1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计与饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |
| 精料 Concentrate1) | 26.0 |
| 苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay | 21.5 |
| 燕麦干草 Oat hay | 30.4 |
| 玉米青贮 Corn silage | 19.1 |
| 碳酸钙 CaCO3 | 0.5 |
| 碳酸氢钠 NaHCO3 | 0.5 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 1.0 |
| 预混料 Premix2) | 1.0 |
| 合计 Total | 100.0 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels3) | |
| 消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) | 13.2 |
| 干物质(饲喂基础) DM (as-fed basis) | 69.9 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 14.8 |
| 粗纤维 CF | 16.7 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 28.6 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 20.4 |
| 粗灰分 Ash | 6.5 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 2.4 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.46 |
| 磷 P | 0.26 |
1)每千克精料含有 One kilogram of the concentrate contained the following:玉米粒 maize grain 610 g,豆粕 soybean meal 70 g,油菜籽粕 canola meal 50 g,载体/填充物(主要为麸皮) carrier/filler (mainly wheat bran) 270 g。 2)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:Fe 41 mg,I 1.2 mg,Co 0.5 mg,Mn 98 mg,Ca 16 mg,P 5 mg,Se 0.9 mg,Zn 187 mg,Cu 36 mg,VA 1 500 IU,VD 550 IU,VE 10 IU。 3)消化能为依据《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2024年第35版)》所得计算值,其余为实测值。DE was a calculated value according to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (35th edition, 2024), while the others were measured values. |
1.3 样品采集与指标测定
1.3.1 饲粮养分含量及干物质采食量
1.3.2 泌乳量及乳成分
1.3.3 血清抗氧化指标
1.3.4 新生犊牛体尺指标
1.3.5 瘤胃液VFA含量
1.3.6 瘤胃微生物多样性及群落组成分析
1.3.7 瘤胃液代谢组学分析
1.4 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 迷迭香提取物对奶牛干物质采食量、泌乳性能、血清抗氧化指标及所产新生犊牛体尺指标的影响
表2 迷迭香提取物对奶牛干物质采食量和泌乳性能的影响Table 2 Effects of rosemary extract on dry matter intake and lactation performance of dairy cows |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 迷迭香组 Rosemary group | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 干物质采食量 DMI/(kg/d) | 14.88 | 16.72 | 0.547 | 1.000 |
| 平均泌乳量 Average milk yield/(kg/d) | ||||
| 产后第1个月 Month 1 postpartum | 17.16 | 22.81 | 2.078 | 0.092 |
| 产后第2个月 Month 2 postpartum | 16.06 | 20.78 | 0.850 | 0.010 |
| 产后第3个月 Month 3 postpartum | 16.16 | 21.96 | 1.402 | 0.040 |
| 产后第4个月 Month 4 postpartum | 15.30 | 18.92 | 1.212 | 0.075 |
| 产后第5个月 Month 5 postpartum | 9.45 | 11.55 | 0.343 | 0.002 |
| 产后第6个月 Month 6 postpartum | 10.16 | 12.40 | 0.744 | 0.088 |
| 产后第1~6个月 Months 1 to 6 postpartum | 14.03 | 18.07 | 1.271 | 0.030 |
| 乳成分 Milk composition | ||||
| 乳脂 Milk fat/% | 4.01 | 4.38 | 0.215 | 0.202 |
| 乳蛋白 Milk protein/% | 3.13 | 3.43 | 0.093 | 0.079 |
| 乳脂/乳蛋白 Milk fat/milk protein | 1.27 | 1.35 | 0.071 | 0.472 |
表3 迷迭香提取物对奶牛血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of rosemary extract on serum antioxidant indices of dairy cows |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 迷迭香组 Rosemary group | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 45.22 | 72.27 | 5.584 | 0.313 |
| 丙二醛 MDA/(mmol/mL) | 2.98 | 1.69 | 0.262 | 0.009 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 46.37 | 72.27 | 5.584 | 0.011 |
表4 围产期奶牛灌服迷迭香提取物对其所产新生犊牛体尺指标的影响Table 4 Effects of rosemary extract gavage in periparturient dairy cows on body measurements of their newborn calves |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 迷迭香组 Rosemary group | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 体高 Body height/cm | 78.90 | 77.78 | 0.775 | 0.089 |
| 体深 Body depth/cm | 30.98 | 30.20 | 0.629 | 0.382 |
| 体斜长 Body obliquely length/cm | 67.80 | 68.30 | 1.525 | 0.832 |
| 管围 Tube circumference/cm | 10.30 | 10.95 | 0.281 | 0.121 |
| 胸宽 Chest width/cm | 9.75 | 10.35 | 0.323 | 0.915 |
| 胸围 Chest circumference/cm | 77.20 | 77.20 | 0.934 | 1.000 |
| 腹围 Abdominal circumference/cm | 75.78 | 74.70 | 1.218 | 0.248 |
| 体重 Body weight/kg | 32.97 | 34.80 | 1.355 | 0.552 |
2.2 迷迭香提取物对奶牛瘤胃液VFA含量的影响
表5 迷迭香提取物对奶牛瘤胃液VFA含量的影响Table 5 Effects of rosemary extract on VFA contents in ruminal fluid of dairy cowsmmol/L |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 迷迭香组 Rosemary group | 均值标准误 SEM | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 乙酸 Acetate | 40.85 | 53.20 | 3.317 | 0.029 |
| 丙酸 Propionate | 28.07 | 37.64 | 3.223 | 0.024 |
| 异丁酸 Isobutyrate | 14.71 | 18.71 | 2.527 | 0.258 |
| 丁酸 Butyrate | 37.08 | 47.99 | 2.513 | 0.013 |
| 异戊酸 Isovalerate | 29.05 | 40.10 | 4.385 | 0.035 |
| 戊酸 Valerate | 12.96 | 18.58 | 1.533 | 0.007 |
2.3 迷迭香提取物对奶牛瘤胃微生物群落的影响
2.3.1 瘤胃微生物群落多样性
2.3.2 瘤胃微生物群落组成及差异分析
图2 门水平瘤胃微生物群落组成及差异分析A:门水平瘤胃微生物群落组成;B:瘤胃微生物群落差异菌门分析。A: composition of rumen microbial community at phylum level; B: analysis of differential bacterial phyla in rumen microbial community. Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Unidentified_Bacteria:未鉴定细菌;Gracilibacteria:芽孢杆菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝细菌门;Fibrobacterota:纤维杆菌门;Acidobacteriota:酸杆菌门;Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Campylobacteria:弯曲菌门;Others:其他。 Fig.2 Composition and differential analysis of rumen microbial community at phylum level |
图3 属水平瘤胃微生物群落组成及差异分析A:属水平瘤胃微生物群落组成;B:瘤胃微生物群落差异菌属分析。A: composition of rumen microbial community at genus level; B: analysis of differential bacterial genera in rumen microbial community. Unidentified_Enterobacteriaceae:未鉴定肠杆菌科;Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Succiniclasticum:解琥珀酸菌属;Achromobacter:无色杆菌属;Acinetobacter:不动杆菌属;Pseudomonas:假单胞菌属;Fibrobacter:纤维杆菌属;Brevundimonas:短波单胞菌属;Pedobacter:土地杆菌属;Selenomonas:月形单胞菌属;Akkermansia:阿克曼氏菌属;Bacillus:芽孢杆菌属;Anaerovibrio:厌氧弧菌属;Dubosiella:杜波氏菌属;Sphingomonas:鞘氨醇单胞菌属;Others:其他。 Fig.3 Composition and differential analysis of rumen microbial community at genus level |
2.4 瘤胃差异菌属与VFA的相关性分析
图4 瘤胃差异菌属与VFA相关性热图红色表示正相关,蓝色表示负相关,颜色越深,相关性越强。*表示显著相关(P<0.05)。图7同。 Fig.4 Correlation heatmap between differential ruminal bacterial genera and VFA Red indicated positive correlation and blue indicated negative correlation; darker color represented stronger correlation. * indicated significant correlation (P<0.05). The same as Fig.7. |
2.5 迷迭香提取物对奶牛瘤胃液代谢组的影响
图5 瘤胃差异代谢物筛选及关键代谢物定量验证A:OPLS-DA得分图;B:OPLS-DA模型置换检验图;C:差异代谢物火山图;D:差异代谢物log2FC分布条形图;E:关键代谢物定量验证。A: OPLS-DA score plot; B: permutation test plot for OPLS-DA model; C: volcano plot of differential metabolites; D: bar plot of log2FC distribution of differential metabolites; E: quantitative verification of key metabolites. R2Y:模型解释率 permutation-based model explanation rate;Q2:模型预测能力 permutation-based model predictive power;R2X:自变量解释率 independent variable explanatory rate;Statistics:统计;Up:上调 up-regulated;Down:下调 down-regulated;Insignificant:不显著;VIP:变量投影重要性 variable importance in projection;Oleanolic acid:齐墩果酸;Betulinic acid:白桦脂酸;Lutein:叶黄素;Neoxanthin:新黄质;Antheraxanthin:花药黄质;1-docosanoyl-2-(13Z-docosenoyl)-sn-glycerol:山嵛酰-2-(13Z-芥酰)-sn-甘油。 Fig.5 Screening of differential ruminal metabolites and quantitative verification of key metabolites |

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