高产和低产奶牛瘤胃微生物与宿主代谢物的互作机制及营养调控策略
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张 静(1999—),女,宁夏银川人,硕士研究生,研究方向为动物营养与饲料。E-mail: 18709519130@163.com |
Office editor: 武海龙
收稿日期: 2025-11-27
网络出版日期: 2026-06-13
基金资助
宁夏反刍动物营养科技创新团队项目(2024CXTD008)
Interaction Mechanisms between Rumen Microorganisms and Host Metabolites in High-Yielding and Low-Yielding Dairy Cows and Nutritional Regulation Strategies
Received date: 2025-11-27
Online published: 2026-06-13
随着全球奶制品需求持续增长,挖掘奶牛泌乳潜力成为动物营养学研究核心。瘤胃微生物与宿主代谢物的互作及其介导的“瘤胃-血液-乳腺”轴,是调控产奶效率的关键机制。本文综述了高产和低产奶牛的核心差异:高产奶牛瘤胃中普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)等微生物富集,通过强化碳水化合物降解、提高丙酸产量、降低乙酸/丙酸、促进维生素B12(VB12)合成,优化能量代谢和乳前体供应;瘤胃源代谢物经血液转运至乳腺后,通过G蛋白偶联受体41(GPR41)-蛋白激酶A(PKA)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)等信号通路上调乳糖和乳脂合成相关基因表达。文章进一步总结了基于多组学技术的精准营养策略,包括靶向丙酸生成和甲烷抑制、优化氮代谢循环、稳定围产期瘤胃微生态等干预路径,为通过营养调控靶向优化“瘤胃-血液-乳腺”轴、提升奶牛产奶性能提供理论依据与实践参考。
张静 , 王德志 , 董雪岩 , 马燕芬 . 高产和低产奶牛瘤胃微生物与宿主代谢物的互作机制及营养调控策略[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(6) : 4043 -4050 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.323
As global demand for dairy products continues to rise, unlocking the lactation potential of dairy cows has become central to animal nutrition research. The interaction between rumen microorganisms and host metabolites, along with the “rumen-blood-mammary gland” axis they mediate, represents a key mechanism regulating milk production efficiency. This review summarizes core differences between high-yielding and low-yielding dairy cows: in high-yielding cows, microbial enrichment of Prevotella and other species in the rumen enhances carbohydrate degradation, increases propionic acid production, decreases the acetic acid/propionic acid, and promotes vitamin B12 synthesis, thereby optimizes energy metabolism and milk precursor supply. Rumen-derived metabolites transported via blood to the mammary gland then activate lactose and milk fat synthesis-related gene expression through signaling pathways such as G-protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41)-protein kinase A (PKA) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). The article further summarizes precision nutrition strategies based on multi-omics technologies, including intervention pathways targeting propionic acid production and methane suppression, optimizing nitrogen metabolism cycles, and stabilizing peripartum rumen microbiota, provides theoretical foundations and practical references for nutritionally regulating the “rumen-blood-mammary gland” axis to enhance dairy cow milk production performance.
Key words: milk yield; dairy cows; rumen microorganisms; rumen metabolites; blood metabolome
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