动物营养学报 >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 6: 3951 - 3961

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.314

特约稿

靶向断奶仔猪肠道微生物稳态的营养调控措施

  • 蒋宗勇 ,
  • 崔琛彬 ,
  • 王丽 ,
  • 杨雪芬
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  • 广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所, 猪禽种业全国重点实验室,农业农村部华南动物营养与饲料重点实验室,广东省畜禽育种与营养研究重点实验室, 广州 510640

蒋宗勇(1963—),男,重庆垫江人,研究员,博士,主要从事动物营养与饲料科学研究。E-mail:

Office editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2026-05-04

  网络出版日期: 2026-06-13

基金资助

国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1300402)

广东省自然科学基金(2025A1515012362)

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Nutritional Modulation Strategies Targeting Intestinal Microbiota Homeostasis in Weaned Piglets

  • JIANG Zongyong ,
  • CUI Chenbin ,
  • WANG Li ,
  • YANG Xuefen
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  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China

JIANG Zongyong, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2026-05-04

  Online published: 2026-06-13

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摘要

肠道微生物稳态在维护断奶仔猪肠道屏障功能、调控免疫应答及抵御病原菌侵袭中发挥着核心作用。饲料“禁抗”后断奶仔猪肠道微生物稳态失衡问题日益突出,已成为制约我国生猪产业健康可持续发展的关键瓶颈。本文系统综述了近十余年来国内外在构建断奶仔猪肠道微生物稳态方面提出的营养调控新靶点,重点分析了短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸及色氨酸等肠道微生物核心代谢通路,探讨了微生物-肠-脑轴与微生物-肠-肝轴在调控仔猪生长性能与应激响应中的作用机制,并总结了饲粮纤维、蛋白质、氨基酸及植物活性成分等营养干预手段通过重塑肠道微生物组成与代谢功能改善肠道健康的研究进展。本文旨在为建立靶向肠道微生物稳态的断奶仔猪肠道健康营养调控技术体系提供参考,推动无抗养殖背景下生猪产业的高质量发展。

关键词： 断奶仔猪; 肠道微生物稳态; 微生物代谢功能; 微生物-肠-X轴; 营养调控

本文引用格式

蒋宗勇 , 崔琛彬 , 王丽 , 杨雪芬 . 靶向断奶仔猪肠道微生物稳态的营养调控措施[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(6) : 3951 -3961 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.314

Abstract

Intestinal microbiota homeostasis plays a central role in maintaining intestinal barrier function, regulating immune responses, and defending against pathogen invasion in weaned piglets. Following the ban on antibiotics in feed, the imbalance of intestinal microbiota homeostasis in weaned piglets has become increasingly prominent, posing a critical bottleneck for the healthy and sustainable development of swine industry in China. This paper systematically reviewed the novel nutritional regulation targets proposed over the past decade for establishing intestinal microbiota homeostasis in weaned piglets, with a focus on the core metabolic pathways of gut microbiota, including short-chain fatty acids, bile acids and tryptophan. It also explored the mechanisms of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the microbiota-gut-liver axis in regulating growth performance and stress responses in weaned piglets. Furthermore, it summarized recent research progress on nutritional interventions—such as dietary fiber, protein, amino acids and plant-derived bioactive compounds—that improved intestinal health by reshaping the composition and metabolic functions of the intestinal microbiota. This review aimed to provide a reference for establishing a nutritional regulation technique system targeting intestinal microbiota homeostasis to improve intestinal health in weaned piglets, thereby promoting the high-quality development of the swine industry under the antibiotic-free farming condition.

Key words： weaned piglets; intestinal microbiota homeostasis; microbial metabolic function; microbiota-gut-X axis; nutritional regulation

编者按:蒋宗勇,男,广东省农业科学院原党组书记、院长,研究员,著名动物营养学专家。师从东北农业大学许振英教授,1989年获动物营养学博士学位。长期从事动物营养与饲料科学研究,在我国猪和黄羽肉鸡营养需要与精准饲喂技术、仔猪断奶应激与肠道健康、母猪繁殖营养调控等方面取得突出成就,并在产业化应用方面实现重大突破,为我国动物营养与饲料科学学科发展及产业进步做出了重要贡献。先后主持国家973计划、重点研发计划、自然科学基金等国家和省部级项目50余项,发表科技论文500多篇,出版专著6部;获得国家和省部级科研成果奖励17项,其中国家科技进步二等奖3项,省部级科技进步一等奖9项;入选国家“百千万人才工程”第一、二层次人选,获得“全国杰出专业技术人才”“全国先进工作者”“全国优秀科技工作者”“国务院政府特殊津贴”“感动中国畜牧兽医科技创新十大领军人物”“南粤百杰”等荣誉。由其领导的动物营养与饲料研究创新团队入选全国农业科研杰出人才及其创新团队,获得全国五一劳动奖状。
在断奶应激与饲料“禁抗”双重挑战下,仔猪肠道微生物稳态失衡日益突出,严重限制了其生长潜能的发挥。寻求靶向肠道微生物稳态的有效营养调控措施,已成为突破仔猪生长瓶颈、推动生猪产业绿色健康发展的关键所在。为此,本刊特邀蒋宗勇研究员,围绕“断奶仔猪肠道微生物稳态的营养调控措施”这一前沿方向撰写综述,以期为无抗养殖背景下断奶仔猪肠道健康营养调控技术体系的构建提供参考。
断奶阶段是养猪生产中最为关键的窗口期,肠道发育受阻和肠道微生物稳态失衡是导致断奶仔猪生长性能下降的核心诱因[1],给养殖端造成巨大经济损失。猪肠道微生物数量可达1014 CFU,是其体细胞的10倍,对于维持肠道健康和保障生长性能至关重要。肠道微生物稳态不仅有助于抵御致病菌[如产肠毒素大肠杆菌(enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli,ETEC)和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌等]侵袭,还能够通过多种方式(如调节免疫应答和肠道屏障功能等)维持肠道健康[2]。饲料“禁抗”后,环境中广泛存在的微生物通过饲料、饮水、空气及养殖设备等途径持续侵入肠道,为致病微生物破坏断奶仔猪肠道微生物稳态创造了条件。在无抗生素处理条件下,仔猪小肠中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和链球菌属(Streptococcus)丰度显著增加,乙酸水平显著降低,提示饲料“禁抗”后环境来源的致病微生物更易定植并破坏仔猪肠道微生态平衡[3]。
挖掘断奶仔猪肠道微生物稳态的调控靶点、构建适配无抗养殖的高效营养调控措施,成为破解当前仔猪生产瓶颈、推动生猪产业健康发展的关键突破口。本综述将系统梳理构建断奶仔猪肠道微生物稳态的营养调控新靶点,重点围绕短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)、胆汁酸、色氨酸等肠道微生物核心代谢通路,以及微生物-肠-X轴交互调控靶点展开深入剖析;在此基础上,进一步总结基于肠道微生物稳态构建的营养调控新措施,以期为建立靶向肠道微生物稳态的断奶仔猪肠道健康营养调控技术体系提供参考。

1 断奶仔猪肠道微生物稳态的营养调控新靶点

1.1 肠道微生物核心代谢通路靶点

1.1.1 SCFAs代谢靶点

在肠道中,SCFAs由肠道微生物代谢碳水化合物而来,包含乙酸(约60%)、丙酸(约25%)和丁酸(约15%)[4]。SCFAs不仅可作为能量底物直接供能,还能够通过激活SCFAs受体G蛋白偶联受体(G-protein coupled receptor,GPR)41/43/109A强化肠道屏障和免疫应答等[5],从而保护肠道健康。此外,丁酸还能够通过抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶活性促进宿主防御肽表达,进而增强断奶仔猪的抗病能力[6]。
在断奶应激引起的腹泻中,仔猪肠道微生物稳态受到严重破坏,结肠和粪便中丁酸水平显著降低[7],而饲粮中添加SCFAs能够改善肠黏膜形态和屏障功能,从而缓解断奶应激或霉菌毒素引起的仔猪肠道损伤[8-9]。许多研究表明,通过营养手段调控肠道微生物稳态进而促进SCFAs合成,能够有效改善断奶仔猪肠道健康和生长性能。Wu等[10]研究发现,饲粮中添加褪黑素可提高仔猪结肠产丁酸菌肠源杆菌属(Enterorhabdus)和阿托波菌科(Atopobiaceae)丰度,增加总SCFAs、乙酸和丁酸水平,从而缓解T-2毒素诱导的结肠损伤,改善仔猪生长性能。

1.1.2 胆汁酸代谢靶点

胆汁酸可分为初级胆汁酸和次级胆汁酸。初级胆汁酸在肝脏内由胆固醇代谢合成而来,储存于胆囊中[11]。在猪中,猪胆酸(hyocholic acid,HCA)是主要的初级胆汁酸,占比可达70%[12]。初级胆汁酸进入肠道后可被肠道微生物代谢为次级胆汁酸,其一方面可直接促进脂质消化吸收并发挥抗菌作用;另一方面则通过调控胆汁酸受体——法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)或G蛋白偶联BA受体1(G protein-coupled BA receptor 1,GPBAR1,也称TGR5)的活性发挥免疫调控功能[11]。
胆汁酸稳态在仔猪不同生长阶段会发生明显变化。与新生仔猪相比,哺乳仔猪血清总胆汁酸水平显著升高,肠道中TGR5表达量增加,而FXR表达量降低[13]。在发生腹泻的断奶仔猪中,肠道微生物稳态受损导致胆汁酸谱发生显著变化,粪便中次级胆汁酸水平显著降低,石胆酸(lithocholic acid,LCA)和猪脱氧胆酸(hyodeoxycholic acid,HDCA)水平显著下降[7]。此外,在ETEC感染情况下,断奶仔猪回肠和盲肠中鹅脱氧胆酸(chenodeoxycholic acid,CDCA)、熊脱氧胆酸(ursodeoxycholic acid,UDCA)和HDCA水平显著降低[14]。饲粮中添加胆汁酸可通过激活FXR信号通路改善肠道屏障和营养物质吸收,从而提高断奶仔猪生长性能,降低腹泻率[15]。饲粮中添加UDCA可通过激活FXR信号通路促进M2型巨噬细胞极化,缓解低初生重仔猪的肠道炎症[16]。饲粮中添加牛磺脱氧胆酸可增加粪便中副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)和黏螺菌属(Mucispirillum)丰度,提高肠道屏障功能和免疫能力,改善断奶应激引起的仔猪腹泻[17]。因此,肠道微生物的胆汁酸代谢可作为断奶仔猪营养调控的关键靶点。

1.1.3 色氨酸代谢靶点

断奶仔猪对饲粮粗蛋白质和氨基酸供给有较高需求,以支持机体快速生长及免疫功能发育[18]。然而,由于断奶仔猪消化系统发育尚未完善,其对饲粮中蛋白质和氨基酸的消化利用能力有限,未被充分消化吸收的蛋白质和氨基酸则会成为肠道微生物代谢的底物。其中,多种肠道微生物,如乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、梭菌属(Clostridium)和瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)等,能够将色氨酸代谢为吲哚及吲哚衍生物;吲哚衍生物可进一步作为关键转录因子[如芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AHR)和孕烷X受体]的配体,调控白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-22、IL-6、黏蛋白(mucin,MUC)等下游基因的表达,从而维持肠道屏障和免疫稳态[19]。
色氨酸代谢紊乱所致的吲哚及其衍生物稳态失衡,可诱发肠道炎症与腹泻,进而降低断奶仔猪的生长性能[19]。在腹泻仔猪中,嗜淀粉乳杆菌(Lactobacillus amylovorus)、罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)和乳酸状鲁氏菌(Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans)等有益菌丰度降低,肠道微生物稳态失衡,导致微生物色氨酸代谢受损,吲哚衍生物(如吲哚-3-甲醛和吲哚-3-丁酸等)水平显著下降[20]。此外,采食含呕吐毒素的饲粮后,断奶仔猪回肠中乳杆菌属丰度和吲哚-3-乙酸水平均显著降低[21]。饲粮中添加吲哚-3-甲醛、吲哚-3-乙酸钠和吲哚-3-丙酸,可通过促进断奶仔猪肠道发育和增强屏障功能,缓解断奶应激诱导的肠道损伤[20,22-23]。由此可见,通过营养调控手段保障肠道微生物的色氨酸代谢稳态是改善断奶仔猪肠道健康的有效措施。

1.2 微生物-肠-X轴靶点

1.2.1 微生物-肠-脑轴

微生物-肠-脑轴主要由肠道、中枢神经系统、自主神经系统、肠神经系统、下丘脑垂体肾上腺轴、免疫系统和肠道菌群组成[24],在调控断奶仔猪行为和应激反应中发挥重要作用。Murray等[25]研究证明,在断奶仔猪中,肠道微生物代谢产物能够穿过血脑屏障进入大脑,这为仔猪生产中的微生物-肠-脑轴提供了直接证据。肠道微生物主要通过3种方式调控微生物-肠-脑轴[26]:1)神经通路,肠道微生物产生多种神经活性分子,如γ-氨基丁酸、血清素和多巴胺,这些分子一方面与肠神经系统相互作用,通过迷走神经及其他神经回路向大脑传递信号,另一方面可进入体循环,穿越血脑屏障直接调节大脑神经元活动;2)内分泌通路,肠道微生物影响下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical,HPA)轴参与应激反应与行为调控;3)免疫通路,肠道微生物代谢产物调节免疫活性,诱导细胞因子产生,这些免疫介质经体循环分布全身,既可直接穿越血脑屏障发挥作用,也可通过神经免疫信号间接影响脑功能。此外,肠道微生物还能够通过调控肠内分泌细胞分泌肠道肽[如胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)和YY肽(peptide YY,PYY)]影响HPA轴,进而调节断奶仔猪食欲。例如,乳杆菌产生的吲哚-3-乳酸可促进肠内分泌细胞分化,增强GLP-1产生,抑制仔猪进食[27]。值得注意的是,在断奶仔猪摄入呕吐毒素后也观察到了肠道中GLP-1和PYY水平升高,进而抑制下丘脑中促食肽神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)活性,激活抑食肽阿黑皮素原(pro-opiomelanocortin,POMC)活性[28],这可能是呕吐毒素抑制断奶仔猪进食的肠-脑轴基础,但具体何种肠道微生物在其中发挥作用仍需进一步探索。
近年来研究提示,营养手段可能通过调控微生物-肠-脑轴,改善仔猪行为、食欲和生长性能。Zhang等[29]研究发现,饲粮中添加发酵麻疯树饼粕可增加结肠中普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)、罗氏菌属(Roseburia)和粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)的丰度,提高结肠、血浆和下丘脑中γ-氨基丁酸和血清素水平,从而提高断奶仔猪的采食量和生长性能。Zhao等[30]研究发现,饲粮中添加肉桂醛和香芹酚可提高仔猪肠道中乳杆菌属丰度和血清中食欲素水平,降低血清中胆囊收缩素水平,进而调节断奶仔猪的食欲,增加采食量和体增重。Li等[31]研究发现,饲粮中添加γ-氨基丁酸能够提高仔猪血浆中促食肽NPY水平,改善仔猪攻击性行为;此外,Mei等[32]研究也发现,饲粮中添加γ-氨基丁酸能够提高海马体中PYY和NPY的表达水平,改善肠道形态和攻击性行为,降低断奶仔猪腹泻率。

1.2.2 微生物-肠-肝轴

肠-肝轴是指肠道与肝脏之间通过门静脉或胆道系统等所形成的双向调控机制,在维持机体代谢、免疫稳态及毒素清除方面发挥核心作用[33]。肠道通过门静脉系统将消化吸收的营养物质、微生物代谢产物、毒素及微生物相关分子模式直接转运至肝脏,肝脏对这些物质进一步代谢[34]。与此同时,肝脏通过胆道系统分泌胆汁酸,不仅参与肠道脂质代谢,还能够抑制肠道内有害菌的过度增殖;肠道中的胆汁酸通过调控FXR和TGR5等信号通路的活性,进而反向调节肝脏胆汁酸合成稳态[35]。
微生物-肠-肝轴在断奶仔猪生长发育过程中发挥了重要的调节作用。例如,仔猪肠道中的粪便普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella copri)诱导CD4+细胞亚群向2型辅助性T细胞(Th2细胞)亚群转换,提高门静脉IL-13水平,进而激活肝细胞IL-13受体-Janus激酶(Janus kinase,JAK)2-JAK6信号通路,刺激胰岛素样生长因子1合成,最终提高断奶仔猪的生长性能[36]。Qi等[37]研究发现,史氏甲烷短杆菌(Methanobrevibacter smithii)一方面抑制肝脏酮体代谢功能,减少β-羟基丁酸生成;另一方面增加肠道通透性,微生物脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)引发肝脏枯否细胞M1型极化与炎性反应,加剧肝脏损伤,最终导致断奶仔猪生长性能降低。此外,断奶仔猪采食T-2毒素污染的饲粮后,肠道中腐生葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus saprophyticus)大量增殖并易位至肝脏,引发巨噬细胞M1型极化与炎性反应,最终导致肝脏损伤;而饲粮中添加低聚木糖可抑制Staphylococcus saprophyticus增殖和肝脏易位,缓解T-2毒素诱导的仔猪肝脏损伤[38]。

2 基于肠道微生物稳态构建的营养调控新措施

2.1 饲粮纤维

在无抗养殖背景下,饲粮纤维在调控肠道微生物组成结构与代谢功能中发挥了关键作用,进而影响断奶仔猪肠道健康和生长性能。已有研究表明,适宜的饲粮纤维水平(4.66%)能够提高肠道抗氧化能力,改善断奶仔猪的生长性能[39]。Zhao等[40]研究发现,饲粮中添加5%玉米麸或麦麸能够提高肠道中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacteres)的丰度,这些细菌可促进纤维降解,从而提高丁酸产量,改善断奶仔猪的生长性能。苜蓿草粉是一种含有纤维素和木质素的不溶性纤维。Huangfu等[41]研究发现,饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉能够促进肠道中纤维降解菌增殖,如克里斯滕森菌科R-7群(Christensenellaceae_R-7_group)、片球菌属(Pediococcus)和魏斯氏菌属(Weissella),提高乙酸、丙酸和丁酸水平和GRP43、GRP109A表达水平,缓解断奶仔猪腹泻。苜蓿纤维还能够增加回肠中慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)和Pediococcus丰度,提高乙酸、丙酸和丁酸水平,从而改善LPS诱导的仔猪肠道损伤[42]。
在基于肠道微生物稳态改善仔猪肠道健康方面,可溶性纤维同样也发挥了显著的效果。果胶是一类天然存在于植物细胞壁中的可溶性纤维。Yin等[43]研究发现,饲粮中添加果胶通过提高回肠中乳杆菌属和狭义梭菌属1(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1)丰度促进胆汁酸代谢,增加回肠中猪胆酸及其衍生胆汁酸水平,从而改善断奶仔猪肠道形态和生长性能。Dang等[44]研究发现,饲粮中添加果胶可提高空肠中肠球菌属(Enterococcus)和乳球菌属(Lactococcus)丰度,增加吲哚-3-乙酸和吲哚-3-丙酸水平,激活AHR信号通路及其下游IL-22表达,从而促进断奶仔猪肠道发育。饲粮中添加β-葡聚糖可促进结肠中短链脂肪酸产生菌[如阿加索杆菌属(Agathobacter)和罕见小球菌属(Subdoligranulum)]增殖,提高丙酸和丁酸水平,从而缓解LPS诱导的仔猪肠道损伤和腹泻[45]。此外,许多寡糖类可溶性纤维,如低聚木糖[46]、低聚半乳糖[47-48]和甘露寡糖[46],都能够改善肠道微生物稳态,促进SCFAs和胆汁酸代谢,从而改善断奶仔猪肠道健康和生长性能。

2.2 蛋白质和氨基酸

蛋白质和氨基酸是仔猪生长发育与免疫功能维持的核心营养物质,对于构成仔猪肌肉、器官、免疫细胞和酶类等至关重要。豆粕是猪生产中最重要的蛋白质饲料原料,发酵处理可将其大分子蛋白质(如76 kDa的β-伴大豆球蛋白α-亚基)降解为35 kDa及以下长度的小分子蛋白质[49]。Qiu等[50]研究发现,利用发酵玉米豆粕替代未发酵玉米豆粕能够提高结肠中乳杆菌属、粪杆菌属丰度和丁酸水平,提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,降低腹泻率。Xie等[51]研究发现,发酵豆粕可提高肠道中乳杆菌属和普雷沃氏菌属丰度以及丙酸、丁酸水平,从而促进断奶仔猪肠道发育。除此之外,一些功能性蛋白质或氨基酸也能够通过调控肠道微生物稳态及代谢功能来改善断奶仔猪肠道健康。Hu等[52]研究发现,灌胃乳铁蛋白溶液后,仔猪结肠中罗氏菌属丰度增加,埃希氏菌属-志贺氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)丰度减少,丁酸水平提高,断奶仔猪肠道屏障功能得到改善。Liu等[53]研究发现,饲粮中添加半胱氨酸能够提高肠道普雷沃氏菌科(Prevotelaceae)和罗姆布茨菌属(Romboutsia)丰度,增加丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸水平,缓解断奶仔猪肠道炎症。

2.3 植物活性成分

植物活性成分作为天然、绿色的功能性物质,是无抗养殖背景下仔猪健康生产的重要支撑。植物活性成分能够调控断奶仔猪肠道微生物稳态,优化肠道菌群结构,同时还可调节肠道微生物代谢功能,促进短链脂肪酸代谢、胆汁酸代谢和色氨酸代谢等,激活相关信号通路,进而改善仔猪肠道健康(表1)。Zhang等[54]研究发现,蒙花苷可提高仔猪结肠中孢杆菌属(Sporobacter)、链杆菌属(Catenibacillus)和泰泽氏菌属(Tyzzerella)丰度,增加乙酸、丙酸和丁酸水平,从而缓解ETEC诱导的仔猪结肠损伤和炎症。Xue等[14]研究发现,饲粮中添加齐墩果酸可提高仔猪回肠和盲肠中CDCA和UDCA水平,并通过激活FXR和TGR5信号抑制核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)介导的肠道炎性反应,缓解ETEC诱导的断奶仔猪肠道炎症。Liu等[55]研究发现,饲粮中添加大蒜来源的外泌体样纳米颗粒能够提高断奶仔猪肠道中罗伊氏乳杆菌丰度及其代谢产物吲哚-3-丙酸水平,缓解断奶应激引起的肠道屏障损伤,降低腹泻率。这些植物活性成分通过改善肠道微生物稳态并促进微生物代谢功能,可改善仔猪肠道健康和生长性能。
表1 调控肠道微生物稳态及代谢功能的植物活性成分

Table 1 Plant-derived bioactive components modulating gut microbial homeostasis and metabolic functions

项目
Items		 试验动物
Experimental
animals		 剂量
Dosage		 作用效果及机制
Effect and
mechanism		 参考文献
Reference
蒙花苷
Linarin		 21日龄
断奶仔猪		 150 mg/kg
饲粮		 增加孢杆菌属(Sporobacter)、链杆菌属(Catenibacillus)
和泰泽氏菌属(Tyzzerella)丰度,提高乙酸、
丙酸、丁酸水平,缓解产肠毒素大肠杆菌
(ETEC)诱导的肠道损伤		 [54]
小檗碱
Berberine		 21日龄
断奶仔猪		 250 mg/kg
饲粮		 增加乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和巨球形菌属
(Megasphaera)丰度,降低脱氧胆酸、羟基胆酸和
7-酮脱氧胆酸水平,缓解ETEC诱导的肠道损伤		 [56]
小檗碱
Berberine		 21日龄
断奶仔猪		 250 mg/kg
饲粮		 增加魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)和拟普雷沃菌属
(Alloprevotella)丰度,促进初级胆汁酸和
次级胆汁酸生物合成,缓解ETEC诱导的肠道损伤		 [57]
小檗碱+鞣花酸
Berberine+
ellagic acid		 21日龄
断奶仔猪		 10 mg/kg
体重		 增加Lactobacillus和考拉杆菌属(Phascolarctobacterium)
丰度,减少副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)、琥珀酸弧
菌属(Succinivibrio)和丁酸球菌属(Butyricicoccus)
丰度,提高丙酸和丁酸水平,改善肠道健康和生长性能		 [58]
齐墩果酸
Oleanolic acid		 28日龄
断奶仔猪		 100 mg/kg
饲粮		 提高鹅脱氧胆酸(CDCA)和熊脱氧胆酸(UDCA)水平,
激活法尼醇X受体(FXR)和G蛋白偶联BA受体1
(GPBAR1,也称TGR5)信号通路,抑制核因子-κB
(NF-κB)信号通路,缓解ETEC诱导的肠道炎症		 [14]
二氢槲皮
Dihydroquercetin		 21日龄
断奶仔猪		 100 mg/kg
饲粮		 增加甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)和密螺
旋体属(Treponema)丰度,提高甘氨脱氧胆酸水平,
改善粪便普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella copri)引起的
肠道损伤和生长性能下降		 [59]
咖啡酸
Caffeic acid		 21日龄
断奶仔猪		 500 mg/kg
饲粮		 增加Lactobacillus丰度,减少罗姆布茨菌属(Romboutsia)
丰度,提高次级胆汁酸和猪脱氧胆酸(HDCA)水平,
缓解脂多糖(LPS)诱导的肠道损伤		 [60]
羟基酪醇
Hydroxytyrosol		 21日龄
断奶仔猪		 500 mg/kg
饲粮		 增加肠杆菌属(Intestinibacter)丰度,提高
HDCA和β-鼠胆酸水平,缓解氧化应激
引起的肠道损伤		 [61]
大蒜来源的外泌体样纳米颗粒
Garlic-derived
exosome-like
nanoparticles		 25日龄
断奶仔猪		 50 mg/kg
体重		 增加罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)丰度,
提高其代谢产物吲哚-3-丙酸水平,缓解断奶
应激引起的肠道屏障损伤和腹泻		 [55]
白藜芦醇
Resveratrol		 21日龄
断奶仔猪		 300 mg/kg
饲粮		 增加罗氏菌属(Roseburia)丰度,减少拟杆菌属
(Bacteroides)和未鉴定的肠杆菌科(unidentified_
Enterobacteriaceae)丰度,提高丁酸水平,缓解
呕吐毒素诱导的肠道损伤		 [62]
白藜芦醇
Resveratrol		 28日龄
断奶仔猪		 90 mg/kg
饲粮		 增加狭义梭菌属1(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1)和毛螺
菌科(Lachnospiraceae)丰度,提高吲哚-3-甲醇和5-
羟基吲哚-3-乙酸水平,缓解氧化应激引起的肠道损伤		 [63]
虫草素
Cordycepin		 (7.37±0.52) kg
断奶仔猪		 1 mg/kg
饲粮		 富集拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和普雷沃氏菌属9
(Prevotella_9)等菌群,提高丁酸水平,缓解
LPS诱导的肠道损伤		 [64]
虫草素
Cordycepin		 21日龄
断奶仔猪		 60 mg/kg
饲粮		 增加酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)丰度,减少粪杆菌属
(Faecalibacterium)丰度,提高色氨酸代谢产物色
胺水平,缓解LPS诱导的肠道损伤		 [65]

2.4 其他

葡萄糖是机体内最直接、最核心的能量底物,是维持细胞基础代谢、器官功能运转与机体生长发育的首要物质。虽然葡萄糖较少应用于饲粮配方中,但其衍生物在改善仔猪肠道健康和生长性能方面展现出优良效果。Michiels等[66]研究发现,由葡萄糖氧化或生物发酵制得的葡萄糖酸能够提高肠道中嗜淀粉乳杆菌、普氏栖粪杆菌(Faecalibacterium prausnitzii)和埃氏巨球形菌(Megasphaera elsdenii)的丰度,增加丁酸产量,从而提高断奶仔猪的生长性能。Cui等[21]研究发现,饲粮中添加葡萄糖天然代谢产物——葡醛内酯,可提高回肠中嗜淀粉乳杆菌的丰度,增加其代谢产物吲哚-3-乙酸的水平,通过激活AHR-半乳糖3-O-磺基转移酶3(galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase 3,GAL3ST3)轴促进杯状细胞黏蛋白硫酸化,进而缓解呕吐毒素诱导的断奶仔猪肠道损伤。维生素作为多种代谢酶的辅酶或辅基,参与能量代谢、蛋白质合成及核酸代谢等关键生化过程,直接影响断奶仔猪的生长性能。饲粮中添加维生素B3能够增加结肠中瘤胃球菌科UCG-005(Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005)丰度,提高乙酸水平,改善仔猪肠道形态,降低腹泻率[67]。饲粮中添加维生素D3代谢物能够促进肝脏FXR-维生素D受体互作,抑制肝脏胆汁酸合成,降低回肠中甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸和7-酮石胆酸水平,从而缓解断奶仔猪腹泻[68]。此外,乳脂肪球膜和胆碱能够促进肠道产SCFAs菌增殖,提高SCFAs水平,从而改善仔猪肠道健康和生长性能[69-70]。

3 小结与展望

综上所述,断奶应激与饲料“禁抗”的叠加效应显著加剧了仔猪肠道微生物稳态失衡的风险,引发肠道屏障损伤、免疫紊乱及生长性能下降等问题。当前,研究已逐渐从肠道形态、免疫功能、抗氧化指标拓宽至微生物代谢功能与微生物-宿主互作网络,明确了SCFAs、胆汁酸、色氨酸等微生物关键代谢通路在维持肠道稳态中的核心地位。同时,微生物-肠-脑轴与微生物-肠-肝轴的提出,为理解肠道微生物如何系统调控仔猪食欲、行为和免疫提供了全新视角。在营养调控方面,饲粮纤维、功能性蛋白质与氨基酸、植物活性成分等已被证实可通过调节肠道微生物组成及其代谢产物,有效缓解断奶应激、致病菌及霉菌毒素诱导的肠道损伤,展现出良好的应用前景。
断奶仔猪肠道微生物稳态的营养调控研究仍需在以下几个方面深入探索:第一,加强多组学联合分析,系统揭示关键微生物代谢产物与宿主信号通路之间的分子调控网络;第二,针对不同遗传背景、饲养环境及应激类型的仔猪,开发个性化精准营养干预方案;第三,进一步阐明微生物-肠-脑轴与微生物-肠-肝轴在仔猪生长发育中的协同机制,挖掘新的干预靶点。通过上述研究的系统推进,有望构建更加高效、绿色、可持续的仔猪肠道健康营养调控技术体系,为生猪无抗养殖提供技术支持。

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