动物营养学报 >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 6: 4488 - 4498

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.360

研究论文

貂源短乳杆菌及其后生元对生长期雌性水貂生产性能、养分消化吸收及肠道免疫的影响

  • 陈健 , 1 ,
  • 荆丽珍 2 ,
  • 蒋子怡 1 ,
  • 孔令鹏 1 ,
  • 张欢乐 1 ,
  • 王光 1 ,
  • 王利华 , 1, *
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  • 1 青岛农业大学动物科技学院, 青岛 266109
  • 2 海阳市龙山街道畜牧兽医站, 海阳 265100
* 王利华,教授,硕士生导师,E-mail:

陈 健(2001—),男,山东平度人,硕士研究生,动物营养与饲料科学专业。E-mail:

Office editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2025-11-27

  网络出版日期: 2026-06-13

基金资助

山东省现代农业特种经济动物产业技术体系(SDAIT-21)

收起

Effects of Mink-Derived Lactobacillus brevis and Its Postbiotics on Performance, Nutrient Digestion and Absorption and Intestinal Immune of Growing Female Minks

  • CHEN Jian , 1 ,
  • JING Lizhen 2 ,
  • JIANG Ziyi 1 ,
  • KONG Lingpeng 1 ,
  • ZHANG Huanle 1 ,
  • WANG Guang 1 ,
  • WANG Lihua , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 2 Longshan Subdistrict Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of Haiyang City, Haiyang 265100, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2025-11-27

  Online published: 2026-06-13

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摘要

本试验旨在研究基础饲粮中添加貂源短乳杆菌及其后生元对生长期雌性水貂生产性能、养分消化吸收和肠道免疫的影响。采用2×2双因素试验设计,2个因素分别为短乳杆菌(分离自健康水貂肠道内容物)、短乳杆菌后生元(由上述貂源短乳杆菌经高压灭菌制成),二者的添加量均设为0、0.10%。选取12周龄健康红眼白色雌性水貂88只,随机分为4组,每组11个重复,每个重复2只。4组分别为CON组(基础饲粮)、LB组(基础饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌)、LBP组(基础饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌后生元)和LB-LBP组(基础饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌和0.10%短乳杆菌后生元)。预试期1周,正试期8周。结果显示:1)饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌显著降低了背部针毛长度(P<0.05),显著增加了头部绒毛长度及尾部绒毛细度(P<0.05),并显著降低了头部和尾部针绒比(P<0.05);显著提高粗脂肪表观消化率(P<0.05);显著增加了空肠黏膜中分泌型免疫球蛋白A(slgA)含量(P<0.05)。2)饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌后生元显著提高了水貂16周龄体重(P<0.05)、12~16周龄平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低了12~16周龄料重比(P<0.05);显著提高了粗脂肪表观消化率(P<0.05);显著增加十二指肠中胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性(P<0.05);显著降低了空肠黏膜中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)含量。3)短乳杆菌与短乳杆菌后生元对水貂20周龄体重、12~20周平均日增重、头部绒毛长度、背部绒毛细度、尾部针绒比和空肠黏膜中slgA含量上存在显著的互作效应(P<0.05),但不是协同效应。综合以上结果得出,生长期雌性水貂饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌能改善毛绒品质,而添加0.10%短乳杆菌后生元能提高养分的消化吸收并改善生长性能;短乳杆菌与其后生元之间没有协同效应。

关键词： 短乳杆菌; 后生元; 生长期; 雌性水貂; 生产性能; 养分表观消化率; 肠道免疫

本文引用格式

陈健 , 荆丽珍 , 蒋子怡 , 孔令鹏 , 张欢乐 , 王光 , 王利华 . 貂源短乳杆菌及其后生元对生长期雌性水貂生产性能、养分消化吸收及肠道免疫的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(6) : 4488 -4498 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.360

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with mink-derived Lactobacillus brevis (LB) and its postbiotics on the performance, nutrient digestion and absorption and intestinal immune of growing female minks. A 2×2 two-factor design was employed, with two factors being LB (isolated from the intestinal contents of healthy minks) and LB postbiotics (LBP, prepared by autoclaving the aforementioned mink-derived LB), and the addition for both them was set at 0 or 0.10%. A total of 88 healthy 12-week-old red-eyed white female minks were randomly assigned to 4 groups, each with 11 replicates of 2 minks per replicate. The four groups were: CON group (basal diet), LB group (basal diet+0.10% LB), LBP group (basal diet+0.10% LBP) and LB-LBP group (basal diet+0.10% LB+0.10% LBP). The adaptation period lasted for 1 week, followed by an 8-week experimental period. The results showed that: 1) dietary supplementation with 0.10% LB significantly decreased guard hair length on the back (P<0.05), significantly increased under hair length on the head and under hair thickness on the tail (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the guard hair to under hair ratio on the head and tail (P<0.05); it also significantly increased the apparent digestibility of ether extract (P<0.05) and significantly increased the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) content in the jejunal mucosa (P<0.05). 2) Dietary supplementation with 0.10% LBP significantly increased body weight at 16 weeks of age (P<0.05) and average daily gain from 12 to 16 weeks of age (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the feed-to-gain ratio from 12 to 16 weeks of age (P<0.05); it also significantly increased the apparent digestibility of ether extract (P<0.05), significantly increased the activities of trypsin and lipase in the duodenum (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the contents of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the jejunal mucosa (P<0.05). 3) Significant interactions between LB and LBP were observed for body weight at 20 weeks of age, average daily gain from 12 to 20 weeks of age, under hair length on the head, under hair thickness on the back, guard hair to under hair ratio on the tail, and sIgA content in the jejunal mucosa (P<0.05), but these interactions were not synergistic. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 0.10% LB can improve fur quality, while dietary supplementation with 0.10% LBP can enhance nutrient digestion and absorption and improve growth performance of growing female minks. No synergistic effect is observed between LB and its postbiotics.

Key words： Lactobacillus brevis; postbiotics; growing period; female minks; performance; nutrient apparent digestibility; intestinal immune

短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis,LB)是乳杆菌属中的重要种群之一,具有产酸能力强等优良生物学特性,以及抑制病原菌、增强机体免疫等多种益生功能[1]。研究表明,在动物饲粮中添加适量短乳杆菌可改善肠道菌群结构,促进抗炎因子的产生,进而增强肠道免疫功能[2],并提高动物的生长性能[3]。乳酸菌来源的后生元具有与活菌相似甚至更优的益生功能。Chen等[4]研究发现,后生元在免疫调节功能方面优于活菌。此外,后生元不仅可延长产品保质期,还能避免活菌可能引起的微生物移位及感染风险[5-6]。鉴于乳酸菌及其后生元的上述优势,目前二者已广泛用于动物生产实践[7-9]。然而,关于短乳杆菌及其后生元在水貂中的应用研究仍较少。为此,本试验以生长期雌性水貂为对象,通过在饲粮中添加貂源短乳杆菌及其后生元,系统探究其对水貂生长性能、养分表观消化率、毛绒品质及肠道健康的影响,以期为后生元在水貂生产中的应用提供理论依据与实践参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验所用短乳杆菌分离自健康水貂肠道内容物,菌种保存于中国普通微生物培养收藏中心(CGMCC No. 29264),其16S rRNA基因序列已存入美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)数据库,登录号PQ470052。将该貂源短乳杆菌37 ℃培养24 h后制成菌悬液(活菌数超过109 CFU/mL),一部分置于4 ℃保存,用于饲养试验(30 d制备1次,确保活菌数不低于109 CFU/mL);另一部分通过高压灭菌法(121 ℃,15 min)制备成液态的短乳杆菌后生元(Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics,LBP)。代谢组学分析表明,短乳杆菌后生元包含21.43%的脂质和类脂代谢物,以及21.02%的有机酸及其衍生物。

1.2 试验动物

试验动物为健康的12周龄白色雌性水貂,初始体重(954.66±20.79) g。所有试验水貂已接种疫苗并埋植了褪黑激素。

1.3 试验设计

试验采用2×2双因素试验设计,主效应分别为短乳杆菌和短乳杆菌后生元,短乳杆菌和短乳杆菌后生元的添加量均设定为0、0.10%。选取88只白色雌性水貂,随机分成4组,每组11个重复,每个重复2只。4组水貂分别为饲喂基础饲粮(CON组)、基础饲粮+0.10%短乳杆菌(LB组)、基础饲粮+0.10%短乳杆菌后生元(LBP组)以及基础饲粮+0.10%短乳杆菌+0.10%短乳杆菌后生元(LB+LBP组)。预试期1周,正试期8周。基础饲粮参照《水貂、狐、貉营养指南》(T/SDAA 0095—2024)中的营养推荐量并结合生产实际配制而成,其组成及营养水平见表1。动物试验已得到青岛农业大学动物科技学院实验动物伦理审查委员会批准(批准号:DKY20240515-1)。
表1 基础饲粮组成(饲喂基础)及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition (as-fed basis) and nutrient levels (air-dry basis) of basal diets %

项目
Items		 12~16周龄
12 to 16
weeks of age		 17~20周龄
17 to 20
weeks of age
原料 Ingredients
膨化玉米 Extruded corn 5 5
膨化豆粕 Extruded soybean meal 3 3
安康鱼头 Monkfish head 5 5
鳕鱼排 Cod steak 10 10
海杂鱼 Sea fishes 12 12
猪血粉 Pork blood meal 1
鸡骨架 Chicken frames 15 15
鸡肝 Chicken liver 8 8
鸡头 Chicken head 15 15
毛蛋 Unhatched fertilized egg 23 23
大豆油 Soybean oil 2 3
预混料 Premix1) 1 1
合计 Total 100 100
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
总能 GE/(MJ/kg) 21.86 22.13
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 16.84 16.98
粗蛋白质 CP 36.85 33.37
粗脂肪 EE 23.93 25.34
粗灰分 Ash 11.48 12.79
钙 Ca 3.95 3.98
磷 P 0.95 0.91
赖氨酸 Lys 3.56 3.39
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys 1.60 1.56

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 6 000 IU,VD3 540 IU,VE 37.5 mg,VK3 0.72 mg,VB1 11.4 mg,VB2 7.2 mg,VB6 3.6 mg,VB12 0.019 5 mg,VC 30 mg,生物素 biotin 0.12 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 14.7 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 5.7 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 150 mg,Fe 30 mg,Cu 12.6 mg,Mn 15 mg,Zn 30 mg。
2)总能、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和磷均为实测值,代谢能、赖氨酸及蛋氨酸+胱氨酸为计算值。其中,总能使用氧弹式量热仪(Model C 6000,IKA,德国)测定;粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、粗脂肪(GB/T 6433—2006)、粗灰分(GB/T 6438—2007)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)、磷(GB/T 6437—2018)参照相应国标方法进行测定;代谢能参照NRC(1982)推荐的公式计算:代谢能= 0.77×总能;赖氨酸及蛋氨酸+胱氨酸则依据《水貂、狐、貉营养指南》(T/SDAA 0095—2024)中的数据进行计算。GE, CP, EE, Ash, Ca and P were all measured values, while the ME, Lys and Met+Cys were calculated values. GE was determined using an oxygen bomb calorimeter (Model C 6000, IKA, Germany). CP (GB/T 6432—2018), EE (GB/T 6433—2006), Ash (GB/T 6438—2007), Ca (GB/T 6436—2018) and P (GB/T 6437—2018) were determined according to the corresponding national standard methods of China. The ME was calculated according to the formula recommended by NRC(1982): ME=0.77×GE. The Lys and Met+Cys were calculated based on the data from Nutritional Guidelines for Mink, Fox and Raccoon Dog (T/SDAA 0095—2024).

1.4 饲养管理

饲养试验于2024年7—9月在烟台市海阳市某水貂养殖场进行。每笼2只水貂,各组水貂每天饲喂2次,所有水貂均可通过饮水装置自由取水。试验期间平均气温为(27.64±3.25) ℃,相对湿度为(69.50±8.13)%。

1.5 测定指标和方法

1.5.1 生产性能

在试验开始以及第4周末和第8周末(水貂12、16和20周龄),分别对水貂进行逐只空腹称重,计算平均日增重(ADG);试验期间,每周连续3 d记录每笼水貂的给料量和剩料量,并基于饲粮的干物质含量计算平均干物质日采食量(ADDMI);根据ADG和ADDMI计算料重比(F/G)。
在试验第8周末(水貂20周龄),每组随机抽取8个重复,每个重复中选取1只水貂实施安乐死。分别在每只水貂头、背和尾3个部位平均采取毛样(包括针毛和绒毛),随机选取10根针毛和10根绒毛,采用游标卡尺进行长度测量,计算针绒比。使用显微镜配合化纤识别系统(Panasonic,日本)进行细度测定,分别在每根毛的毛尖、毛根和中间位置测3次数值后取平均值。

1.5.2 养分表观消化率

在试验的第7周末(水貂19周龄),每组选取6个重复,采用内源指示剂法进行消化试验。连续收集3 d粪便和饲粮样本。将3 d收集的样本混匀,置于65 ℃烘箱中烘干,制成烘干样,粉碎过40目筛后测定水分(GB/T 6435—2014)、粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、粗脂肪(GB/T 6433—2006)、粗灰分(GB/T 6438—2007)和盐酸不溶灰分含量(GB/T 23742—2009),采用盐酸不溶灰分法计算各养分的表观消化率。

1.5.3 十二指肠中消化酶活性

取已安乐死水貂的十二指肠,收集2~5 g十二指肠内容物,采用比色法测定α-淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性。上述指标测定所用试剂盒均购于南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.5.4 空肠黏膜中免疫指标

取已安乐死水貂的空肠,刮取约2 g空肠黏膜组织,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)含量。上述指标测定所用试剂盒均购于南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.6 数据统计分析

数据经Excel 2019初步整理后,采用SPSS 25.0软件的一般线性模型进行主效应分析,以短乳杆菌、短乳杆菌后生元及二者互作效应为固定效应,对互作效应显著的指标采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 生产性能

由表2可知,饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌对水貂各生长性能指标均无显著影响(P>0.05);饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌后生元显著增加了水貂12~16周龄平均日增重和16周龄体重,显著降低了12~16周龄料重比(P<0.05);短乳杆菌与短乳杆菌后生元对水貂20周龄体重、12~20周龄平均日增重存在显著的互作效应(P<0.05)。与CON组相比,LB组和LBP组的12~20周龄平均日增重和20周龄体重显著升高(P<0.05),LB-LBP组则无显著变化(P>0.05)。
表2 短乳杆菌及其后生元对生长期水貂生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of Lactobacillus brevis and its postbiotics on growth performance of growing female minks

项目
Items		 CON组
CON
group		 LB组
LB
group		 LBP组
LBP
group		 LB-LBP组
LB-LBP
group		 均值
标准误
SEM		 短乳杆菌添加量
LB addition/%		 短乳杆菌后生元添加量
LBP addition/%		 P值 P-value
0 0.10 0 0.10 PLB PLBP PLB×LBP
体重 BW/g
12周龄 12 weeks of age 956.36 954.09 954.55 953.64 14.699 955.45 953.86 955.23 954.09 0.914 0.939 0.963
16周龄 16 weeks of age 1 213.18 1 275.45 1 286.82 1 288.64 20.660 1 250.00 1 282.05 1 244.32 1 287.73 0.129 0.042 0.151
20周龄 20 weeks of age 1 385.45b 1 457.73a 1 440.45a 1 434.09ab 18.216 1 412.95 1 445.91 1 421.59 1 437.27 0.078 0.394 0.037
平均日增重 ADG/g
12~16周龄 12~16 weeks of age 9.17 11.48 11.87 11.96 0.669 12.23 12.87 10.32 11.92 0.080 0.022 0.107
17~20周龄 17~20 weeks of age 6.15 6.49 5.49 5.19 0.680 6.40 6.43 6.32 5.34 0.972 0.157 0.644
12~20周龄 12~20 weeks of age 7.66b 8.79a 8.68a 8.38ab 0.334 9.44 10.21 8.22 8.53 0.220 0.366 0.040
平均干物质日采食量 ADDMI/g
12~16周龄 12~16 weeks of age 75.56 78.23 77.20 74.27 1.864 76.38 76.25 76.90 75.74 0.942 0.537 0.141
17~20周龄 17~20 weeks of age 69.54 74.16 72.36 70.74 1.512 70.95 72.45 71.85 71.55 0.895 0.881 0.315
12~20周龄 12~20 weeks of age 72.68 76.27 74.89 72.58 1.406 73.78 74.43 74.48 73.74 0.648 0.599 0.052
料重比 F/G
12~16周龄 12~16 weeks of age 8.59 7.03 6.64 6.44 0.469 7.61 6.73 7.81 6.54 0.069 0.010 0.156
17~20周龄 17~20 weeks of age 11.58 16.27 14.81 14.10 2.397 13.19 15.18 13.92 14.45 0.793 0.190 0.505
12~20周龄 12~20 weeks of age 9.59 8.75 8.68 8.95 0.373 9.13 8.85 9.17 8.82 0.454 0.350 0.148

PLB、PLBP、PLB×LBP分别表示短乳杆菌、短乳杆菌后生元及二者互作效应的P值。4组之间,同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。下表同。

PLB, PLBP and PLB×LBP represented the P-values for Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics and their interaction, respectively. Among the four groups, values in the same row with different lowercase superscript letters indicated significant differences between groups (P<0.05). The same as below.

由表3可知,饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌显著降低了水貂的背部针毛长度(P<0.05),显著增加了头部绒毛长度和尾部绒毛细度(P<0.05),同时显著降低了头部和尾部针绒比(P<0.05);饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌后生元对水貂各部位的毛绒品质均无显著影响(P>0.05);短乳杆菌与短乳杆菌后生元对水貂头部绒毛长度、背部绒毛细度和尾部针绒比存在显著的互作效应(P<0.05)。与CON组相比,LB组头部绒毛长度和背部绒毛细度显著增加(P<0.05),尾部针绒比显著降低(P<0.05);LBP组背部绒毛细度显著增加(P<0.05)。
表3 短乳杆菌及其后生元对生长期水貂毛绒品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of Lactobacillus brevis and its postbiotics on fur quality of growing female minks

项目
Items		 CON组
CON
group		 LB组
LB
group		 LBP组
LBP
group		 LB-LBP组
LB-LBP
group		 均值
标准误
SEM		 短乳杆菌添加量
LB addition/%		 短乳杆菌后生元添加量
LBP addition/%		 P值 P-value
0 0.10 0 0.10 PLB PLBP PLB×LBP
针毛长度 Guard hair length/mm
头部 Head 16.67 17.03 17.77 17.01 0.425 17.22 17.02 16.85 17.39 0.641 0.214 0.200
背部 Back 21.18 20.19 22.07 20.38 0.476 21.63 20.29 20.69 21.23 0.009 0.268 0.471
尾部 Tail 23.92 22.49 24.55 23.81 0.516 24.24 23.15 23.21 24.18 0.054 0.069 0.507
绒毛长度 Under hair length/mm
头部 Head 9.11b 11.01a 9.78b 9.80b 0.352 9.44 10.40 10.06 9.79 0.011 0.446 0.012
背部 Back 12.80 13.53 12.60 12.22 0.507 12.70 12.87 13.16 12.41 0.737 0.145 0.286
尾部 Tail 13.11 15.63 14.20 13.96 0.790 13.65 14.79 14.37 14.08 0.161 0.712 0.092
针毛细度 Guard hair fineness/μm
头部 Head 46.94 47.73 47.35 46.98 0.668 47.14 47.35 47.33 47.16 0.755 0.802 0.390
背部 Back 47.22 48.46 48.03 47.40 0.594 47.62 47.93 47.84 47.72 0.581 0.822 0.098
尾部 Tail 48.66 48.78 48.58 48.02 0.667 48.62 48.40 48.72 48.30 0.743 0.536 0.615
绒毛细度 Under hair fineness/μm
头部 Head 17.08 17.02 17.09 16.67 0.410 17.08 16.85 17.05 16.88 0.565 0.673 0.667
背部 Back 17.22b 18.48a 19.07a 18.09ab 0.370 18.14 18.28 17.85 18.58 0.714 0.057 0.005
尾部 Tail 17.07 18.84 18.56 18.73 0.449 17.81 18.78 17.95 18.64 0.040 0.135 0.085
针绒比 Guard hair to under hair ratio
头部 Head 1.84 1.55 1.83 1.77 0.067 1.83 1.66 1.69 1.80 0.014 0.128 0.103
背部 Back 1.66 1.50 1.69 1.69 0.060 1.68 1.59 1.58 1.69 0.183 0.076 0.219
尾部 Tail 1.83a 1.49b 1.69a 1.71a 0.055 1.76 1.60 1.66 1.70 0.008 0.429 0.003

2.2 养分表观消化率

由表4可知,饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌或短乳杆菌后生元均显著增加了水貂对粗脂肪的表观消化率(P<0.05);短乳杆菌与短乳杆菌后生元对各养分表观消化率均不存在显著的互作效应(P>0.05)。
表4 短乳杆菌及其后生元对生长期水貂养分表观消化率的影响

Table 4 Effects of Lactobacillus brevis and its postbiotics on nutrient apparent digestibility of growing female minks %

项目
Items		 CON组
CON
group		 LB组
LB
group		 LBP组
LBP
group		 LB-LBP组
LB-LBP
group		 均值
标准误
SEM		 短乳杆菌添加量
LB addition/%		 短乳杆菌后生元添加量
LBP addition/%		 P值 P-value
0 0.10 0 0.10 PLB PLBP PLB×LBP
干物质 DM 78.43 83.08 80.87 81.84 2.073 79.54 82.46 80.75 81.40 0.202 0.780 0.396
粗蛋白质 CP 86.02 87.69 88.69 88.50 1.104 87.36 88.09 86.86 88.60 0.513 0.130 0.410
粗脂肪 EE 92.25 94.46 94.43 94.80 0.565 93.34 94.63 93.35 94.62 0.033 0.037 0.120
粗灰分 Ash 29.27 30.79 33.23 35.76 3.917 31.25 33.28 30.03 34.49 0.611 0.268 0.899

2.3 十二指肠中消化酶活性

由表5可知,饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌对水貂十二指肠中各消化酶活性均无显著影响(P>0.05);饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌后生元显著增加了水貂十二指肠中胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性(P<0.05);短乳杆菌与短乳杆菌后生元对十二指肠中各消化酶活性均不存在显著的互作效应(P>0.05)。
表5 短乳杆菌及其后生元对生长期水貂十二指肠中消化酶活性的影响

Table 5 Effects of Lactobacillus brevis and its postbiotics on digestive enzyme activities in duodenum of growing female minks

项目
Items		 CON组
CON
group		 LB组
LB
group		 LBP组
LBP
group		 LB-LBP组
LB-LBP
group		 均值
标准误
SEM		 短乳杆菌添加量
LB addition/%		 短乳杆菌后生元添加量
LBP addition/%		 P值 P-value
0 0.10 0 0.10 PLB PLBP PLB×LBP
胰蛋白酶 Trypsin/(U/mg prot) 454.68 539.16 624.30 651.61 46.486 539.49 595.39 496.92 637.96 0.241 0.006 0.544
脂肪酶 Lipase/(U/g prot) 266.89 272.72 305.63 279.81 10.406 286.26 276.27 269.80 292.72 0.346 0.037 0.141
α-淀粉酶 α-amylase/(U/mg prot) 2.38 1.92 2.05 2.17 0.216 2.21 2.05 2.15 2.11 0.450 0.837 0.190

2.4 空肠黏膜中免疫指标

由表6可知,饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌显著增加了水貂空肠黏膜中sIgA含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加0.10%短乳杆菌后生元显著降低了空肠黏膜中IL-6和IFN-γ含量(P<0.05);短乳杆菌与短乳杆菌后生元对水貂空肠黏膜中sIgA含量存在显著的互作效应(P<0.05)。与CON组相比,LB组和LBP组空肠黏膜中sIgA含量显著增加(P<0.05)。
表6 短乳杆菌及其后生元对生长期水貂空肠黏膜中免疫指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of Lactobacillus brevis and its postbiotics on immune indexes jejunal mucosa of growing female minks

项目
Items		 CON组
CON
group		 LB组
LB
group		 LBP组
LBP
group		 LB-LBP组
LB-LBP
group		 均值
标准误
SEM		 短乳杆菌添加量
LB addition/%		 短乳杆菌后生元添加量
LBP addition/%		 P值 P-value
0 0.10 0 0.10 PLB PLBP PLB×LBP
白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/g) 211.50 206.19 194.94 188.46 7.740 203.85 197.28 208.80 191.43 0.459 0.039 0.943
白细胞介素-8 IL-8/(pg/g) 851.40 810.09 842.31 856.89 25.695 847.26 833.49 830.79 850.14 0.615 0.479 0.297
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/g) 886.77 914.13 847.98 835.29 35.226 868.86 874.71 900.45 841.14 0.840 0.115 0.583
干扰素-γ IFN-γ/(pg/mg) 7.59 7.25 7.05 7.10 0.155 7.34 7.17 7.42 7.07 0.363 0.038 0.229
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(pg/mg) 2.33 2.24 2.14 2.24 0.072 2.24 2.24 2.28 2.19 0.923 0.209 0.194
分泌型免疫球蛋白A sIgA/(ng/mg) 25.07c 28.65a 26.89b 25.47c 0.416 25.91 27.06 26.86 26.13 0.019 0.124 0.001

3 讨论

3.1 短乳杆菌及其后生元对生长期水貂生产性能的影响

本试验结果显示,与CON组相比,LB组和LBP组的12~20周龄平均日增重和20周龄体重显著升高,说明饲粮中添加短乳杆菌及其后乳杆菌后生元可提高水貂的生长性能。Zhu等[10]的研究也发现,补充短乳杆菌生元能提高肉鸡的体重与平均日增重,并降低料重比,与本试验结果一致。益生菌的黏附与定植能力是决定其发挥效用的关键因素。益生菌通过与有害菌竞争肠道内的黏附位点,减少有害菌数量,从而改善肠道健康。然而,益生菌需先耐受胃酸、胆盐及消化液等不利环境,才能发挥其益生功能[11]。相比之下,后生元所含的细胞成分(如磷壁酸、肽聚糖、表层蛋白等[12])、代谢产物(如胞外多糖、短链脂肪酸、有机酸等)及其他活性物质,无需依赖黏附与定植即可直接发挥作用[13]。本试验未观察到短乳杆菌与其后生元之间在提高水貂生长性能上存在协同效应,该结果与Zhu等[10]的研究结果一致。其原因可能在于,两者同时添加导致饲粮中引入了过多的活性物质。已有研究指出,过高浓度的益生菌或后生元并不能增强其益生效果[14-15],反而可能因高剂量益生菌引发先天性与适应性免疫的异常激活,从而产生不利影响[10]。
毛绒品质是衡量水貂经济效益的主要因素,受到水貂品种、饲养环境、营养水平和健康状况等多个因素的影响[16]。水貂针毛与绒毛最适宜的长度是针毛比绒毛长出1/4~1/3,即针绒毛比的最适范围为1∶(0.67~0.75)[17]。本试验中,饲粮中添加短乳杆菌能够使水貂针绒比得到改善,接近最适范围。郭俊刚等[18]研究表明,饲粮中补充益生菌可显著提高水貂绒毛长度;Gugolek等[19]研究发现,在狐狸饲粮中添加乳酸菌可获得更优的生长性能与更好的毛皮品质,这与本试验结果一致。益生菌可以直接通过促进真皮细胞增殖和生长因子分泌来刺激毛发生长。Nam等[20]研究发现,副干酪乳杆菌HY7015可以促进血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的分泌,而VEGF有助于毛发生长过程中的毛囊形成,进而改善毛品质。

3.2 短乳杆菌及其后生元对生长期水貂养分表观消化率的影响

养分表观消化率可反映机体对营养物质消化、吸收和利用的情况,同时与动物生长性能和胃肠道健康密切相关[21]。本研究表明,饲粮中添加短乳杆菌及其后生元显著提高了水貂对粗脂肪的表观消化率。王晓怡等[22]研究发现,在仔猪饲粮中添加乳酸菌能显著提高粗脂肪消化率,与本试验结果一致;而吴飞等[23]研究发现,后生元能提高仔猪对养分的表观消化率。益生菌能直接促进肠道有益菌群的生长,抑制病原菌的生长,改善肠道微生态平衡,从而促进饲粮中营养物质的吸收[24];此外,益生菌和后生元还能够改善肠道形态,增加营养物质吸收面积,从而促进营养物质的吸收[25]。

3.3 短乳杆菌及其后生元对生长期水貂十二指肠中消化酶活性的影响

肠道中消化酶的活性会影响动物对营养物质的利用率[26]。而后生元中存在的短链脂肪酸等活性物质有助于维持健康的肠道环境,保障消化酶发挥最佳功能[27]。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加短乳杆菌后生元显著提高了十二指肠中胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性,这与Khanzadeh等[28]的研究结果一致。胰蛋白酶是一种催化蛋白质消化的酶,脂肪酶是负责脂肪和脂质消化的酶,它们都能将大分子物质转化为更易被机体吸收的小分子物质[29],从而提高水貂对营养物质的利用率。

3.4 短乳杆菌及其后生元对生长期水貂空肠黏膜中免疫指标的影响

细胞因子在肠道免疫中起着重要的调节作用,根据其对炎症过程的作用机制分为促炎细胞因子和抗炎细胞因子。促炎细胞因子过量可能会引发机体炎症,增加能量消耗,从而降低畜体的生产性能[30]。本试验发现,饲粮中添加短乳杆菌及其后生元均能调节水貂的肠道免疫功能。Lin等[31]研究表明,乳酸菌可以促进肠道消化吸收、增强免疫力,使小肠固有层免疫细胞分泌更多sIgA,这与本试验结果相同。在肠道免疫防御中,sIgA能够通过特异性识别并结合病原体表面抗原,有效清除肠道内的细菌、病毒、寄生虫及其毒素,进而有助于维持肠道微生物群落的稳态[32]。然而,IL-6、IFN-γ等促炎因子的过度表达与肠道炎症密切相关[33-34]。Alhendi等[35]指出,IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-6及IL-1β是炎症性肠病的关键炎症介质。后生元制备中的热失活过程可能导致细胞壁破裂,释放胞内成分(如DNA)及壁组分(如肽聚糖、脂磷壁酸),或过度产生胞外多糖等非蛋白质分子[36]。这些活性物质可通过调节肠道免疫发挥作用,可能是导致短乳杆菌后生元与短乳杆菌在细胞因子调控模式及免疫调节效应上产生差异的原因。

4 结论

在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加0.10%貂源短乳杆菌可改善水貂的毛绒品质,提高粗脂肪表观消化率及空肠黏膜中sIgA含量;添加0.10%该貂源短乳杆菌后生元可改善水貂的生长性能,提高粗脂肪表观消化率、十二指肠中胰蛋白酶与脂肪酶活性,并降低空肠黏膜中IL-6及IFN-γ含量;二者之间未表现出协同效应。

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