1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 柠条原料营养成分及单宁含量Table 1 Contents of nutritional components and tannin of Caragana korshinskii Kom. raw materialg/kg DM |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 792.86±12.76 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 591.59±9.04 |
| 酸性洗涤木质素 ADL | 108.39±7.69 |
| 半纤维素 Hemicellulose | 201.27±19.15 |
| 纤维素 Cellulose | 483.20±2.73 |
| 水溶性碳水化合物 WSC | 32.56±0.96 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 90.68±1.50 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 23.96±2.46 |
| 单宁 Tannin | 47.35±0.82 |
1.2 试验设计与方法
1.3 指标测定
1.3.1 营养成分和单宁含量及霉菌数量
1.3.2 发酵品质
1.3.3 青贮形态结构观察
1.3.4 体外瘤胃发酵特性
1.3.4.1 体外消化率
1.3.4.2 体外产气量及产气动力学参数
1.3.4.3 体外瘤胃发酵参数
1.4 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同预处理方式对柠条营养成分和单宁含量及霉菌数量的影响
表2 不同预处理方式对柠条营养成分和单宁含量及霉菌数量的影响Table 2 Effects of different pretreatment methods on contents of nutritional components, tannin and mold count of Caragana korshinskii Kom. |
| 项目 Items | 预处理方式 Pretreatment methods | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | TR | CE | |||
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF/% DM | 78.67a | 68.84b | 71.32b | 1.363 | <0.001 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF/% DM | 58.00a | 52.05b | 54.66ab | 0.927 | 0.012 |
| 酸性洗涤木质素 ADL/% DM | 10.01 | 8.88 | 9.07 | 0.232 | 0.097 |
| 半纤维素 Hemicellulose/% DM | 20.67a | 16.79b | 16.65b | 0.757 | 0.029 |
| 纤维素 Cellulose/% DM | 47.99a | 43.17b | 45.59ab | 0.724 | 0.006 |
| 水溶性碳水化合物 WSC/% DM | 3.23 | 3.19 | 3.24 | 0.182 | 0.376 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP/% DM | 9.02c | 9.89a | 9.21b | 0.128 | <0.001 |
| 粗脂肪 EE/% DM | 2.29 | 2.39 | 2.36 | 0.043 | 0.691 |
| 单宁 Tannin/(g/kg DM) | 38.48a | 32.14c | 35.62b | 0.671 | <0.001 |
| 霉菌数量 Mold count/[lg(CFU/g FW)] | 3.21 | 3.18 | 3.23 | 0.025 | 0.712 |
CK:无添加剂 no additive;TR:里氏木霉 Trichoderma reesei;CE:纤维素酶 cellulase。下表同 the same as below。 同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。In the same row, values with no letter or the same lowercase letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different lowercase letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). |
2.2 不同发酵处理对柠条青贮营养成分及单宁含量的影响
表3 不同发酵处理对柠条青贮营养成分及单宁含量的影响Table 3 Effects of different fermentation treatments on contents of nutritional components and tannin of Caragana korshinskii Kom. silage |
| 项目 Items | 预处理方式 Pretreatment methods | 植物乳杆菌 LP | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NLP | LP | P | L | P×L | ||||
中性洗涤纤维 NDF/% DM | CK | 79.08Aa | 77.36Ba | 1.399 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| TR | 64.33Ac | 61.05Bb | ||||||
| CE | 69.63Ab | 65.24Bb | ||||||
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF/% DM | CK | 57.95Aa | 56.53Ba | 0.703 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| TR | 50.64Ac | 48.52Bc | ||||||
| CE | 53.70Ab | 50.83Bb | ||||||
酸性洗涤木质素 ADL/% DM | CK | 9.50a | 9.47a | 0.267 | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.004 | |
| TR | 9.23Aab | 9.13Bb | ||||||
| CE | 9.34a | 9.30a | ||||||
半纤维素 Hemicellulose/% DM | CK | 21.13a | 20.83a | 0.708 | <0.001 | 0.007 | <0.001 | |
| TR | 13.50Ac | 12.53Bc | ||||||
| CE | 15.93b | 14.60b | ||||||
纤维素 Cellulose/% DM | CK | 48.45Aa | 47.07Ba | 0.678 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |
| TR | 41.40Ac | 39.38Bc | ||||||
| CE | 44.35Ab | 41.52Bb | ||||||
水溶性碳水化合物 WSC/% DM | CK | 2.50b | 3.04b | 0.162 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.624 | |
| TR | 3.09Ba | 3.55Aa | ||||||
| CE | 2.78b | 3.15ab | ||||||
粗脂肪 EE/% DM | CK | 2.28 | 2.21 | 0.021 | 0.241 | 0.907 | 0.843 | |
| TR | 2.29 | 2.32 | ||||||
| CE | 2.02 | 2.13 | ||||||
粗蛋白质 CP/% DM | CK | 8.48B | 9.37A | 0.107 | 0.102 | <0.001 | 0.431 | |
| TR | 8.57B | 9.72A | ||||||
| CE | 8.55B | 9.56A | ||||||
粗灰分 Ash/% DM | CK | 2.77c | 3.10b | 0.051 | <0.001 | 0.007 | 0.324 | |
| TR | 3.09Ba | 3.40Aa | ||||||
| CE | 2.84Bb | 3.29Ab | ||||||
单宁 Tannin/(g/kg DM) | CK | 37.25Aa | 33.97Ba | 0.651 | 0.007 | <0.001 | 0.003 | |
| TR | 29.62Ac | 25.10Bc | ||||||
| CE | 32.47Ab | 30.07Bb | ||||||
NLP:未接种LP;LP:接种LP。P为有氧发酵阶段预处理方式的主效应;L为青贮阶段LP的主效应;P×L为预处理方式与LP的交互效应。同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示不同预处理方式间差异显著(P<0.05),同行数据肩标不同大写字母表示LP接种与否间差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
NLP: not inoculated with LP; LP: inoculated with LP. P represented the main effect of pretreatment methods during aerobic fermentation period; L represented the main effect of LP during ensiling period; P×L represented the interaction effect between pretreatment methods and LP. In the same column, values with different lowercase letter superscripts mean significant difference among different pretreatment methods (P<0.05); in the same row, values with different uppercase letter superscripts mean significant difference between LP inoculation or no inoculation (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 不同发酵处理对柠条青贮发酵品质的影响
表4 不同发酵处理对柠条青贮发酵品质的影响Table 4 Effects of different fermentation treatments on fermentation quality of Caragana korshinskii Kom. silage |
| 项目 Items | 预处理方式 Pretreatment methods | 植物乳杆菌 LP | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NLP | LP | P | L | P×L | |||||||||||
pH | CK | 5.32Aa | 4.61Ba | 0.045 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| TR | 5.16Ac | 4.55Bb | |||||||||||||
| CE | 5.22Ab | 4.61Ba | |||||||||||||
乳酸 LA/% DM | CK | 0.91Bc | 1.89Ab | 0.108 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| TR | 1.45Ba | 2.84Aa | |||||||||||||
| CE | 1.19Bb | 2.02Ab | |||||||||||||
乙酸 AA/% DM | CK | 0.41b | 0.57b | 0.018 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.098 | ||||||||
| TR | 0.53Ba | 0.72Aa | |||||||||||||
| CE | 0.53Ba | 0.62Ab | |||||||||||||
丙酸 PA/% DM | CK | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.005 | 0.089 | 0.279 | 0.706 | ||||||||
| TR | 0.14 | 0.12 | |||||||||||||
| CE | 0.14 | 0.13 | |||||||||||||
丁酸 BA/% DM | CK | ND | ND | ||||||||||||
| TR | ND | ND | |||||||||||||
| CE | ND | ND | |||||||||||||
乳酸/乙酸 LA/AA | CK | 2.22Bb | 3.31Ab | 0.113 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| TR | 2.76Ba | 3.94Aa | |||||||||||||
| CE | 2.33Bab | 3.27Ab | |||||||||||||
氨态氮 NH3-N/% DM | CK | 11.00Aa | 9.13Ba | 0.183 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 | ||||||||
| TR | 8.33Ac | 7.00Bc | |||||||||||||
| CE | 9.48Ab | 8.17Bb | |||||||||||||
ND:未检测到 | |
not detected。 |
2.4 不同发酵处理对柠条青贮形态结构的影响
图1 不同发酵处理对柠条青贮形态结构的影响A:CK+NLP处理 CK+NLP treatment;B:CE+NLP处理 CE+NLP treatment;C:TR+NLP处理 TR+NLP treatment;D:CK+LP处理 CK+LP treatment;E:CE+LP处理 CE+LP treatment;F:TR+LP处理 TR+LP treatment。 Fig.1 Effects of different fermentation treatments on morphological structure of Caragana korshinskii Kom. silage (×1 000) |
2.5 不同发酵处理对柠条青贮体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响
2.5.1 体外消化率
图2 不同发酵处理对柠条青贮体外消化率的影响NLP:未接种LP not inoculated with LP;LP:接种LP inoculated with LP;CK:无添加剂 no additive;TR:里氏木霉 Trichoderma reesei;CE:纤维素酶 cellulase。 数据柱形标注不同小写字母表示不同预处理方式间差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示LP接种与否间差异显著(P<0.05)。Values with different lowercase letters in the columns mean significant differences among different pretreatment methods (P<0.05), and different uppercase letters mean significant differences between LP inoculation or no inoculation (P<0.05). Fig.2 Effects of different fermentation treatments on in vitro digestibility of Caragana korshinskii Kom. silage |
2.5.2 体外产气量
表5 不同发酵处理对柠条青贮体外产气量的影响Table 5 Effects of different fermentation treatments on in vitro gas production of Caragana korshinskii Kom. silagemL |
| 时间 Time/h | 预处理方式 Pretreatment methods | 植物乳杆菌 LP | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NLP | LP | P | L | P×L | |||||||||||
4 | CK | 14.28B | 18.09A | 0.375 | 0.116 | <0.001 | 0.453 | ||||||||
| TR | 15.48B | 18.44A | |||||||||||||
| CE | 14.90B | 17.99A | |||||||||||||
8 | CK | 20.29Bb | 24.52Ab | 0.519 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.564 | ||||||||
| TR | 21.74Ba | 26.75Aa | |||||||||||||
| CE | 21.71Ba | 25.97Aa | |||||||||||||
12 | CK | 25.25Bb | 31.89Ac | 0.767 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.739 | ||||||||
| TR | 27.99Ba | 35.14Aa | |||||||||||||
| CE | 27.00Ba | 33.65Ab | |||||||||||||
16 | CK | 27.57Bb | 33.73Ac | 0.758 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.231 | ||||||||
| TR | 30.13Ba | 37.46Aa | |||||||||||||
| CE | 29.22Ba | 35.78Ab | |||||||||||||
20 | CK | 29.56Bb | 35.97Ac | 0.789 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.062 | ||||||||
| TR | 31.16Ba | 39.31Aa | |||||||||||||
| CE | 30.31Ba | 37.22Ab | |||||||||||||
24 | CK | 31.04Bb | 37.89Ac | 0.851 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | ||||||||
| TR | 32.21Ba | 41.31Aa | |||||||||||||
| CE | 31.63Ba | 39.15Ab | |||||||||||||
28 | CK | 31.38Bb | 38.30Ac | 0.858 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||||
| TR | 32.43Ba | 41.90Aa | |||||||||||||
| CE | 32.10Ba | 39.27Ab | |||||||||||||
32 | CK | 31.63Bb | 38.49Ab | 0.853 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| TR | 32.55Ba | 42.17Aa | |||||||||||||
| CE | 32.48Ba | 39.33Ab | |||||||||||||
36 | CK | 31.84Bb | 38.68Ab | 0.845 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| TR | 32.60Ba | 42.21Aa | |||||||||||||
| CE | 32.63Ba | 39.35Ab | |||||||||||||
40 | CK | 31.89Bb | 38.77Ab | 0.844 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| TR | 32.65Ba | 42.23Aa | |||||||||||||
| CE | 32.68Ba | 39.38Ab | |||||||||||||
44 | CK | 32.02Bb | 38.83Ab | 0.839 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| TR | 32.68Ba | 42.25Aa | |||||||||||||
| CE | 32.71Ba | 39.39Ab | |||||||||||||
48 | CK | 32.05Bb | 38.85Ab | 0.837 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| TR | 32.70Ba | 42.26Aa | |||||||||||||
| CE | 32.74Ba | 39.39Ab | |||||||||||||
2.5.3 体外产气动力学参数
表6 不同发酵处理对柠条青贮体外产气动力学参数的影响Table 6 Effects of different fermentation treatments on in vitro gas production kinetic parameters of Caragana korshinskii Kom. silage |
| 项目 Items | 预处理方式 Pretreatment methods | 植物乳杆菌 LP | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NLP | LP | P | L | P×L | |||
快速产气部分 a/mL | CK | 9.40B | 14.01A | 0.507 | 0.541 | <0.001 | 0.074 |
| TR | 10.68B | 12.93A | |||||
| CE | 10.08B | 14.41A | |||||
慢速产气部分 b/mL | CK | 22.65B | 24.69A | 0.405 | 0.117 | <0.001 | 0.087 |
| TR | 22.02B | 25.57A | |||||
| CE | 22.66B | 26.19A | |||||
潜在产气量 a+b/mL | CK | 32.05B | 38.70Ab | 0.841 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| TR | 32.70B | 38.50Ab | |||||
| CE | 32.74B | 40.60Aa | |||||
产气速率 c/h-1 | CK | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.002 | 0.375 | 0.545 | 0.235 |
| TR | 0.15 | 0.14 | |||||
| CE | 0.14 | 0.14 | |||||
2.5.4 体外瘤胃发酵参数
表7 不同发酵处理对柠条青贮体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 7 Effects of different fermentation treatments on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters of Caragana korshinskii Kom. silage |
| 项目 Items | 预处理方式 Pretreatment methods | 植物乳杆菌 LP | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NLP | LP | P | L | P×L | |||
pH | CK | 6.58Aa | 6.50Ba | 0.011 | <0.001 | 0.012 | 0.005 |
| TR | 6.53Ab | 6.43Bc | |||||
| CE | 6.52Ab | 6.47Bb | |||||
乙酸 AA/(mmol/L) | CK | 26.33Bb | 31.70Ab | 0.886 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| TR | 33.77Ba | 35.78Aa | |||||
| CE | 26.87Bb | 33.63Aab | |||||
丙酸 PA/(mmol/L) | CK | 8.83Bb | 9.86Ac | 0.542 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| TR | 11.88Ba | 14.88Aa | |||||
| CE | 9.12Bb | 13.23Ab | |||||
异丁酸 Iso-BA/(mmol/L) | CK | 0.58A | 0.48B | 0.015 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.042 |
| TR | 0.49 | 0.44 | |||||
| CE | 0.55A | 0.46B | |||||
丁酸 BA/(mmol/L) | CK | 2.88b | 3.67 | 0.152 | 0.012 | 0.004 | 0.045 |
| TR | 3.76Ba | 4.53A | |||||
| CE | 3.60Bab | 4.24A | |||||
异戊酸 Iso-VA/(mmol/L) | CK | 0.80 | 0.76b | 0.035 | 0.031 | 0.039 | 0.036 |
| TR | 0.94 | 1.08a | |||||
| CE | 1.07 | 0.95a | |||||
戊酸 VA/(mmol/L) | CK | 0.61b | 0.81 | 0.044 | 0.007 | 0.022 | 0.039 |
| TR | 0.92ab | 1.02 | |||||
| CE | 1.02a | 0.90 | |||||
乙酸/丙酸 AA/PA | CK | 2.99a | 3.22a | 0.070 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| TR | 2.84Ab | 2.41Bc | |||||
| CE | 2.95Aa | 2.54Bb | |||||
总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFAs/(mmol/L) | CK | 40.03Bc | 47.28Ac | 1.537 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.021 |
| TR | 51.76Ba | 57.72Aa | |||||
| CE | 42.23Bb | 53.49Ab | |||||

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