动物营养学报 >

2026 , Vol. 38 >Issue 9: 6387 - 6399

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2026.511

综述

植物多酚的生物学功能及其在奶牛生产中的应用研究进展

  • 季少雄 , 1 ,
  • 龙沈飞 1, 2 ,
  • 王蔚 1 ,
  • 李胜利 , 1, *
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  • 1 中国农业大学动物科学技术学院, 畜禽营养与饲养全国重点实验室, 北京 100193
  • 2 北京京瓦农业科技创新中心, 北京 101206
* 李胜利,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

季少雄(2001—),男,河北邢台人,硕士研究生,研究方向为反刍动物营养与饲料科学。E-mail:

Office editor: 田艳明

收稿日期: 2026-01-21

  网络出版日期: 2026-09-12

基金资助

海南省重点研发项目(ZDYF2023XDNY067)

海南省重点研发项目(中国农业大学2115人才工程资助)

现代农业产业技术体系北京市创新团队项目(BAIC10-2026-S02)

2025年北京高层次创新创业人才支持计划青年人才托举工程项目(20250678)

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Research Progress on Biological Functions of Plant Polyphenols and Their Application in Dairy Cow Production

  • JI Shaoxiong , 1 ,
  • LONG Shenfei 1, 2 ,
  • WANG Wei 1 ,
  • LI Shengli , 1, *
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  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2 Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science & Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 101206, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2026-01-21

  Online published: 2026-09-12

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摘要

植物多酚是一类天然来源的生物活性物质,具有抗氧化、抗菌和免疫调节等作用。目前,许多研究证实,饲粮添加植物多酚可以提高奶牛生长性能和产奶量,改善乳品质,调控瘤胃代谢和养分消化,降低甲烷排放,以及提高机体免疫和抗氧化能力,具有广泛的应用前景。本文总结了植物多酚的分类、生物学功能以及在奶牛生产中的应用研究进展,并结合其在生产应用中存在的问题进行了展望,以期为植物多酚在奶牛生产中的进一步开发和利用提供参考。

关键词： 植物多酚; 生物学功能; 奶牛生产; 应用

本文引用格式

季少雄 , 龙沈飞 , 王蔚 , 李胜利 . 植物多酚的生物学功能及其在奶牛生产中的应用研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2026 , 38(9) : 6387 -6399 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2026.511

Abstract

Plant polyphenols are a class of naturally occurring bioactive compounds exhibiting antioxidant, antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects. At present, many studies have confirmed that dietary supplementation with plant polyphenols can enhance the growth performance and milk yield of dairy cows, improve milk quality, regulate rumen metabolism and nutrient digestion, reduce methane emissions, and boost immune and antioxidant capacities, demonstrating broad application potential. This paper summarized the classification, biological functions and application research progress of plant polyphenols in dairy cow production, discussed challenges encountered in practical applications and offered future directions, aiming to provide reference for further development and utilization of plant polyphenols in dairy cow production.

Key words： plant polyphenols; biological functions; dairy cow production; application

随着无抗养殖和绿色发展成为畜牧业的重要方向,如何在保障奶牛健康和乳品安全的同时维持其生产性能,已成为当前产业面临的关键课题。传统抗生素类饲料添加剂因耐药性及药物残留等问题受到严格限制,促使行业将目光转向天然、无残留的功能性替代品[1]。在此背景下,通过在奶牛饲粮中添加植物来源的生物活性物质——多酚类化合物,以改善奶牛免疫健康并提升乳品的营养价值,已引起广泛研究关注[2]。多酚类化合物作为植物的次生代谢产物,不仅广泛存在于水果、蔬菜和谷物中,也分布于红茶、绿茶等饮品以及植物的种子、根、嫩枝和花朵等多种部位[3]。研究表明,植物多酚对奶牛生产性能、抗氧化能力、免疫调节、产奶量和乳品质以及减少甲烷排放等均具有正向的调控作用[4]。此外,研究证实,植物多酚具有抗氧化、抗菌以及免疫调节等生物学活性,展现出广泛的应用潜力[5]。基于此,本文针对近年来植物多酚在奶牛生产中的应用研究进展进行梳理,并探讨其潜在的作用机制及发展前景,以期为推进奶牛绿色健康养殖和精准营养调控提供参考。

1 植物多酚的分类

植物多酚是一类具有广泛生物活性的植物化学物质,按其化学结构特征主要可分为黄酮类、非黄酮类及单宁3大类[6]。其中,黄酮类化合物是多酚中含量最丰富的一类,其基本结构由2个苯环通过3个碳原子构成的含氧杂环连接而成;黄酮类可进一步划分为黄酮醇、黄酮、黄烷醇、黄烷酮、花青素和异黄酮6个亚类[7]。非黄酮类多酚则包括酚酸类、木脂素类和芪类3个亚类[8]。单宁,亦称单宁酸,是一类分子质量为500~30 000 u的多酚化合物,按其结构可分为缩合单宁和水解单宁[9]。

2 植物多酚的生物学功能

2.1 抗氧化活性

植物多酚具有显著的抗氧化活性,其通过多种机制协同调控机体氧化还原平衡。研究表明,多酚类化合物能够直接清除自由基,其分子结构中普遍存在的高度共轭体系以及特定羟基取代基(如黄酮醇的3-羟基和儿茶酚型结构)可通过提供电子或氢原子,有效中和羟基自由基、超氧阴离子等高活性氧物质,从而减轻其对细胞膜、蛋白质及核酸的氧化损伤[10]。同时,多酚能够抑制自由基的生成;在脂质过氧化过程中,多酚可作为链式终止剂,与自由基反应后生成稳定的低活性产物,从而阻断脂质过氧化链式反应,显著降低膜脂氧化速率[11]。此外,多酚具有较强的金属离子螯合能力,可与亚铁离子(Fe2+)、铜离子(Cu2+)等过渡金属形成配位复合物,抑制其参与芬顿反应,进而减少羟基自由基的产生[12]。更重要的是,在泌乳奶牛中,植物多酚可通过调控相关信号通路激活内源性抗氧化系统,诱导谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等关键抗氧化酶的表达和活性提升,分别促进氢过氧化物、过氧化氢和超氧阴离子的分解,从而缓解细胞氧化应激损伤[13]。

2.2 抗菌活性

研究表明,多种植物多酚具有显著的抗菌潜力,其作用机制主要包括破坏细菌细胞膜结构、抑制关键酶活性以及干扰能量代谢等途径[14]。例如,茶多酚可有效抑制欧文氏菌、假单胞菌、棒状杆菌、黄单胞菌和土壤杆菌的生长[15];姜黄素则对金黄色葡萄球菌、副伤寒沙门氏菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、马氏芽孢杆菌及地衣芽孢杆菌等表现出抑制作用[16]。
除直接抑菌作用外,植物多酚在动物肠道后段经微生物发酵后,其生物可利用性和生物活性得到提升,从而表现出益生元特性。这类多酚能够选择性调节肠道菌群组成,促进有益微生物的增殖。Zhou等[17]研究发现,多酚干预可显著富集阿克曼菌属和瘤胃球菌属,这2类菌属在维持肠道黏液层结构和屏障功能完整性方面发挥着关键作用。Lu等[18]研究表明,饲喂葡萄多酚提取物可促进小鼠肠道内嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌和乳酸杆菌的生长。Yan等[19]也报道,枸杞中的花青素能够显著提升肠道双歧杆菌属和阿利森菌属相对丰度。这些研究共同揭示了植物多酚通过“微生物-肠道-宿主”轴间接改善动物健康的作用机制。

2.3 免疫调节活性

研究证实,植物多酚具有良好的免疫调节作用。具体而言,一些植物多酚会影响免疫细胞群,调节细胞因子的产生以及促炎基因的表达[20]。例如,石榴皮多酚可通过降低诱导型一氧化氮合酶和环氧化酶2的表达,减少肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的产生[21]。葡萄籽多酚可有效缓解2.5%硫酸葡聚糖钠诱导的小鼠结肠炎,降低IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的mRNA表达[22]。在去卵巢/D-半乳糖(OVX/D-gal)模型大鼠中,槲皮素可抑制核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路的激活,抑制IL-6的分泌[23]。此外,植物多酚对巨噬细胞的调控作用是其发挥免疫调节作用的关键途径之一。研究表明,可可多酚提取物可抑制M1型巨噬细胞介导的炎症反应,并促使其向M2抗炎表型极化,从而减轻炎症反应[24]。茶多酚可通过激活巨噬细胞,促进细胞因子IL-6和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的产生,从而抑制肿瘤的生长和转移[25]。同样,桑黄多酚通过抑制巨噬细胞向脂肪细胞的迁移,减少一氧化氮(NO)、TNF-α和IL-6的产生,从而减轻炎症反应[26]。

3 植物多酚在奶牛生产中的应用

3.1 对犊牛生长性能的影响

植物多酚对犊牛干物质采食量(DMI)、平均日增重(ADG)以及饲料效率(FE)等生长性能指标具有积极作用。在哺乳犊牛的饲养试验中,补饲40 g/d复合植物多酚(42.3%木脂素和21.2%黄酮)[27]和饲粮添加10 mg/kg黄芩苷[28]可显著提高犊牛体重、ADG和DMI。这可能与植物多酚提高犊牛胃肠道中木聚糖酶、胃蛋白酶和空肠乳糖酶活性,调节内源性生长激素分泌,优化瘤胃微生态环境与发酵,以及缓解机体氧化应激与炎症有关[29-32]。
表1总结了植物多酚对犊牛生长性能的影响,结果发现,不同来源和剂量的植物多酚对犊牛DMI、ADG和FE的影响结果存在较大差异。对于同一来源的植物多酚,适宜剂量可有效提高奶牛体重、DMI和ADG,而高剂量则对奶牛ADG、DMI和FE无积极影响。此外,不同来源的植物多酚在奶牛生产中的适宜剂量不同。研究发现,补饲6 g/d单宁提取物[33]以及20和40 g/d余甘子[30]对哺乳犊牛ADG和FE无积极作用。这可能是由于高剂量的植物多酚在瘤胃中会形成营养复合物,减缓了微生物发酵和纤维消化,进而导致饲粮中营养物质消化率降低[34]。因此,未来从农业副产物或野生植物资源中开发的新型多酚化合物,需要建立科学的添加方案,并针对不同生理阶段确定适宜添加剂量。
表1 植物多酚对犊牛生长性能的影响

Table 1 Effects of plant polyphenols on growth performance in dairy calves

项目
Items		 添加剂量
Additive amounts		 影响
Effects		 文献
References
42.3%木脂素和21.2%黄酮
42.3% lignan and 21.2% flavonoid		 10、20和40 g/d 补饲10、20和40 g/d复合多酚可提高犊牛干物质
采食量(DMI)和平均日增重(ADG),40 g/d效果最佳		 [27]
黄芩苷Baicalin 10和20 mg/kg 饲粮添加10 mg/kg黄芩苷可提高断奶前犊牛ADG和
饲料效率(FE),但对DMI和体尺指标无显著影响		 [28]
余甘子Phyllanthus emblica 5、10、20和40 g/d 补饲5和10 g/d余甘子对犊牛断奶重、ADG和FE
无显著影响;补饲20和40 g/d余甘子降低犊牛断奶重、ADG和FE		 [30]
桑叶黄酮Mulberry leaf flavonoids 3 g/d 与对照组相比,桑叶黄酮组犊牛ADG和FE显著提高 [31]
单宁提取物Tannin extract 6 g/d 对犊牛终末体重和ADG无显著影响 [33]
藤茶黄酮Ampelopsis grossedentata flavonoids 8 g/kg DM 提高犊牛终末体重、ADG和DMI,对FE无显著影响 [64]
桑叶黄酮
Mulberry leaf flavonoids		 100、200和400 mg/kg 饲粮添加200 mg/kg桑叶黄酮可提高犊牛
DMI和FE,对平均日采食量无显著影响		 [65]
水解单宁
Hydrolyzed tannin		 2、4和6 g/d 补饲2、4和6 g/d水解单宁对犊牛DMI无显著影响,但补饲
4 g/d水解单宁会提高犊牛ADG、断奶重和FE		 [66]
大豆异黄酮
Soy isoflavones		 100、300和600 mg/d 补饲100、300和600 mg/d大豆异黄酮可提高
犊牛ADG,300 mg/d效果最佳		 [67]
红蜂胶乙醇提取物Ethanol extract of red propolis 4 mL/d 对犊牛DMI、ADG和体尺指标无显著影响 [68]
桑叶黄酮Mulberry leaf flavonoids 3 g/d 与对照组相比,桑叶黄酮组犊牛ADG和FE显著提高,DMI无显著差异 [69]

3.2 对泌乳奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

植物多酚因抗炎、抗菌等生物学功能,在奶牛生产中对提高产奶量、改善乳成分具有积极作用。例如,在饲粮中添加2、4和8 g/kg红三叶草异黄酮可提高奶牛DMI和FE,同时2 g/kg红三叶草异黄酮使日平均产奶量提高9.79%,且显著提高乳脂率、乳蛋白率和乳糖率[35];补饲25 g/d黄芩黄酮可使奶牛产奶量提高7.64%,体细胞数显著降低,对DMI无显著影响[36];饲粮添加1.3 g/kg DM竹叶提取物(41.2%黄酮)可显著提高奶牛产奶量和乳脂含量,对DMI无显著影响[37]。研究证实,植物多酚可减少瘤胃发酵过程中的蛋白质和能量损耗,并提高瘤胃微生物对饲料养分的利用率[38]。因此,植物多酚对奶牛产奶量的积极作用可能与其提高养分消化率,促进丙酸生成有关[39]。
表2总结了植物多酚对泌乳奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响,结果发现,乳成分的试验结果因植物多酚的来源不同而差异较大,并且相关研究多集中于表型,具体调控机制不明确。研究报道,饲粮添加沙棘黄酮可通过调控奶牛瘤胃中瘤胃梭菌属和理研菌科的相对丰度,提高瘤胃中乙酸以及与苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成通路相关的代谢物含量,进而促进乳脂的合成[40]。补饲苜蓿黄酮可通过提高奶牛乳腺中葡萄糖转运体8的表达,提高血液中葡萄糖含量,进而促进乳糖的合成[41]。白藜芦醇可通过改善奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的能量和氨基酸代谢,促进蛋白质的合成,从而提高乳蛋白含量[42]。另有研究报道,农产品加工副产品来源的多酚会影响乳蛋白含量,而谷物来源的多酚会影响乳糖含量[43]。因此,未来研究可整合网络药理学、分子对接以及多组学技术揭示植物多酚多途径、多靶点的作用机制和活性成分。
表2 植物多酚对泌乳奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

Table 2 Effects of plant polyphenols on milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows

项目
Items		 添加剂量
Additive amounts		 影响Effects 文献
References
产奶量
Milk yield		 乳成分
Milk composition		 采食量和饲料效率
Feed intake and feed efficiency
红三叶草异黄酮
Red clover isoflavone		 2、4和8 g/kg 产奶量提高
9.79%(2 g/kg)		 乳脂率、乳蛋白率和
乳糖率显著提高		 干物质采食量(DMI)和
饲料效率(FE)显著提高		 [35]
黄芩黄酮
Scutellariae Radix flavonoids		 25 g/d 产奶量
提高7.64%		 乳脂、乳蛋白和乳糖含量无
显著变化;体细胞数显著降低		 DMI无显著变化 [36]
竹叶提取物(41.2%黄酮)
Bamboo leaf extract (41.2% flavonoid)		 1.3 g/kg DM 产奶量提高3.00% 乳脂含量显著提高,
乳蛋白和乳糖含量无显著
变化;体细胞数显著降低		 DMI无显著变化 [37]
绿茶多酚
Green tea polyphenols		 0.2 g/kg DM 产奶量显著提高 乳脂和乳蛋白含量显著
提高,乳糖含量无显著变化;
体细胞数显著降低		 DMI无显著变化 [61]
植物多酚提取物(绿茶、辣椒和葫芦巴)
Plant polyphenol extracts (green tea,
capsicum and fenugreek)		 100和150 g/d 产奶量提高
7.93%(100 g/d)		 乳脂率、乳蛋白率和
乳糖率无显著变化		 DMI显著提高(100 g/d),
FE无显著变化		 [62]
植物多酚提取物(葫芦巴、葡萄籽、辣椒和茶树)
Plant polyphenol extracts (fenugreek,
grape seed, capsicum and tea tree)		 50 g/d 产奶量提高6.79% 乳糖率降低,乳脂率、乳蛋白率
和总固形物含量无显著变化		 [70]
辣木叶黄酮
Moringa leaf flavonoids		 50和100 mg/kg BW 产奶量无显著变化 乳蛋白率显著提高,
乳脂率、乳糖率和总固形物
含量无显著变化		 [71]
柑橘黄酮
Citrus flavonoids		 50、100和150 g/d 产奶量显著提高
(100和150 g/d)		 乳糖率显著提高,乳脂率和
乳蛋白率无显著变化		 DMI无显著变化 [72]
植物多酚提取物(姜黄素、鼠尾草酚、
水杨酸、类黄酮和巴西蜂胶)
Plant polyphenol extracts (curcumin, carnosol,
salicylic acid, flavonoids and Brazilian propolis)		 25 g/d 产奶量无显著变化 乳脂率、乳糖率和乳蛋
白率无显著变化		 [73]
绿茶提取物
Green tea extract		 20 g/d 产奶量无显著变化 乳蛋白率无显著变化,
乳脂率和乳糖率显著降低		 DMI无显著变化,
FE显著降低		 [74]
苜蓿黄酮
Alfalfa flavonoids		 20、60和
100 mg/kg BW		 产奶量无显著变化 乳脂、乳蛋白和乳糖含量
无显著变化		 DMI无显著变化 [75]

3.3 对泌乳奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响

瘤胃代谢是影响泌乳奶牛营养物质利用效率和能量供给水平的关键因素,其高度依赖瘤胃微生物群落结构及其发酵特征。表3总结了植物多酚对泌乳奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响,涉及瘤胃发酵、甲烷排放及微生物群落3个方面,其中多数研究以缩合单宁或水解单宁作为多酚来源,其余研究涉及不同种类的茶多酚、酚酸类或类黄酮等混合物。结果发现,植物多酚对于挥发性脂肪酸的影响较为一致,主要表现为乙酸含量降低或者丙酸含量升高。由于丙酸生成途径可与产甲烷过程竞争代谢氢[44],因此,促进瘤胃发酵模式向丙酸型转变,可从代谢上减少甲烷的产生。同时,植物多酚可直接抑制瘤胃中产甲烷菌的相对丰度和活性,从而抑制甲烷合成[45]。
表3 植物多酚对泌乳奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响

Table 3 Effects of plant polyphenols on rumen metabolism in lactating dairy cows

项目
Items		 试验类型
Types of
experiment		 添加剂量
Additive amounts		 影响Effects 文献
References
瘤胃发酵
Rumen fermentation		 甲烷排放
Methane emissions		 微生物群落
Microbiota
槲皮素
Quercetin		 体外 50和100 μmol/L 总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸和
丙酸含量无显著变化		 无显著变化 [55]
单宁酸、茶多酚
Tannic acid and tea polyphenol		 体内 0.4% DM pH和丙酸含量显著提高,
氨态氮和微生物蛋白
含量显著降低		 显著降低 白色瘤胃球菌、黄色瘤胃球菌和
总产甲烷菌相对丰度降低		 [76]
迷迭香提取物
Rosemary extract		 体内 20 g/d pH以及总挥发性脂肪酸、
乙酸和丙酸含量无显著变化,
丁酸和戊酸含量显著提高		 醋杆菌属和普雷沃氏
菌属相对丰度提高		 [77]
葡萄籽单宁提取物
Grape seed tannin extract		 体内 0.2%、0.4%、
0.6%和
0.8% DM		 0.6%和0.8%单宁组总挥发
性脂肪酸含量显著降低,
丙酸含量显著提高;0.2%和
0.4%单宁组无显著差异		 0.8%单宁组显著降低 [78]
缩合单宁
Condensed tannin		 体内 17.41 g/kg DM 氨态氮和总挥发性脂肪酸含量
无显著变化,乙酸含量显著
降低,丙酸含量显著提高		 显著降低 甲烷短杆菌属相对丰度降低 [79]
葡萄提取物(45%低聚原花青素)
Grape extract (45% oligomeric procyanidins)		 体内 470 mg/d pH降低,总挥发性脂肪酸、
乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量无显著变化		 显著降低 [80]
缩合单宁和水解单宁
Condensed tannin and hydrolyzed tannin		 体外 0.3% DM pH以及氨态氮、乙酸、
丙酸和丁酸含量无显著变化		 显著降低 [81]
茶多酚
Tea polyphenol		 体内 1% DM 乙酸、丁酸含量无显著变化,
丙酸含量显著提高		 显著降低 丁酸弧菌属、理研菌科RC9
肠道群相对丰度提高		 [83]
葡萄籽提取物
Grape seed extract		 体外 3.7% DM 乙酸含量显著升高,丙酸和
丁酸含量显著降低,总挥发性
脂肪酸含量无显著变化		 无显著变化 甲烷短杆菌属、甲烷球形菌属
相对丰度降低,瘤胃杆菌属、
假丁酸弧菌属、纤维杆菌属
相对丰度提高		 [84]
大蒜柑橘提取物
Garlic and citrus extract		 体内 44 g/d 总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸和
丁酸含量无显著变化,
丙酸含量显著提高		 显著降低 琥珀酸弧菌科相对丰度提高,
甲烷短杆菌属相对丰度降低		 [85]
板栗总苞多酚
Polyphenol from chestnut involucre		 体外 0.2% DM 丙酸含量显著提高,
氨态氮和乙酸含量显著降低		 显著降低 [86]
银杏果提取物
Ginkgo fruit extract		 体外 0.8%、1.6%、
3.2%和6.4% DM		 1.6%、3.2%和6.4%组乙酸
含量显著降低,丙酸
含量显著提高		 1.6%、3.2%和
6.4%组显著降低		 琥珀酸弧菌属、普雷沃氏菌属
相对丰度提高,纤维杆菌属、
瘤胃球菌科相对丰度随
剂量的升高而降低		 [87]
关于植物多酚对泌乳奶牛瘤胃代谢的调控作用,既有有利影响,也有不利影响,这取决于多酚的来源、结构及其在饲粮中的添加剂量[46]。就单宁而言,其可通过改变细胞膜的通透性以及抑制瘤胃微生物的酶活性,对一些瘤胃微生物产生毒性作用[47]。这种毒性作用很大程度上取决于单宁的剂量、类型以及细菌种类。一项关于缩合单宁的体外研究表明,在较低浓度(50~100 μg/mL)条件下,解蛋白梭菌和白色瘤胃球菌相对丰度提高;而在较高浓度(>200 μg/mL)条件下,上述菌种相对丰度则无显著变化[48]。研究表明,原花青素对嗜氨基梭菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌及解蛋白梭菌的抑制作用与其特定的化学结构密切相关;而对白色瘤胃球菌和厌氧消化链球菌的生长则普遍抑制,这种抑制效应不受原花青素组分或剂量的影响[49]。此外,缩合单宁对产琥珀酸丝状杆菌和溶纤维丁酸弧菌的半纤维素酶和蛋白酶有直接抑制作用,而水解单宁则可被瘤胃硒单胞菌和链球菌属降解为乙酸和丁酸[50]。总体而言,植物多酚通过调控微生物群落结构和改变瘤胃发酵模式,在泌乳奶牛瘤胃代谢调控和甲烷减排等方面展现出综合应用潜力。

3.4 对泌乳奶牛养分消化代谢的影响

近年来,大量研究评估了植物多酚对泌乳奶牛养分消化代谢的影响。Prapaiwong等[51]研究发现,与对照组相比,补饲9.45 g/d栗木水解单宁可显著提高干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率,而补饲3.15和6.30 g/d栗木水解单宁对DM、OM、CP和ADF表观消化率无显著影响。Miao等[52]研究发现,补饲100 g/d水解单宁可显著提高泌乳奶牛OM、CP、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和ADF表观消化率。然而,Wang等[53]研究发现,补饲10、20和30 g/d白坚木-栗树单宁提取物对泌乳奶牛DM、OM、CP、NDF和ADF表观消化率无显著影响。Rennó等[54]研究表明,补饲低剂量的缩合单宁(16.2、32.4和48.6 g/d)对泌乳奶牛DM、OM、NDF和CP表观消化率无显著影响。这可能是由于植物多酚对养分消化的作用取决于多酚的来源和添加剂量。研究证实,高剂量的植物多酚可与淀粉、纤维素、半纤维素等养分结合,在消化道中形成难以降解的稳定复合物,进而导致养分表观消化率显著降低[47];而适宜剂量的植物多酚可提高瘤胃中纤维降解菌的相对丰度,进而提高纤维降解率[55]。综上所述,植物多酚对泌乳奶牛的养分消化具有剂量依赖性和来源依赖性,且过高剂量存在潜在抑制风险,未来研究需进一步阐明不同来源植物多酚在泌乳奶牛消化道中的代谢途径,并确定适宜添加剂量。

3.5 对机体抗氧化状态和免疫功能的影响

氧化应激是诱发奶牛免疫和炎症反应功能失调的一个重要潜在因素,这种失调会增加奶牛疾病易感性,尤其在新生犊牛出生后的最初几周以及泌乳期奶牛中表现更为明显[56]。抗氧化防御系统在缓解氧化应激引发的细胞损伤及相关功能丧失中具有关键作用。
新生犊牛出生后暴露于常氧环境,会诱发内源性活性氧的过量生成,致使机体氧化与抗氧化防御系统之间出现失衡,进而加剧氧化应激[57]。研究表明,植物多酚能够提高犊牛的抗氧化能力,改善氧化还原平衡以及免疫功能。例如,Ji等[27]研究发现,补饲10、20和40 g/d复合植物多酚(42.3%木脂素和21.1%黄酮)可线性提高15日龄犊牛血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)以及IL-10和TNF-α含量,同时提高断奶体重,并减少腹泻。Xu等[58]研究发现,饲粮添加0.5和1.0 g/kg没食子酸可提高断奶前犊牛血浆CAT活性和T-AOC,降低血浆丙二醛(MDA)和TNF-α含量,同时提高ADG,并降低粪便评分。Urkmez等[59]研究表明,饲粮添加25、50和100 mg/kg BW葡萄籽提取物可以降低热应激犊牛血浆MDA和TNF-α含量,提高血清SOD活性,并降低热应激犊牛的脂质过氧化水平。上述研究结果表明,植物多酚有助于缓解新生犊牛氧化应激,增强免疫功能,进而改善其健康状况和生长性能。
在围产期阶段及热应激条件下,奶牛肝脏功能减弱,导致机体对抗氧化剂的代谢利用效率下降;与此同时,能量代谢增强使得线粒体活性氧生成增加,上述生理变化共同诱发氧化应激,进而提高奶牛患代谢性疾病和感染性疾病的风险[60]。研究表明,在围产期奶牛饲粮中添加0.2 g/kg DM绿茶多酚可显著提高血浆SOD、GSH-Px活性和T-AOC,提高血浆IL-6和IL-10含量,并降低血浆TNF-α、IL-1β、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)含量[61]。Daddam等[62]研究发现,在夏季热应激期间,补饲100和150 g/d绿茶、辣椒和葫芦巴的植物多酚提取物可通过激活脂肪组织中核因子E2相关因子2氧化应激反应和谷胱甘肽氧化还原反应等与抗氧化相关的信号通路,改善奶牛氧化应激反应。Santillo等[63]研究发现,夏季补饲150 g/d单宁可提高奶牛血浆T-AOC和IL-10含量,降低血清氧化应激指数以及活性氧和IFN-γ含量。综上所述,植物多酚在缓解犊牛和泌乳奶牛氧化应激、调节免疫反应方面均表现出积极效果。

4 小结与展望

植物多酚作为一种功能性饲料添加剂,在奶牛生产中对其生长性能、产奶量、瘤胃代谢、甲烷排放、养分消化以及机体抗氧化和免疫功能等展现出积极作用。然而,目前关于植物多酚在奶牛中的研究主要集中在表型,对其发挥作用的活性成分和作用机制的系统性研究依旧有限;植物多酚与其他多酚类物质或有机化合物联合使用的协同作用仍需研究;植物多酚对动物及人类健康的潜在影响仍需系统评估,以保障其在畜牧生产中的安全应用。因此,未来研究可整合网络药理学、分子对接以及多组学技术揭示其多途径、多靶点的作用机制和活性成分;通过饲养试验探究植物多酚与其他多酚类物质或有机化合物的联合使用效果;从农业副产物或野生植物资源中开发新型多酚化合物,建立科学的添加方案,并针对奶牛不同生理阶段确定适宜添加剂量。

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