综述

膳食纤维对公猪精液品质影响的研究进展

  • 何鹏鑫 , 1 ,
  • 吴德 1 ,
  • 朱燕 2 ,
  • 林燕 , 1, *
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  • 1 四川农业大学动物营养研究所, 成都 611130
  • 2 重庆市畜牧技术推广总站, 重庆 401121
*林 燕,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

何鹏鑫(2001—),男,四川广安人,硕士研究生,从事公猪繁殖与营养研究。E-mail:

Office editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2026-01-05

  网络出版日期: 2026-08-13

基金资助

“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1300804)

国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20255)

四川省“十四五”科技重大专项(2021ZDZX0009)

国家现代农业产业技术体系四川省生猪创新团队(SCCXTD-2024-8)

Research Advances in Effects of Dietary Fiber on Boar Semen Quality

  • HE Pengxin , 1 ,
  • WU De 1 ,
  • ZHU Yan 2 ,
  • LIN Yan , 1, *
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  • 1 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
  • 2 Chongqing Animal Husbandry Techniques Extension Center, Chongqing 401121, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2026-01-05

  Online published: 2026-08-13

摘要

精液品质的好坏直接影响到母猪的繁殖效率及其后代的健康状况,是决定生猪生产效率的关键因素之一。膳食纤维曾长期被认为是一种“非营养物质”,然而近年的研究逐步揭示其不仅具有促进肠道蠕动、优化微生物群落等基础生理功能,更对公猪精液品质表现出显著的改善作用。本文系统综述了膳食纤维对精液品质的影响及其潜在作用机制,以期为膳食纤维在种公猪饲粮中的合理应用提供理论指导。

本文引用格式

何鹏鑫 , 吴德 , 朱燕 , 林燕 . 膳食纤维对公猪精液品质影响的研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(8) : 5563 -5570 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.444

Abstract

Semen quality directly affects the reproductive efficiency of sows and the health status of their offspring, and is therefore a key determinant of overall pig production efficiency. Dietary fiber has long been regarded as a “non-nutritive substance”. However, recent researches have progressively revealed that it not only exerts basic physiological functions such as promoting intestinal motility and optimizing microbial community composition, but also demonstrates significant ameliorative effects on boar semen quality. This review systematically summarizes the effects of dietary fiber on semen quality and its underlying mechanisms, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the rational application of dietary fiber in the diets of breeding boars.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2026, 38(8):5563-5570]

膳食纤维被誉为“第七大营养素”,其在畜牧生产中发挥着不可或缺的作用。尽管早期研究曾将其视为猪[1]、鸡[2]等单胃动物饲粮中的抗营养因子,但随着研究的深入,大量证据表明膳食纤维可通过调控肠道微生物群落结构,促进短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)、吲哚类化合物及神经递质前体等活性代谢物的生成。这些代谢物经肠道吸收入血后,在机体能量代谢、炎症反应调控及神经认知功能等方面发挥关键作用[3]。雄性动物相较于雌性动物能够产生更多的生殖细胞,当前行业普遍采用人工授精的方式给母猪进行配种,有效降低了饲养公猪的成本,但同时也意味着对公猪的精液质量提出了更高的要求。精液质量的好坏将直接影响到母猪繁殖成绩以及养殖场的繁殖效率。
集约化的饲养环境和极端天气频繁地出现导致的压力和热应激等情况会造成公猪精液品质受损[4-5]。研究发现,饲粮中添加膳食纤维对公猪的精液质量有显著的改善作用[6-9]。类似地,在家禽的研究中发现添加角豆树果实(富含膳食纤维)可改善老年公鸡的精子质量[10]。进一步的研究显示,通过直接添加膳食纤维的代谢产物丁酸钠可以显著提高成年种公鸡的精液量和精子活力[11]。基于上述证据,本文系统综述了膳食纤维通过肠道微生物改善公猪精液品质的作用机制,以期为公猪生产中合理应用膳食纤维提供理论支撑。

1 膳食纤维的种类与功能

膳食纤维的概念自1953年由Hipsley[12]首次提出以来,其定义已历经多次修订。2022年发布的《中国营养学会 膳食纤维专家共识》依据我国《食品营养成分基本术语》(GB/Z 21922—2008)并参考国内外研究进展,将膳食纤维的定义更新为:植物中天然存在的、从植物中提取或直接合成的聚合度≥3、可食用的、不能被人体小肠消化吸收的、对人体有健康意义的碳水化合物的聚合物;同时进一步明确,低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖、菊粉、聚葡萄糖、β-葡聚糖、纤维素、抗性糊精、海藻酸盐、瓜尔胶及果胶等10种提取或合成的物质符合上述定义要求,可作为膳食纤维的补充来源[13]。根据溶解性差异,可将膳食纤维分为可溶性膳食纤维与不可溶性膳食纤维两大类。
在以往的研究中发现,膳食纤维可以通过调节肠道内微生物的丰度及其代谢产物,起到提高免疫力和降低炎性反应的作用[14]。膳食纤维不能直接被消化酶水解,但可以通过肠道微生物发酵作用分解,产生一些多糖、二氧化碳、甲烷和SCFAs等,进而被机体利用[15]。由饲粮中的膳食纤维发酵产生的SCFAs主要由乙酸、丙酸和丁酸组成,还有少量戊酸、异戊酸等。其中,乙酸可促进一些肠道有益菌的增殖并抑制病原菌的定植,还可参与胆固醇合成及外周能量供应;丙酸通过糖异生途径转化为葡萄糖后参与机体的糖代谢相关过程;丁酸则可直接被肠上皮细胞吸收并为其供能,还可通过上调肠道紧密连接蛋白的表达促进黏膜修复来增强肠道上皮细胞屏障功能,同时还具有抗炎及调节免疫的作用[16]。在人类的研究中发现,水果和蔬菜中存在的膳食纤维可以通过参与肠道中多酚和类胡萝卜素的同化来减少氧化应激,并通过对肠道微生物组产生积极影响来调节免疫系统的反应[17-18]。在猪上的研究显示,饲粮中长期添加膳食纤维可以增加肠道中有益微生物的比例,提高肠道微生物丰富度以及降低炎症水平[19]

2 膳食纤维对精液品质的影响

众多研究已证实膳食纤维及其相关代谢产物对雄性动物的繁殖能力具有显著改善作用。朱秋凤等[20]在成年种公猪饲粮中添加6%~8%的膳食纤维后发现,膳食纤维可有效降低肠道损伤并维持公猪性欲旺盛。Thompson[21]研究发现,膳食纤维在有效降低肥胖患者体重的同时,可通过维持肠道微生物稳态,间接改善肥胖相关的精液质量下降问题。Rahimiyan-Heravan等[22]在雄性Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠模型中研究发现,给予菊粉干预后,大鼠精子活力与活率均显著提升。Akram等[23]研究发现,补充低聚果糖发酵产品能显著提高高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠的精子数量、活力和存活率。Lin等[9]针对约克夏公猪的试验显示,在1~90日龄期间补充膳食纤维(菊粉和麸皮)后,补充膳食纤维组公猪的有效精子数量较对照组高出16%。Han等[24]连续9周给公猪补充海藻酸盐低聚糖(AOS),发现10 mg/kg AOS组公猪的精子活力由87.8%提升至93.5%。Zhou等[25]在对65月龄老年杜洛克公猪补充AOS的试验中也同样发现,AOS可显著改善衰老公猪的精子活力和有效精子率,并通过提高精液蛋白质水平来显著降低异常精子率。Zhang等[26]采用胃管饲法给予高脂饮食诱导的肥胖C57BL/6小鼠人参可溶性膳食纤维,结果表明小鼠的精子活力、存活率和密度均得到显著改善。Ak Sonat等[27]给雄性大鼠连续灌胃补充β-葡聚糖14 d后,与对照组相比,精子活力、活精子率和顶体完整性均显著提升。此外,β-葡聚糖对鱼类同样有效,Akhtar等[28]对濒危金马哈鱼的研究显示,持续130 d投喂0.5% β-葡聚糖可显著改善其精子特性,包括精子数量、活力、运动能力及形态。
综上所述,饲粮中适量添加膳食纤维可有效增加公猪等雄性动物的精子数量和活力,显著改善精液品质,同时缓解糖尿病、肥胖及衰老等因素对精液品质的不利影响,从而对雄性动物繁殖性能产生积极效应。

3 膳食纤维对精液品质影响的作用机制

3.1 影响睾丸组织细胞

睾丸是雄性动物繁殖中最重要的器官之一,在人类及其他雄性哺乳动物(如大鼠和公猪)中,睾丸发育直接决定精液质量[29-30]。膳食纤维可通过调控激素分泌与营养代谢来影响动物的繁殖性能。Rahimiyan-Heravan等[22]在糖尿病大鼠中发现,补充菊粉可显著增加睾丸间质细胞和精子细胞数量,并提高附睾精子活力与活率。Lin等[9]在120日龄公猪饲粮中添加菊粉和麦麸后,发现补充膳食纤维组生殖细胞排列更为紧密,生精小管内生殖细胞层数及细胞数量均有所增加,其中与睾酮(T)分泌相关的间质细胞数量显著上升。此外,Lin等[31-32]的研究表明,在母猪妊娠期补充膳食纤维可改善后代公猪的睾丸发育。

3.2 调节肠道微生物及其代谢物

作为宿主体内的“第二基因组”,肠道微生物的良好种群丰度在维持宿主机体代谢和免疫稳态等方面发挥着不可忽视的作用[33]。膳食纤维主要通过增加有益菌丰度、调节优势菌组成及减少潜在有害菌丰度来维持机体功能健康[34]。越来越多的研究表明,肠道微生物显著影响雄性动物的繁殖能力。研究显示,饲粮中添加膳食纤维后,猪[9,24]、小鼠[35-36]及人类[37]肠道中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的相对丰度显著增加,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度降低,导致拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门比值显著升高。这表明膳食纤维能够改善肠道微生态健康,因为在代谢疾病患者肠道中拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门比值的下降被视为微生物群失调的标志[38-40]。同时,研究显示,拟杆菌门相对丰度与精子活力呈正相关,而厚壁菌门相对丰度则与之呈负相关[9,24]。然而,Zhou等[25]研究发现,老年杜洛克种猪饲粮中添加AOS后,属于拟杆菌门的普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)的相对丰度下降,而该属的相对丰度与精子活力呈负相关。普雷沃氏菌属可能通过破坏肠道微生态平衡、增加内毒素释放,诱发内毒素血症和炎症反应,进而影响睾丸基因表达及精子生成与活力,最终导致精液品质下降[41]。上述结果表明,探究肠道微生物对精子功能的影响可能需将分析层面聚焦至属水平。Zhou等[25]通过16S rRNA基因测序技术对饲喂AOS的老年杜洛克种猪进行肠道微生物群落分析,结果表明,AOS处理显著提高了肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)等有益微生物的相对丰度,同时显著降低了链球菌属(Streptococcus)、梭菌属(Clostridium)、密螺旋体属2(Treponema_2)、金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium)、瘤胃球菌科UCG-005(Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005)以及普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001(Prevotellaceae_UCG-001)和普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31群(Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group)等潜在有害微生物的相对丰度。Han等[24]在研究AOS对杜洛克公猪肠道微生物及精子质量的影响中也发现,AOS处理显著提高了粪球菌属(Coprococcus)和丁酸球菌属(Butyricicoccus)的相对丰度。Lin等[8]在断奶约克夏公猪饲粮中补充菊粉和纤维素后发现,高纤维补充组公猪的梭菌属、罗姆布茨菌属(Romboutsia)和苏黎世杆菌属(Turicibacter)的相对丰度低于对照组,而瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)和乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的相对丰度则高于对照组。Wei等[42]研究发现,菊粉干预可缓解高果糖诱导的小鼠肠道微生物群失衡,逆转双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)相对丰度的减少及粪杆菌属(Faecalibaculum)相对丰度的增加,菊粉组中以双歧杆菌属和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)为主导。Jayasinghe等[43]研究发现,高膳食纤维(抗性淀粉和瓜尔胶)饮食组小鼠的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和统一链球菌属(Streptococcus uniformis)的相对丰度更高。
肠道微生物的变化会通过“肠-睾轴”直接影响睾丸功能,进而改变精液质量[44]。Zhou等[45]给2月龄公猪饲粮中添加二氢槲皮素(taxifolin)后发现,粪球菌属和肠杆菌属相对丰度的升高可促进精子发生,而普雷沃氏菌属相对丰度的下降则有利于改善精子畸形率。Han等[46]在公猪饲粮中添加羟基酪醇的研究同样证实,粪球菌属相对丰度的增加对精子发生具有正向促进作用,并可改善精液品质。Lin等[8]研究发现,芽孢杆菌属的相对丰度不仅与精子活力呈正相关,还与精子振荡比和直线性呈正相关。此外,乳酸菌已被报道可通过调节肠道屏障功能、降低氧化应激、恢复SCFAs平衡及改善睾丸功能,从而对雄性动物的繁殖性能产生积极影响[47]
通过添加膳食纤维可调节肠道微生物群落组成,同时促进SCFAs的生成,进而改善精子发生过程并提升精液质量。肠道微生物发酵膳食纤维产生的主要SCFAs为乙酸、丙酸和丁酸[48-49]。研究发现,老年杜洛克种猪饲粮中添加AOS可显著提高肠道中SCFAs含量,其中乙酸和丁酸含量显著升高,丙酸含量亦呈上升趋势;并且,肠杆菌属的相对丰度与乙酸、丙酸含量呈显著正相关,梭菌属的相对丰度与丁酸含量呈显著负相关[25]。Lin等[8]研究表明,高纤维补充组血清中总SCFAs、乙酸和丁酸含量均较对照组显著升高。丁酸可通过促黄体生成素(LH)/环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)/蛋白激酶A(PKA)信号通路改善高尿酸血症,间接增强睾丸抗氧化能力并促进T分泌,进而改善精液品质[50]。Al-Asmakh等[51]研究证实,丁酸梭菌代谢产生的丁酸可促进小鼠睾丸间质细胞合成T,提高小鼠精子活力。综上可知,膳食纤维可通过调控肠道微生物群落结构,改变SCFAs的合成代谢,进而影响T合成,最终对精子发生产生调控作用。这些研究结果表明,膳食纤维可通过调节肠道微生物群落结构、影响SCFAs生成,最终对公猪精液品质产生积极影响。

3.3 调节生殖激素水平

精子生成发生在睾丸中,这一过程依赖于体内激素水平的精细平衡,主要受下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴(HPG轴)调控[52]。下丘脑释放促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH),刺激垂体分泌LH和促卵泡激素(FSH)。其中,LH刺激睾丸间质细胞产生T,而FSH则与T协同作用,共同促进精子生成[53]。膳食纤维可通过调节与精子生成密切相关的LH、FSH及T等激素的水平,进而影响精液品质[9]。T合成的起始底物为胆固醇,其来源主要有3条途径:睾丸间质细胞自身合成、储存的胆固醇酯水解,以及从血清脂蛋白中摄取[54-55]。在LH作用下,胆固醇被转运至间质细胞的线粒体内膜,该过程由类固醇合成急性调节蛋白(StAR)介导。在线粒体内膜中,胆固醇侧链裂解酶(CYP11A1)将其转化为孕烯醇酮。孕烯醇酮随后通过被动扩散离开线粒体,后续的T合成反应均在滑面内质网中进行。在经典合成途径中,孕烯醇酮和孕酮分别在17α-羟化酶作用下转化为17α-羟孕烯醇酮和17α-羟孕酮;随后,17,20-裂解酶将17α-羟孕烯醇酮和17α-羟孕酮分别转化为脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)和雄烯二酮。最终,雄烯二酮在17β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶3(17β-HSD3)的作用下转化为T[55]
Lin等[8]给120日龄公猪饲粮中添加菊粉和麦麸后发现,膳食纤维可通过上调StARCYP11A1的表达来提高T水平,同时睾丸组织中FSH和LH水平亦显著上升。Rahimiyan-Heravan等[22]研究表明,补充菊粉可部分缓解糖尿病引起的小鼠睾丸雄激素受体(AR)表达下调,而AR表达水平与T水平、精子活力及睾丸组织参数均呈强相关性。Akram等[23]研究发现,补充低聚果糖可使肥胖小鼠的T水平恢复,并改善精子运动能力。Zhou等[25]的研究进一步验证了上述发现,饲粮中添加AOS后老年杜洛克公猪血清T水平显著提升。上述研究结果表明,膳食纤维对雄性动物生殖相关激素具有显著的调控作用。

3.4 影响表观遗传修饰

表观遗传信息可通过非遗传方式调节后代表型,其主要载体包括组蛋白翻译后修饰、DNA共价修饰及RNA(含非编码RNA和小调控RNA)[56]。其中,组蛋白修饰已被证实能够通过有丝分裂传递表观遗传信息[57]。尽管成熟精子中组蛋白大量丢失,但在小鼠和人类精子中仍分别保留约1%和10%的组蛋白[58-60]。Lismer等[61]的研究表明,营养补充等环境干预可通过影响精子组蛋白修饰而传递至子代。Sanchez等[62]通过设计有无膳食纤维及是否额外补充丁酸和丙酸的小鼠试验发现,膳食纤维来源的SCFAs可通过抑制B细胞内特定miRNAs宿主基因的组蛋白去乙酰化,发挥表观遗传调控作用。Nshanian等[63]在小鼠的研究中发现,饲粮中添加5%阿拉伯木聚糖后,其在肠道中产生的丙酸盐和丁酸盐可通过形成特异性组蛋白修饰(丙酰化和丁酰化),直接调节染色质结构和基因转录。然而,哺乳动物在生殖细胞产生及胚胎着床前会经历大规模的DNA甲基化重编程,从而重置表观基因组[64]。尽管精子和卵子基因组的特定区域对该重编程具有抵抗性[64],但DNA共价修饰能否作为父系遗传信息的载体,目前仍缺乏直接证据。
相较于组蛋白修饰和DNA共价修饰,小调控RNA(如miRNAs)作为表观遗传信息的重要载体正日益受到关注[65]。大量研究表明,miRNAs是功能性精子生成所必需的,Cre/LoxP遗传学方法已证实其对雄性小鼠生育能力至关重要。例如,miR-221和miR-222是维持未分化精原细胞池所必需的[66],而miR-34/449家族则参与精子发生的后期进程[67]。此外,睾丸支持细胞中的miRNAs以及附睾分泌的细胞外囊泡(EVs)中的miRNAs,均在精子正常发育与成熟过程中发挥关键作用[68-69]。膳食纤维来源的SCFAs已被发现可调控miRNAs表达。Din等[70]在结肠炎小鼠模型中发现,SCFAs可降低结肠炎中升高的miR-223、miR-150和miR-155表达水平。Deng等[71]研究表明,膳食纤维可下调糖尿病小鼠模型中的miR-126a与miR-29a,同时上调miR-26a与miR-451,从而改善糖原合成并减轻胰岛素抵抗。Chleilat等[72]通过甲基供体影响雄性大鼠肠道SCFAs含量,发现其后代肝脏中多个与肥胖及胰岛素抵抗相关的miRNAs表达发生改变。综上所述,膳食纤维通过组蛋白修饰及miRNAs表达调控表观遗传修饰已被广泛报道,推测其可能通过表观遗传途径影响后代。然而,目前关于膳食纤维对精子表观遗传影响的直接证据仍然有限,相关机制尚待进一步阐明。

4 小结与展望

综上所述,膳食纤维可通过促进睾丸发育、调节肠道微生物丰度及其代谢物、提高T等生殖激素的合成水平,进而增加雄性动物的精液量、精子浓度和有效精子数,降低精子异常率和顶体缺陷发生率;同时,膳食纤维还可缓解热应激、肥胖、衰老及糖尿病等不利条件下精液质量的下降,从而提升公猪的利用效率和繁殖年限。然而,目前仍存在以下几个方面亟待深入研究:1)膳食纤维对公猪精液品质的直接研究尚不充分,未来需系统比较不同类型膳食纤维对种公猪精液品质的影响,筛选出成本低廉、效果优良的膳食纤维来源;2)应优化以精液品质提升为目标的种公猪饲粮中膳食纤维的添加种类、时期及适宜剂量;3)需进一步阐明膳食纤维介导精子表观遗传重塑进而影响后代表观遗传景观的具体分子途径。
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