动物营养学报 >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 8: 5637 - 5649

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.452

综述

竹资源饲料化技术及其在动物养殖中的应用

  • 杨洁妤 , 1, 2 ,
  • 王文良 1, 2 ,
  • 谭碧娥 , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 湖南农业大学动物科学技术学院, 畜禽产品品质调控湖南省重点实验室, 长沙 410128
  • 2 岳麓山实验室, 长沙 410128
*谭碧娥,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

杨洁妤(2002—),女,湖南长沙人,硕士研究生,从事动物营养与饲料科学研究。E-mail:

Office editor: 田艳明

收稿日期: 2026-01-12

  网络出版日期: 2026-08-13

基金资助

湖南省科技创新类湖湘青年英才(2024RC3188)

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Feed Utilization Technologies of Bamboo Resources and Their Applications in Animal Production

  • YANG Jieyu , 1, 2 ,
  • WANG Wenliang 1, 2 ,
  • TAN Bi’e , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Livestock and Poultry Products of Hunan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2 Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2026-01-12

  Online published: 2026-08-13

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摘要

开发新型非常规饲料资源是保障我国粮食安全、缓解人畜争粮现状的重要途径。竹子作为一种再生资源,具有资源丰富、富含膳食纤维和功能活性成分的特点,作为畜禽饲料开发潜力巨大。本文综述了竹资源的分布、理化特性及其饲料化利用的关键技术。通过物理、化学和生物等预处理技术可有效破解竹子的纤维结构,改善其适口性和营养价值。研究表明,在饲粮中添加适量竹粉、竹叶提取物或其发酵产物,可改善动物生长性能、营养物质消化率、肠道健康及产品品质。目前,竹资源饲料化仍面临原料成分变异大、加工成本高及供应体系不稳定等挑战。未来需建立标准化原料成分数据库,研发低成本预处理工艺,并构建智能化收储运体系,以推动其规模化应用。本文可为竹资源在动物健康养殖中的高效利用提供参考。

关键词： 竹资源; 饲料化利用; 预处理技术; 竹粉; 动物健康养殖

本文引用格式

杨洁妤 , 王文良 , 谭碧娥 . 竹资源饲料化技术及其在动物养殖中的应用[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(8) : 5637 -5649 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.452

Abstract

Developing novel unconventional feed resources is a crucial approach to ensure national food security and alleviate the current competition between human food and animal feed. As a renewable resource, bamboo is abundant and rich in dietary fiber and functional bioactive compounds, offering great potential for use as livestock feed. This review summarizes the distribution, physicochemical properties, and key technologies for utilizing bamboo as animal feed. Physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment methods can effectively break down bamboo’s fibrous structure, improving its palatability and nutritional value. Studies have shown that adding appropriate amounts of bamboo powder, bamboo leaf extracts, or their fermented products to animal diets can enhance growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal health, and product quality. However, challenges remain in the feed utilization of bamboo, including significant variation in raw material composition, high processing costs, and an unstable supply system. Future efforts should focus on establishing standardized databases for raw material composition, developing low-cost pretreatment processes, and building intelligent collection, storage, and transportation systems to promote large-scale application. This article provides valuable insights for the efficient utilization of bamboo resources in healthy animal production.

Key words： bamboo resources; feed utilization; pretreatment technology; bamboo powder; healthy animal production

随着畜牧业的快速发展,饲料资源的减少和成本的上升成为制约其绿色可持续发展的关键因素,畜牧业面临着日益严峻的“人畜争粮”挑战[1]。我国规模化生猪养殖一直采用传统的玉米-豆粕型饲粮[2],其大量原料依赖进口,受国际市场价格波动影响显著,这不仅提高了饲料企业生产成本,还给粮食安全和畜禽养殖带来了重大隐患[3]。因此,在饲料原料供需趋紧的背景下,开发新型非常规饲料资源成为保障供给的必然选择。
竹子作为一种天然生长的植物资源,在中国及东南亚地区分布广泛,是一种生长迅速、产量丰富的可再生资源,其独特的生物特性使其在生物材料、能源开发、食品加工及畜牧生产等多个领域都具有重要的应用价值[4]。竹子主要由纤维素(40%~50%)、半纤维素(20%~30%)和木质素(5%~10%)等成分组成[5]。竹粉富含不可溶性膳食纤维、叶苷和多糖等有益成分,能有效提升动物免疫和抗氧化功能,但其含有的木质素成分却制约了竹粉的饲用价值[6]。物理、化学和生物等预处理技术能有效降解纤维素,提升竹资源饲用价值,促进其在畜禽养殖中的应用。本文综述了竹资源作为新型非常规饲料原料的开发潜力及关键技术,以期为缓解人畜争粮现状提供新的思路。

1 竹资源的分布和种类

竹子作为一种重要的森林资源,能在湿润的热带、亚热带以及温带等多种气候条件下生长繁衍[7-8]。竹子在全球范围内分布广泛,主要集中于亚太、非洲和南美洲等地区,其中中国集中分布于南方17个省、市或自治区,涵盖江苏、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、河南、湖北、湖南、广东、广西、海南、四川、重庆、贵州、云南及陕西等地。其中,福建、浙江、江西和湖南4个省的竹林资源较为丰富,单省竹林面积均超过30万hm2,累计占全国竹林总面积的60.7%[9]。全球现存竹子1 200多种,分属87个属,竹林总面积估计达3 053.84万hm2。竹子主要分为木本竹和草本竹两大类,其中木本竹以丘斯夸竹属(Chusquea)为代表,多分布于山地(如安第斯山脉、中美洲山地),其物种数量占新热带木本竹总数的1/3;草本竹则以黍竺属(Olyra)为代表,集中于低地热带森林林下[10]。
竹的叶、茎、笋等多个部位均可开发作为动物饲料。竹叶和竹的嫩茎凭借其良好的物理质地和适口性,适用于家畜直接利用,亦是青贮饲料生产的理想原料[11]。竹笋加工副产物中含有较高含量的粗蛋白质、竹纤维和活性成分,具有较高的利用价值[12],通过适当的预处理技术可将其转化为可利用的粗饲料[13]。

2 竹资源的营养和化学特性

竹原料纤维含量高,其纤维素含量为干重的40%~60%[14]。竹笋加工副产物的纤维素含量也为干重的36%~42%,且木质素含量高达28%~46%[15-16]。这种高含量的纤维素与半纤维素及木质素交联,形成了高度致密且难以降解的物理结构[17]。其中,木质素是制约其饲用价值的关键抗营养因子。未处理竹粉中的酸性洗涤木质素(acid detergent lignin,ADL)含量可高达19.8%[18]。从不同部位看,竹叶的酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)和ADL含量分别为32.7%~34.5%和2.7%~10.8%,纤维素含量约为24.8%[18-20];竹茎的纤维结构更为致密,其ADF和ADL含量分别为44.2%~57.1%和3.8%~9.9%[14,20]。
竹笋具有较高的营养密度,幼嫩竹笋的粗蛋白质含量可达20%以上[20],且加工副产物的粗蛋白质含量也可达8.12%~13.27%[16,21-23]。竹叶的粗蛋白质含量低于竹笋,但具有极高的季节稳定性,其粗蛋白质含量在冬季仍能维持在16.9%左右[19]。此外,竹类组织中还富集了大量的钙、锌和铁(生长早期可达10~50 μg/g)等必需微量矿物元素[20]。竹叶和竹笋加工副产物的粗灰分含量分别为6.6%~7.4%和2.51~3.53%[19]。
此外,竹中含有丰富的次生代谢产物,且在不同部位中含量和分布存在差异,其中竹笋加工副产物和竹叶的次生代谢物开发最有价值。竹笋加工副产物含有多种活性物质,包括15种酚酸、7种黄酮类化合物、19种有机酸、2种环烯醚萜苷和1种新木脂素[24]。竹叶提取物中的活性物质更为广泛,其富含黄酮类化物、酚酸类化合物、蒽醌类化合物、萜类内酯和生物碱等,均具有较强的生物活性作用[12,25-26]。不同竹资源的常规营养成分含量见表1。
表1 不同竹资源的常规营养成分含量

Table 1 Conventional nutrient contents of different bamboo resources

项目
Items		 粗蛋白质
CP/%		 粗脂肪
EE/%		 粗纤维
CF/%		 酸性洗
涤纤维
ADF/%		 酸性洗
涤木质素
ADL/%		 钙
Ca/(mg/kg)		 参考文献
References
竹叶
Bamboo leaf		 2.00~
19.44		 0.13~
4.68		 18.89~
67.00		 32.66~
34.51		 2.70~
10.80		 162.91~
8 084.73		 [19-20
27-28]
竹茎
Bamboo culm		 0.41~
5.00		 0.11~
1.93		 39.29~
57.46		 44.22~
57.12		 3.80~
9.90		 48.86~
7 298.41		 [14,20
27-29]
竹笋
Bamboo shoot		 3.73~
38.68		 0.13~
5.74		 6.78~
41.71		 21.01~
50.31		 1.01~
4.32		 51.14~
3 877.62		 [20,27-28
3032-33]
竹笋壳
Bamboo shoot husk		 8.12~
13.27		 1.56~
1.79		 20.78~
22.87		 31.14~
45.74		 - - [16
21-23]

“-”表示参考文献中无该成分数据。

“-” indicated that there was no data for this component in the references.

3 竹资源饲料化利用技术

3.1 物理预处理法

竹资源物理预处理是改善其饲用品质的首要环节,核心作用在于通过机械力改变竹材的物理形态和结构,降低纤维素结晶度。球磨预处理能改变毛竹竹茹纤维的微观结构,使其持水力、溶胀性以及对亚硝酸根离子和胆酸钠的吸附能力显著增强[34]。球磨处理可提升竹纤维的持水膨胀能力,有助于调节食糜黏度和肠道蠕动。尽管有研究指出球磨能提高竹材的酶解糖化效率[35],并可通过与催化剂的协同进一步破坏结晶结构[36],但从饲料化角度看,该处理更大的价值是有助于为后续的微生物发酵创造更疏松、更具反应活性的底物结构。
螺杆挤压利用高温剪切解构竹材细胞壁层,能显著增大比表面积并暴露更多反应位点[37],实现竹膳食纤维功能性的改性。基于此效应,Ge等[38]利用双螺杆挤压有效促使不溶性膳食纤维向可溶性膳食纤维转化,显著提升了其溶胀性、持水、持油及胆固醇吸附能力,有效释放了膳食纤维的潜在生理活性。蒸汽爆破技术基于热机械作用,能显著提高竹材的孔隙率并降低其机械强度[39]。其作为一种高效前处理手段,能引起半纤维素中的木聚糖发生明显水解及木质素的酯键和醚键断裂[40],有效破坏竹材的抗降解性并使其结构变得疏松多孔,有利于微生物对纤维素等营养物质的利用。
超微粉碎是提升竹资源饲用价值的精细化加工技术,旨在将竹材粉碎至微米级,从而提高其比表面积和表面活性。利用细胞破壁效果能促进竹材生物活性物质的溶出,施锴云等[41]通过优化气流式超微粉碎工艺,使竹笋壳粉的黄酮溶出含量由普通粉碎的14.1 mg/g提升至17.6 mg/g,有助于增强竹材作为饲料原料的潜在抗氧化活性。此外,超微粉体优异的流动性、分散性和复水性[42],也有助于改善竹资源在饲料加工中易分层、混合不均匀的问题。

3.2 化学预处理法

采用化学试剂对木质纤维素进行预处理效果好且成本低,主要包括酸处理、碱处理和有机-水混合处理等。稀酸能有效水解竹材中的半纤维素,破坏其纤维结构屏障。廖荣俊等[43]用稀硫酸在121 ℃下对竹粉进行预处理,通过增加其内表面积促进微生物与底物的接触效率。Luo等[44]利用80%(质量分数)苯磺酸在80 ℃温和条件下处理竹子60 min,实现了超过90%的木质素和半纤维素脱除。这些处理有助于破解竹材的抗降解性,为后续微生物发酵和动物消化过程创造有利条件。但酸处理往往伴随可发酵糖的降解损失,并产生需中和的酸性废液,在饲料化应用中须配套严格的洗涤工序以确保产物的饲用安全。氢氧化钠等碱处理能促使纤维束溶胀裂解,有效改变纤维结构[45]。其中,氨化处理在饲料化技术中具有特殊价值,其在破坏木质素结构的同时,还能引入非蛋白氮,作为氮源对提高动物饲料的蛋白质含量具有潜在益处[12]。但碱处理和氨化处理效果高度依赖工艺条件,且必须通过充分的后处理控制碱或氨的残留,这是确保其饲用安全性的前提。

3.3 物理化学预处理法

物理化学预处理融合了物理爆破与化学反应,能高效破解竹材的致密结构,形成高孔隙率的疏松基质,有助于增加原料与微生物的接触面积。蒸汽爆破与酸碱处理结合是一种优势方案,能够高效实现纤维的物理性解离和木质素等抗营养因子的脱除[46-47],将难以被动物消化利用的竹材,转化为一种结构疏松多孔且性质优化的饲料原料[48]。氨纤维爆破(ammonia fiber explosion,AFEX)是一种兼具物理与化学协同效应的预处理技术[49]。相比传统酸碱法,AFEX能通过物理爆破与氨的温和化学作用协同改性木质素,在有效保留碳水化合物、避免糖类降解及抑制物生成的同时,其残留的氨还可作为非蛋白氮源,为后续发酵过程提供氮营养[50]。
二氧化碳超临界流体爆破为饲料化技术提供了一条绿色高效的路径,其是以超临界二氧化碳作为介质对木质纤维素进行预处理[51]。刘江燕等[52]采用二氧化碳超临界流体协同二氧六环-水夹带剂萃取技术脱除毛竹木质素,实现了木质素在细胞壁超微结构中的选择性脱除,木质素脱除率高达84.8%,这不仅能有效避免强化学试剂的使用,也有助于为后续发酵提供适宜的原料基础。

3.4 生物预处理法

3.4.1 微生物发酵技术

微生物发酵是竹资源饲料化的一项核心技术,竹笋在自然发酵过程中能通过本底微生物群落显著提升总酚含量和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除率从而增强其抗氧化活性,依靠特定微生物群落的代谢途径还可以驱动风味物质和化学成分的系统性转变[53-54],这为进一步引入功能菌种进行定向发酵奠定了基础。在定向发酵中,乳酸菌(如植物乳杆菌、戊糖乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌)作为首选菌群,能够通过快速产酸降低pH,抑制亚硝酸盐等有害物质生成,在维持原料营养物质(粗蛋白质、粗脂肪)的同时改善适口性和卫生安全性[55-57]。针对纤维降解活性,利用枯草芽孢杆菌在接种量为22.1%、含水量为44.8%及32 ℃的优化条件下进行转化,成功在10 d内将竹基质中的纤维素降解了27.83%[58],有效提高了饲料原料的可消化性。真菌在竹基底物结构改性中具有优势,根霉菌发酵竹笋副产物,在最佳工艺原料20目、液料比1∶15、34 ℃发酵32 h下,所得产品膳食纤维含量达54.2%,其持水力、溶胀性及感官品质均优于化学法[59]。Huo等[60]采用黑曲霉和白腐菌对竹笋残渣进行混合发酵,提高了粗蛋白质含量,并降低了纤维组分含量。

3.4.2 酶解技术

酶解是竹资源饲料化加工中实现纤维素高效转化的关键生物处理技术,其依赖机械、高温或化学等预处理与复合酶系的协同作用,可有效破坏竹材复杂的纤维结构,实现纤维组分的高效转化[61]。通过机械化学预处理配合复合酶解可针对性去除因木质化而形成的非纤维素杂质,显著优化纤维品质[62]。Song等[63]采用螺旋挤压和纤维素酶协同处理显著改善了竹笋膳食纤维的理化和功能特性,可溶性膳食纤维含量由4.22%显著提升至22.17%,并增强了其吸附性能,为开发功能性竹资源饲料添加剂提供了可能。酶解过程条件温和、特异性强、无化学残留,在饲料化应用中优势明显。研究表明,经高温预处理结合木聚糖酶水解可有效松散竹材结构,促进对半纤维素的降解[64]。在碱预处理基础上,利用黑曲霉BE-2来源的复合纤维素酶对竹材进行水解,能高效释放葡萄糖等可发酵糖[65]。该技术有助于将竹材中难以消化的纤维组分转化为易于被动物肠道微生物或发酵利用的前体物质,为制备高消化性竹资源饲料或发酵提供了可能的技术路径。

3.4.3 青贮技术

竹笋壳等是一种潜在的青贮饲料原料。在底物改良方面,在鲜笋壳中添加10%麸皮或5%麸皮+5%草粉进行复合青贮,显著降低了pH和氨态氮含量,并提高了干物质回收率[66]。Paul等[67]在竹叶中添加4%糖蜜,采用青贮袋密封贮藏45 d,有助于促进乳酸发酵,获得了低干物质损失、高乳酸含量的优质青贮饲料。蔡万豪等[68]向毛竹青贮中复合添加芽孢杆菌和乳酸杆菌,干燥环境下密封贮藏30 d,其发酵产物乳酸含量显著提高,pH稳定在适宜范围,同时粗蛋白质含量提高而纤维组分含量降低,并有效提升了乳杆菌属、醋杆菌属等有益微生物的相对丰度。竹资源青贮有助于改善发酵底物不足和乳酸菌竞争力弱等问题,从而提升发酵效率和营养物质保留率,并拓展青贮饲料原料来源。

3.5 竹资源有效成分的提取

竹叶中富含的黄酮类化合物等活性物质可被提取开发作为抗氧化剂、抗菌剂等饲料添加剂[69]。与传统的水浴浸提法相比,物理场辅助提取技术能通过破坏细胞壁,有效地释放并保留竹叶中的活性成分,从而提升其提取效率。许钢等[70]早期的研究证实,超声波的机械效应能有效破坏细胞壁,其采用75%丙酮辅助超声处理30 min,能够实现高达95.5%的黄酮提取率。利用超声辅助提取竹叶多糖,可有效破坏细胞壁并促进多糖溶出,再经二乙氨基乙醇(DEAE)-纤维素柱纯化获得4种多糖组分[71]。微波辅助提取则利用高频热效应实现快速加热和成分释放,优化后可将提取时间从7 h缩短至25 min,且黄酮得率提升约40%[72]。进一步采用离子液体-超声协同提取竹叶黄酮,在优化条件下提取率达到4.592 mg/g,高于传统热回流法和常规超声法,显示出离子液体作为绿色溶剂在提升提取效率和选择性方面的潜力[73]。这些技术不仅提升了竹叶活性成分的获取效率,也因其环境友好、溶剂可控等特点,有助于保障产物在饲料应用中的安全性,为竹资源的饲料化利用奠定了技术基础。

4 竹资源在动物生产中的应用

4.1 对生长性能和营养物质消化利用的影响

竹资源饲料在动物养殖中主要作为粗饲料来源,因其高纤维、低能量和低蛋白质的特点,可能影响饲粮适口性,导致动物采食量下降,降低营养物质的消化利用,从而影响生长性能。基于竹资源高纤维的结构特性,反刍动物瘤胃微生物能将竹纤维高效转化为挥发性脂肪酸供能,竹秆可作为其基础粗饲料,而竹叶则可作为蛋白质和维生素的补充[74]。竹叶作为反刍动物粗饲料可维持奶牛干物质采食量及消化率,且不影响产奶性能[75]。饲粮中添加2%的竹纤维应用于哺乳母猪饲粮,可显著提高哺乳期采食量,促进仔猪生长性能,并改善血清脂质代谢[76],提示竹纤维可能通过调节能量和脂质代谢改善母猪及仔猪生产性能。在育肥猪基础饲粮中添加不同比例的竹粉,发现对其生长性能无负面影响,且能显著提高饲料消化率[77]。竹资源在特种动物中亦表现出生理促进作用,在断奶仔兔饲粮中添加竹粉可提升其生长性能和养分表观消化率[78],在虎河豚饲料中添加竹炭可提高其增重率和蛋白质利用效率[79]。在禽类中,发酵竹粉可提高黄羽肉鸡生长性能和饲料利用率,降低血清甘油三酯和尿素氮含量[80]。不过,竹资源饲料本身营养浓度低,无法满足快速生长动物的高营养需求,若替代过多精料,则会导致动物能量和蛋白质摄入不足,并导致动物生长速度减慢,料重比升高。
竹资源饲料以较低比例添加到基础饲粮中或者应用其提取物时,对动物的生长呈现更多积极的影响。Shoura等[80]研究发现,饲粮中添加0.1%(1~22日龄)~0.2%(23~45日龄)发酵竹粉可显著改善矮化黄羽肉鸡的生长性能和饲料利用率,并有效降低血清甘油三酯和尿素氮含量。这可能与其活性成分有关,如竹叶黄酮能够通过被动扩散在肠道被吸收[81],进入血液循环后通过调节生长激素(growth hormone,GH)或胰岛素样生长因子(insulin-like growth factor,IGF),促进机体的蛋白质合成代谢和细胞增殖,从而显著提高动物的日增重和饲料转化率[82]。这一机制在猪的研究中同样得到印证,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加1%的竹醋液能够提高平均日增重、饲料利用率和机体抗氧化能力,且仔猪无不良生理反应[83]。饲粮添加0.01%的竹叶黄酮能显著缓解仔猪断奶应激并增强其环境适应性,有效降低腹泻率并显著提高平均日增重和饲料转化率[84]。在反刍动物中,曹洪志等[85]在肉牛饲粮中添加80 g/d的竹叶提取物,肉牛干物质采食量和平均日增重均显著提高。

4.2 对动物肠道健康的调控作用及机制

适量的竹饲料纤维能刺激动物肠道蠕动,维护肠道结构和动力,且可作为益生元调节肠道菌群结构,从而维护肠道健康。研究表明,给母猪饲喂添加4%发酵竹纤维的饲粮后能促进肠道有益菌群的富集,降低有害菌的相对丰度,并显著提高粪便中短链脂肪酸含量[86];其中,丁酸作为结肠上皮细胞的主要能量来源,对维持肠道绒毛形态和紧密连接蛋白的完整性具有重要作用。此外,竹资源饲料的生物活性成分,可发挥抑菌、抗氧化和调节免疫的作用。在单胃动物中,Qu等[87]和Yan等[88]发现,在育肥猪饲粮中添加1.5%的竹醋粉或0.1%~0.2%的竹醋液可显著抑制致病菌并促进有益菌增殖,从而减少有害气体的排放。易先国[89]和Rattanawut等[90]证实,饲粮添加0.4%的竹醋液同样能优化产蛋后期母鸡的肠道菌群和肠道形态。在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加0.1%~1.0%的竹醋粉具有特异性的免疫调节作用,其通过下调肝脏和十二指肠中抑炎因子[白细胞介素(IL)-10、IL-22]的表达,同时上调脾脏和肠系膜淋巴结中IL-25的表达,提高免疫功能和肠道健康水平[91]。在草食动物中同样发现饲粮添加30 g/d竹叶提取物能提高伊犁马的肠道菌群多样性,且菌群结构的改善与体增重等生长指标密切相关[92-93]。
经过生物发酵处理的竹粉因其营养特性改善以及发酵产生的有益代谢产物,对动物肠道屏障和吸收功能有显著的促进作用。在黄羽肉鸡饲粮中添加0.1%(1~22日龄)~0.2%(23~45日龄)发酵竹粉可通过改善肠道形态及上调葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)、阳离子氨基酸转运蛋白1(CAT1)、肽转运蛋白1(PEPT1)等营养物质转运蛋白基因表达促进营养吸收[80]。Malyar等[94]在黄羽肉鸡饲粮中分阶段添加0.1%(1~22日龄)、0.2%(23~45日龄)、0.4%(46~60日龄)和0.6%(61~77日龄)发酵竹粉能通过激活肠道气味受体并改善激素分泌,显著改善肠道形态结构,从而增强肠道对营养物质的吸收。

4.3 对畜禽产品品质的调控作用及机制

竹资源饲料对畜禽产品品质的调控作用,同样主要归因于其富含的膳食纤维以及黄酮类化合物和多糖等生物活性物质。这些成分主要通过增强机体抗氧化能力、优化脂质代谢、调节内分泌及改善矿物质沉积等多条途径,提升肉、蛋、奶的食用品质和营养价值。Shen等[95]证实,在肉鸡饲粮中添加0.2%~0.3%的竹叶提取物能显著提升肉鸡的抗氧化能力,有效缓解屠宰后的脂质氧化进程,从而降低滴水损失和剪切力。在猪肉品质方面,饲粮中添加2.5%~5.0%的发酵竹粉可显著改善育肥猪的胴体性状和肉色,且5.0%的添加效果更佳[77]。饲粮添加1.0%的竹酢粉能调节肌肉中风味前体物质的沉积,显著提高风味氨基酸及不饱和脂肪酸含量,从而改善猪肉的嫩度和风味[96]。
在蛋品质调控方面,竹醋液可通过抑制活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)生成及下游蛋白激酶C(PKC)-α/δ信号激活,阻断诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、IL-6表达及NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3)炎症小体的活化[97],从而减轻氧化和炎症反应。这一机制在改善蛋壳和蛋黄品质中均有体现。Rattanawut等[98]研究发现,产蛋后期母鸡饲粮中添加0.4%的竹醋液,其中的有机酸成分可改善钙、磷代谢和沉积,提高蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度,并降低破蛋率。饲粮添加0.5%并配合饮水添加1 mL/L的竹醋液,能通过缓解高温环境下的生理应激,显著改善蛋黄颜色并维持哈氏单位等关键品质指标的稳定[99]。
在泌乳生理调控方面,竹叶提取物表现出显著的内分泌调节和乳腺健康维护功能。马兵强[100]研究揭示,在泌乳期伊犁马饲粮中补喂20~30 g/d的竹叶提取物,能显著上调乳中的雌二醇和孕酮含量,通过内分泌轴驱动产奶量和乳成分的综合改善。多项研究证实,竹叶提取物的抗炎活性有助于降低奶牛体细胞数,在提升产奶量的同时,显著提高乳脂率和乳蛋白率,实现乳品产量和质量的双重提升[101-103]。

5 小结与展望

开发利用竹资源作为畜禽饲料在降低养殖成本、促进动物健康、减少环境污染等方面展现出巨大潜力,符合畜牧业绿色发展的趋势。作为反刍动物的优质粗饲料及单胃动物的功能性添加剂,竹资源在改善动物生长性能、肠道健康及产品品质方面潜力巨大。然而,其规模化应用仍面临三大核心挑战:首先,原料特性不稳定,成分受物种、部位及季节影响波动大,且缺乏精准数据库支撑配方设计;其次,加工成本高,现有预处理工艺虽有效但经济效益不足,制约产业推广;最后,供应波动大,受季节性采收限制,难以保障工业化连续生产。
未来需要利用近红外光谱和大数据构建动态、精准的成分数据库,解决配方精准度难题;借助合成生物学和酶工程开发高效菌酶制剂,突破低成本预处理技术壁垒;融合物联网和人工智能(AI)优化收储运体系,最终构建起高效、稳定且智能化的竹资源饲料化利用新模式。

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