1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料和伦理声明
1.2 试验动物和试验设计
1.3 试验饲粮和饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) % |
| 原料 Ingredients | 含量 Content | 营养水平 Nutrient levels | 含量 Content | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 玉米 Corn | 39.80 | 干物质(风干基础) DM (air-dry basis) | 89.40 | |
| 膨化玉米 Extruded corn | 13.80 | 粗蛋白质 CP | 20.40 | |
| 发酵豆粕 Fermented soybean meal | 13.80 | 粗脂肪 EE | 3.85 | |
| 膨化大豆 Extrude soybean | 14.00 | 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 13.67 | |
| 小麦麸 Wheat bran | 13.70 | 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 5.59 | |
| 石粉 Limestone | 2.20 | 钙 Ca | 1.19 | |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.90 | 磷 P | 0.71 | |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.50 | 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 13.73 | |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.30 | |||
| 合计 Total | 100.00 |
1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of the premix contained the following:VA 1 200 000 IU,VD3 300 000 IU,VE 5 000 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 1 250 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 8 000 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 8 000 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 3 000 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 30 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 100 mg,Co (as cobalt sulfate) 30 mg。 |
1.4 样品采集及指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能和体尺指标
1.4.2 粪便评分和腹泻率
1.4.3 血液样品采集及指标测定
1.4.4 粪样采集及菌群测定
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 GLP对犊牛生长性能、体尺指标和腹泻情况的影响
表2 GLP对犊牛生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of GLP on growth performance of calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | GLP5 | GLP10 | GLP20 | ||
| 开食料平均日采食量 Average daily feed intake of starter/(kg/d) | 1.45±0.29 | 1.47±0.26 | 1.53±0.32 | 1.51±0.19 | 0.887 |
| 初始体重 Initial body weight/kg | 56.25±4.64 | 57.40±3.18 | 57.46±5.23 | 56.88±2.81 | 0.910 |
| 终末体重 Final body weight/kg | 109.78±6.62a | 113.63±5.14ab | 122.14±9.43c | 116.43±6.67bc | 0.010 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/kg | 1.07±0.07a | 1.13±0.12ab | 1.29±0.13c | 1.18±0.09bc | 0.002 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
表3 GLP对犊牛体尺指标的影响Table 3 Effects of GLP on body size indices of calvescm |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | GLP5 | GLP10 | GLP20 | ||
| 体高 Withers height | |||||
| 初始 Initial | 79.88±2.64 | 80.75±2.19 | 79.75±3.06 | 80.63±2.26 | 0.810 |
| 终末 Final | 89.69±2.86 | 91.44±2.49 | 93.31±4.83 | 90.87±4.88 | 0.700 |
| 体斜长 Body oblique length | |||||
| 初始 Initial | 84.00±3.42 | 83.25±3.49 | 84.89±3.98 | 84.50±3.89 | 0.830 |
| 终末 Final | 101.31±3.40 | 103.06±5.46 | 107.69±6.84 | 105.44±4.00 | 0.090 |
| 胸围 Chest circumference | |||||
| 初始 Initial | 88.00±2.93 | 87.63±3.11 | 87.89±3.48 | 88.37±4.10 | 0.980 |
| 终末 Final | 105.94±3.70 | 106.31±7.61 | 110.56±5.95 | 108.06±3.75 | 0.340 |
表4 GLP对犊牛粪便评分和腹泻率的影响Table 4 Effects of GLP on fecal score and diarrhea rate of calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | GLP5 | GLP10 | GLP20 | ||
| 粪便评分 Fecal score/分 | 1.95±0.23b | 1.86±0.24ab | 1.65±0.06a | 1.75±0.15a | 0.020 |
| 腹泻率 Diarrhea rate/% | 12.75b | 11.50ab | 9.25a | 10.00ab | <0.001 |
2.2 GLP对犊牛血清生化指标的影响
表5 GLP对犊牛血清生化指标的影响Table 5 Effects of GLP on serum biochemical indices of calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | GLP10 | ||
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 43.50±4.03 | 45.57±1.90 | 0.334 |
| 葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) | 4.43±0.76 | 4.58±0.69 | 0.753 |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L ) | 0.98±0.09 | 1.01±0.08 | 0.410 |
| 尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) | 4.70±0.79 | 4.69±0.73 | 0.990 |
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 36.91±4.48b | 30.50±3.32a | 0.033 |
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 47.82±7.03 | 45.54±7.45 | 0.633 |
2.3 GLP对犊牛血清抗氧化指标的影响
表6 GLP对犊牛血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of GLP on serum antioxidant indices of calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | GLP10 | ||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/L) | 12.56±1.93a | 16.89±1.40b | 0.004 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 217.34±32.70a | 303.80±34.37b | 0.004 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 288.94±17.43a | 412.44±40.15b | <0.001 |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) | 37.70±6.36a | 63.86±5.65b | <0.001 |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(mmol/L) | 8.64±0.69b | 5.46±0.91a | <0.001 |
2.4 GLP对犊牛血清DAO活性和免疫指标的影响
表7 GLP对犊牛血清DAO活性和免疫指标的影响Table 7 Effects of GLP on serum DAO activity and immune indices of calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | GLP10 | ||
| 二胺氧化酶 DAO/(U/mL) | 23.15±1.88b | 15.43±2.36a | <0.001 |
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(mg/mL) | 2.04±0.30a | 2.71±0.18b | 0.003 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) | 12.61±2.91a | 20.20±1.84b | 0.001 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(mg/mL) | 3.95±0.53a | 5.88±0.47b | <0.001 |
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(pg/mL) | 159.46±30.95a | 228.10±44.67b | 0.022 |
| 白细胞介素-4 IL-4/(pg/mL) | 39.84±4.53a | 60.87±6.01b | <0.001 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) | 203.76±29.07b | 124.28±16.58a | <0.001 |
2.5 GLP对犊牛粪便菌群的影响
2.5.1 粪便菌群α多样性分析
表8 GLP对犊牛粪便菌群α多样性的影响Table 8 Effects of GLP on α diversity of fecal microbiota of calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | GLP10 | ||
| Chao1指数 Chao1 index | 927.81±71.60a | 1 303.58±129.13b | 0.002 |
| Shannon指数 Shannon index | 7.45±0.05a | 8.22±0.07b | <0.001 |
| Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.98±0.00a | 0.99±0.00b | <0.001 |
| Coverage指数 Coverage index | 0.99±0.00 | 0.99±0.00 | 0.070 |
2.5.2 粪便菌群组成分析
表9 GLP对犊牛粪便菌群优势菌门相对丰度的影响Table 9 Effects of GLP on relative abundances of dominant bacterial phyla in fecal microbiota of calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | GLP10 | ||
| 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes | 0.679 2±0.010 8 | 0.647 2±0.015 8 | 0.080 |
| 拟杆菌门 Bacteroidota | 0.314 4±0.004 5 | 0.326 6±0.016 4 | 0.202 |
| 放线菌门 Actinobacteriota | 0.002 6±0.000 5a | 0.010 4±0.000 8b | <0.001 |
| 变形菌门 Proteobacteria | 0.001 4±0.000 1a | 0.005 2±0.000 4b | <0.001 |
表10 GLP对犊牛粪便菌群优势菌属相对丰度的影响Table 10 Effects of GLP on relative abundances of dominant bacterial genera in fecal microbiota of calves |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | GLP10 | ||
| Faecousia | 0.282 8±0.015 9b | 0.153 8±0.010 5a | <0.001 |
| Cryptobacteroides | 0.089 1±0.001 9a | 0.097 9±0.002 6b | 0.002 |
| Phocaeicola | 0.131 4±0.002 4b | 0.051 8±0.004 0a | <0.001 |
| 乳杆菌属 Lactobacillus | 0.007 8±0.002 2a | 0.070 1±0.011 7b | <0.001 |
| 布劳特氏菌属 Blautia | 0.012 7±0.001 4a | 0.055 2±0.009 6b | <0.001 |
2.6 犊牛生长性能、体尺指标、粪便评分和腹泻率与粪便优势菌属相关性分析
图2 犊牛生长性能、体尺指标、粪便评分和腹泻率与粪便优势菌属相关性分析*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**(P<0.01)和***(P<0.001)表示极显著相关。 Fig.2 Correlation analysis of growth performance, body size indices, fecal score and diarrhea rate with fecal dominant bacterial genera of calves * indicated significant correlation (P<0.05), and ** (P<0.01) and *** (P<0.001) indicated extremely significant correlation. |

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