料利用。在育肥湖羊饲养试验中发现,饲粮中添加0.1%黄芩苷,可显著提高平均日增重、干物质采食量,同时增加胴体净肉重和净肉率,并降低背最长肌的滴水损失和失水率[67]。在水产动物中,饲粮中添加0.4 g/kg黄芩苷可显著改善罗非鱼饲料转化率[36];饲料中添加0.5%黄芩苷酵母培养物可显著提高鞍带石斑鱼增重率、特定生长率,但高剂量(1%)会抑制生长,表明过量添加可能产生负面效应[68]。

4.4 黄芩黄酮在当前研究和生产应用中存在的问题及改进措施

黄芩黄酮作为饲料添加剂在畜禽生产多表现其促生长及改善免疫的功效,但实际应用中仍需关注以下问题:1)适口性与剂量依赖。因黄芩黄酮性味苦涩且有刺激性气味[7,69],高剂量添加可能降低饲料适口性(尤其敏感动物如猪[70-71]),甚至有可能导致育肥猪生长性能下降[34]。而且,黄芩黄酮生物活性存在显著剂量依赖效应,需在特定范围内使用以达最佳效果;2)应用方案不明确。黄芩黄酮在畜禽生产中的最佳添加剂量、使用方法尚未标准化,不同动物种类、生长阶段及健康状况需差异化方案;长期或高剂量使用的副作用与潜在毒性缺乏系统评估;3)质量与经济性挑战。黄芩黄酮品质受原料产地、提取加工工艺影响差异大[3,72],缺乏标准化质量控制体系;种植、提取成本较高,影响市场竞争力。
针对以上问题的优化策略及改进措施如下:1)针对适口性与剂量问题,可控制添加剂量,配合诱食剂、甜味剂[73]改善适口性问题;采用微囊化包被技术[74],可减轻采食过程中的苦味感受;2)针对应用方案问题,可通过动物试验明确不同场景下的最佳剂量,制定个性化使用方案(按动物种类、生长阶段及健康状况);加强长期毒理学研究,评估安全性并确定安全剂量范围;3)针对质量与成本问题,建议建立标准化质量控制体系及快速检测方法,确保产品稳定性与一致性;优化种植技术与提取工艺,降低生产成本以提升经济性。同时,黄芩中成药生产企业在生产过程中会产生大量药渣残液,仍含有大量的黄芩黄酮类活性成分,可进一步进行废弃物资源再利用,保护环境的同时进一步挖掘其经济价值。

5 小结与展望

黄芩黄酮作为天然活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗炎等生物功能,应用于畜禽生产中具有改善健康与生产性能的潜力。当前,对黄芩黄酮的研究虽有进展,但在机体内代谢机制未明、添加剂量及用法待优化,与其他添加剂配伍及大规模应用效果待验证。未来研究应聚焦黄芩黄酮在畜禽体内代谢机制解析、多区域规模化养殖应用效果验证、与其他添加剂配伍研究及产业化降本推广,以发挥其养殖应用优势,推动畜禽养殖行业可持续发展。

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