1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计与饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |
| 玉米 Corn | 11.0 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 14.0 |
| 麦麸 Wheat bran | 22.0 |
| 大麦 Barley | 16.0 |
| 玉米皮 Corn bran | 35.0 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.0 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.5 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 0.3 |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met | 0.1 |
| L-赖氨酸 L-Lys | 0.1 |
| 合计 Total | 100.0 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |
| 消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) | 10.28 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 17.10 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 3.40 |
| 粗纤维 CF | 14.25 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 33.30 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 18.50 |
| 酸性洗涤木质素 ADL | 3.72 |
| 钙 Ca | 1.10 |
| 总磷 TP | 0.62 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 0.76 |
| 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys | 0.49 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 4 000 IU,VD3 2 500 IU,VE 4 000 IU,VK 3 mg,VB1 3 mg,VB6 5 mg,VB12 0.04 mg,胆碱 choline 300 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg,烟酸niacin acid 50 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,Zn 70 mg,Fe 70 mg,Cu 20 mg,Mn 10 mg,I 0.2 mg,Se 0.2 mg,Co 0.15 mg。 |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 测定指标和方法
1.4.1 生产性能
1.4.2 养分表观消化率
1.4.3 肠道形态及肠道微生物
1.5 数据处理与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 山药多糖对肉兔生产性能的影响
表2 山药多糖对肉兔生产性能的影响Table 2 Effects of yam polysaccharides on performance of meat rabbits |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YP0 | YP1 | YP2 | YP3 | |||
| 初重 IBW/g | 598.47 | 594.05 | 597.66 | 603.87 | 9.911 | 0.992 |
| 末重 FBW/g | 1 445.34b | 1 490.26ab | 1 532.91a | 1 541.92a | 15.578 | 0.049 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 30.25b | 31.26b | 33.40a | 33.51a | 0.452 | 0.001 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 107.51 | 105.02 | 107.01 | 107.43 | 0.600 | 0.468 |
| 料重比 F/G | 3.55a | 3.35b | 3.21b | 3.23b | 0.050 | 0.008 |
| 腹泻率 Diarrhea rate/% | 8.00 | 4.00 | 8.00 | 6.00 | 1.667 | 0.830 |
| 死亡率 Mortality rate/% | 8.00 | 4.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 0.154 | 0.604 |
| 半净膛率 Half eviscerated rate/% | 51.34 | 53.25 | 54.32 | 54.06 | 0.989 | 0.766 |
| 全净膛率 Full eviscerated rate/% | 48.65b | 50.71ab | 53.13a | 53.14a | 0.772 | 0.023 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 山药多糖对肉兔养分表观消化率的影响
表3 山药多糖对肉兔养分表观消化率的影响Table 3 Effects of yam polysaccharides on nutrient apparent digestibility of meat rabbits % |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YP0 | YP1 | YP2 | YP3 | |||
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 72.43 | 73.94 | 73.81 | 72.18 | 0.456 | 0.873 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 76.31c | 80.28bc | 83.99ab | 86.76a | 1.436 | 0.022 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 34.13b | 35.65ab | 37.54a | 38.16a | 0.500 | 0.024 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 11.04 | 11.21 | 10.79 | 10.88 | 0.614 | 0.997 |
| 钙 Ca | 47.48 | 47.63 | 48.02 | 47.51 | 0.531 | 0.998 |
| 磷 P | 22.42 | 22.68 | 22.72 | 22.11 | 0.482 | 0.978 |
2.3 山药多糖对肉兔肠道形态的影响
表4 山药多糖对肉兔肠道形态的影响Table 4 Effects of yam polysaccharides on intestinal morphology of meat rabbits |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YP0 | YP1 | YP2 | YP3 | ||||||||||
| 十二指肠 Duodenum | |||||||||||||
| 绒毛高度 VH/μm | 741.95 | 731.02 | 753.35 | 746.64 | 5.230 | 0.551 | |||||||
| 隐窝深度 CD/μm | 192.92 | 184.98 | 199.23 | 188.42 | 2.864 | 0.361 | |||||||
| 绒隐比 V/C | 3.85 | 3.96 | 3.79 | 3.97 | 0.036 | 0.211 | |||||||
| 空肠 Jejunum | |||||||||||||
| 绒毛高度 VH/μm | 557.67b | 627.56a | 633.83a | 642.72a | 13.248 | 0.046 | |||||||
| 隐窝深度 CD/μm | 136.64 | 142.53 | 136.82 | 143.91 | 2.056 | 0.526 | |||||||
| 绒隐比 V/C | 4.08b | 4.40a | 4.63a | 4.47a | 0.072 | 0.019 | |||||||
| 回肠 Ileum | |||||||||||||
| 绒毛高度 VH/μm | 539.90 | 531.75 | 506.58 | 513.34 | 11.678 | 0.779 | |||||||
| 隐窝深度 CD/μm | 146.43 | 145.20 | 130.09 | 123.61 | 4.194 | 0.125 | |||||||
| 绒隐比 V/C | 3.69c | 3.66c | 3.89b | 4.16a | 0.064 | <0.001 | |||||||
2.4 山药多糖对肉兔肠道微生物的影响
2.4.1 山药多糖对肉兔肠道微生物多样性的影响
2.4.2 山药多糖对肉兔肠道微生物组成的影响
图3 盲肠微生物门水平(A)及属水平(B)组成Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Patescibacteria:髌骨菌门;Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Desulfobacterota:脱硫杆菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Euryarchaeota:广古菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝细菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Chloroplast:叶绿体;Unclassified:未分类;Others:其他;Akkermansia:阿克曼菌属;Intestinimonas:肠单胞菌属;Candidatus_Saccharimonas:候选糖单胞菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Eisenbergiella:艾森伯格菌属;Sporobacter:孢杆菌属;Blautia:布劳特氏菌属;Flavonifractor:解黄酮菌属;Oscillibacter:颤杆菌属;Fusicatenibacter:梭形杆菌属。图4同 the same as Fig.4。 Fig.3 Composition of cecal microbiota at phylum level (A) and genus level (B) |
图4 盲肠微生物组成差异分析A、B、C、D、E分别为门、纲、目、科、属水平微生物组成差异分析,F为LEfSe分析。A, B, C, D and E represented microbiota composition difference analysis at phylum, class, order, family and genus levels, respectively, F represented LEfSe analysis. Campilobacterota:弯曲菌门;Synergistota:互养菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝细菌纲;Thermoanaerobacteria:热厌氧菌纲;Desulfitobacteria:脱亚硫酸盐杆菌纲;Lentisphaeria:黏胶球形菌纲;Gammaproteobacteria:γ-变形菌纲;Coriobacteriia:柯里氏菌亚纲;Vampirivibrionia:吸血弧菌纲;Alphaproteobacteria:α-变形菌纲;Methanobacteria:甲烷杆菌纲;Desulfovibrionia:脱硫弧菌纲;Bacilli:芽孢杆菌纲;Bacteroidia:拟杆菌纲;Saccharimonadia:糖单胞菌纲;Verrucomicrobiae:疣微菌纲;Clostridia:梭菌纲;Eubacteriales:真细菌目;Entomoplasmatales:昆虫支原体目;Acholeplasmatales:无胆甾原体目;Erysipelotrichales:丹毒丝菌目;Clostridiales:梭菌目;Methanobacteriales:甲烷杆菌目;Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales:消化链球菌-提斯勒菌目;Desulfovibrionales:脱硫弧菌目;Monoglobales:单球菌目;Christensenellales:克里斯滕森菌目;Bacteroidales:拟杆菌目;Saccharimonadales:糖单胞菌目;Lachnospirales:毛螺菌目;Verrucomicrobiales:疣微菌目;Oscillospirales:颤螺旋菌目;Spiroplasmataceae:螺旋体科;Acholeplasmataceae:无胆甾原体科;Erysipelotrichaceae:丹毒丝菌科;Rikenellaceae:理研菌科;Methanobacteriaceae:甲烷杆菌科;Desulfovibrionaceae:脱硫弧菌科;Monoglobaceae:单球菌科;Muribaculaceae:鼠杆菌科;Butyricicoccaceae:丁酸球菌科;Christensenellaceae:克里斯滕森菌科;Saccharimonadaceae:糖单胞菌科;Ruminococcaceae:瘤胃球菌科;Oscillospiraceae:颤螺旋菌科;Lachnospiraceae:毛螺旋菌科;Akkermansiaceae:阿克曼菌科;Monoglobus:单球菌属;Christensenella:克里斯滕森菌属;Roseburia:罗斯氏菌属;Muribaculum:鼠杆菌属;Butyricicoccus:丁酸球菌属;Blautia_coccoides:球状布劳特氏菌;Marvinbryantia_formatexigens:产甲酸马文布莱恩特氏菌;Marvinbryantia:马文布莱恩特氏菌属;Lachnotalea:毛螺菌属;Lachnotalea_glycerini:甘油毛螺菌;Roseburia_faecis:粪便罗斯氏菌;Blautia_producta:产布劳特氏菌;Natranaerovirga:嗜盐厌氧菌属;Natranaerovirga_pectinivora:果胶嗜盐厌氧菌;Butyrivibrio:丁酸弧菌属;Butyrivibrio_crossotus:交叉丁酸弧菌;Ruminococcus_albus:白色瘤胃球菌;Roseburia_inulinivorans:菊糖罗斯氏菌。 Fig.4 Differential analysis of cecal microbiota composition |
表5 山药多糖对肉兔盲肠差异微生物相对丰度的影响Table 5 Effects of yam polysaccharides on relative abundances of differential cecal microbiota of meat rabbits % |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YP0 | YP1 | YP2 | YP3 | |||
| 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes | 57.17b | 62.60ab | 67.27a | 68.97a | 1.460 | 0.007 |
| 梭菌纲 Clostridia | 55.50b | 60.56ab | 66.19a | 66.80a | 1.437 | 0.005 |
| 毛螺菌目 Lachnospirales | 18.93b | 22.51ab | 26.45a | 26.34a | 0.963 | 0.004 |
| 毛螺菌科 Lachnospiraceae | 18.92b | 22.49ab | 26.41a | 26.32a | 0.960 | 0.004 |
| 布劳特氏菌属 Blautia | 2.37c | 2.90bc | 3.39ab | 4.21a | 0.210 | 0.004 |
| 颤杆菌属 Oscillibacter | 2.06b | 1.78b | 2.93a | 2.12b | 0.145 | 0.020 |
2.4.3 微生物功能预测
表6 FAPROTAX预测功能丰度Table 6 FAPROTAX-predicted functional abundance % |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YP0 | YP1 | YP2 | YP3 | ||||||||||
| 化能异养 Chemoheterotrophy | 30.47 | 29.79 | 29.53 | 29.40 | 0.176 | 0.135 | |||||||
| 纤维素分解 Cellulolysis | 2.07 | 2.77 | 2.44 | 2.12 | 0.116 | 0.111 | |||||||
| 木聚糖分解 Xylanolysis | 1.68 | 2.23 | 1.95 | 1.65 | 0.099 | 0.135 | |||||||
| 发酵 Fermentation | 30.30 | 29.64 | 29.46 | 29.21 | 0.178 | 0.159 | |||||||
| 好氧化能异养 Aerobic chemoheterotrophy | 18.88 | 15.57 | 15.05 | 13.87 | 1.519 | 0.051 | |||||||
| 人类肠道 Human gut | 4.45 | 5.20 | 5.67 | 6.04 | 0.248 | 0.115 | |||||||
| 哺乳动物肠道 Mammal gut | 4.45 | 5.20 | 5.67 | 6.04 | 0.248 | 0.115 | |||||||
| 动物寄生或共生体 Animal parasites or symbionts | 4.97 | 5.90 | 6.02 | 6.30 | 0.272 | 0.087 | |||||||
| 芳香族化合物降解 Aromatic compound degradation | 2.27 | 2.86 | 2.98 | 3.51 | 0.211 | 0.224 | |||||||
| 还原性产乙酸 Reductive acetogenesis | 0.79b | 0.85ab | 1.36ab | 1.45a | 0.093 | 0.014 | |||||||

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