1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计和饲养管理
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Items | 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age |
|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | ||
| 玉米Corn | 57.50 | 60.00 |
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn protein meal (CP≥55%) | 5.30 | 5.20 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 29.92 | 27.00 |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 3.00 | 4.00 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.70 | 1.60 |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.50 | 1.20 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸L-Lys·HCl | 0.18 | 0.15 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.15 | 0.10 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.45 | 0.45 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.49 | 12.88 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 20.85 | 19.76 |
| 钙Ca | 1.04 | 0.90 |
| 总磷TP | 0.67 | 0.64 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.14 | 1.05 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.50 | 0.44 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 10 000 IU,VD 2 500 IU,VE 35 IU,VK3 1.5 mg,VB1 3 mg,VB2 8 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 100 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 100 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 90 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,I 0.3 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg。 2)粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为实测值,分别参照GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018测定;代谢能和氨基酸为计算值,参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2022年第33版)》计算。CP, Ca and TP were measured values, determined according to GB/T 6432—2018, GB/T 6436—2018 and GB/T 6437—2018, respectively; ME and amino acids were calculated values, based on the Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (33rd edition, 2022). |
1.3 测定指标及方法
1.3.1 生长性能测定
1.3.2 血清生化指标测定
1.3.3 肠道形态指标测定
1.3.4 盲肠菌群分析
1.4 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 氯甲基蛋氨酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响
表2 氯甲基蛋氨酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 2 Effects of chloromethylmethionine on growth performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
体重BW/g | 1 | 52.85±0.34 | 52.84±0.86 | 0.617 |
| 21 | 909.65±32.24 | 905.44±21.73 | 0.916 | |
| 42 | 2 183.23±25.23b | 2 381.71±41.38a | 0.035 | |
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) | 1~21 | 40.80±1.53 | 40.60±1.03 | 0.916 |
| 22~42 | 60.64±0.90b | 70.30±1.84a | 0.009 | |
| 1~42 | 50.72±0.60b | 55.45±0.98a | 0.034 | |
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) | 1~21 | 61.60±1.29 | 61.40±0.93 | 0.995 |
| 22~42 | 131.96±4.68 | 150.54±4.95 | 0.131 | |
| 1~42 | 96.78±2.75 | 105.97±2.51 | 0.178 | |
料重比F/G | 1~21 | 1.51±0.03 | 1.51±0.02 | 0.967 |
| 22~42 | 2.18±0.10 | 2.14±0.04 | 0.949 | |
| 1~42 | 1.91±0.05 | 1.91±0.02 | 0.919 |
同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different superscript letters indicated significant difference (P<0.05), while those with no superscript letter indicated no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 氯甲基蛋氨酸对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响
表3 氯甲基蛋氨酸对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 3 Effects of chloromethylmethionine on serum biochemical indexes of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 0.84±0.07 | 0.50±0.17 | 0.113 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 12.82±0.40 | 13.06±0.58 | 0.743 |
| 丙氨酸转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 5.00±1.01 | 3.68±0.67 | 0.297 |
| 天冬氨酸转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 339.18±19.72 | 369.06±32.40 | 0.454 |
| 尿素UREA/(mmol/L) | 0.68±0.08 | 0.64±0.04 | 0.688 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 0.40±0.04 | 0.42±0.12 | 0.847 |
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 2.75±0.14 | 3.58±0.73 | 0.301 |
| 乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) | 1 667.08±206.86 | 1 682.52±170.52 | 0.955 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 9.76±0.54 | 9.63±0.39 | 0.857 |
| 钙Ca/(mmol/L) | 2.72±0.02b | 2.84±0.04a | 0.034 |
| 磷P/(mmol/L) | 2.56±0.13 | 2.51±0.13 | 0.823 |
| 总胆汁酸TBA/(μmol/L) | 3.06±0.64 | 3.70±0.87 | 0.570 |
| γ-谷氨酰转氨酶γ-GT/(U/L) | 27.60±2.92 | 25.14±2.84 | 0.563 |
2.3 氯甲基蛋氨酸对肉鸡肠道形态的影响
表4 氯甲基蛋氨酸对肉鸡肠道形态的影响Table 4 Effects of chloromethylmethionine on intestinal morphology of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 十二指肠Duodenum | |||
| 绒毛高度VH/mm | 1.77±0.07b | 2.14±0.07a | 0.019 |
| 隐窝深度CD/mm | 0.23±0.02 | 0.24±0.02 | 0.635 |
| 绒隐比VH/CD | 8.02±0.69 | 8.91±0.67 | 0.404 |
| 杯状细胞数量Goblet cell count/(个/mm) | 73.33±3.84b | 130.33±19.68a | 0.047 |
| 空肠Jejunum | |||
| 绒毛高度VH/mm | 1.08±0.07b | 1.54±0.02a | 0.003 |
| 隐窝深度CD/mm | 0.23±0.02 | 0.26±0.01 | 0.346 |
| 绒隐比VH/CD | 4.98±0.79 | 6.01±0.38 | 0.307 |
| 杯状细胞数量Goblet cell count/(个/mm) | 166.60±4.71 | 172.80±4.71 | 0.379 |
| 回肠Ileum | |||
| 绒毛高度VH/mm | 0.88±0.04 | 0.96±0.05 | 0.259 |
| 隐窝深度CD/mm | 0.21±0.01 | 0.25±0.02 | 0.167 |
| 绒隐比VH/CD | 4.13±0.02 | 3.85±0.34 | 0.455 |
| 杯状细胞数量Goblet cell count/(个/mm) | 90.20±3.48 | 98.80±4.50 | 0.169 |
2.4 氯甲基蛋氨酸对肉鸡盲肠菌群的影响
2.4.1 盲肠菌群扩增子序列变体(ASV)数量
2.4.2 盲肠菌群多样性
图2 肉鸡盲肠菌群多样性分析A:盲肠菌群Alpha多样性指数 Alpha diversity indexes of cecal microbiota;B:基于Weighted-UniFrac距离的盲肠菌群主坐标分析图 PCoA plot of cecal microbiota based on Weighted-UniFrac distance;C:基于Weighted-UniFrac距离的盲肠菌群非度量多维尺度分析图 NMDS plot of cecal microbiota based on Weighted-UniFrac distance。 Fig.2 Analysis of cecal microbiota diversity of broilers |
2.4.3 盲肠菌群组成
图3 盲肠菌群组成与差异分析A:盲肠菌群门水平组成 composition of cecal microbiota at phylum level;B:盲肠菌群属水平组成 composition of cecal microbiota at genus level;C:差异微生物的LEfSe分析LDA得分分布柱状图(LDA得分阈值为2)LDA score distribution bar plot of differential microbiota identified by LEfSe analysis (LDA score threshold was 2)。 Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Deferribacteres:脱铁杆菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝细菌门;Verrucomicrobia:疣微菌门;Tenericutes:软壁菌门;Synergistetes:互养菌门;Fusobacteria:梭杆菌门;Spirochaetes:螺旋体门;Others:其他;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Parabacteroides:副拟杆菌属;Mucispirillum:黏液螺旋菌属;Helicobacter:螺杆菌属;Anaerotignum:厌氧棍状菌属;Alistipes:另枝菌属;Synergistes:协同菌属;Faecalibacterium:粪杆菌属;Fusobacterium:梭杆菌属;Methanobrevibacter:甲烷短杆菌属;Bacteroidia:拟杆菌纲;Bacteroidales:拟杆菌目;Spirochaetia:螺旋体纲;Spirochaetaceae:螺旋体科;Spirochaetales:螺旋体目;Rhizobiales:根瘤菌目;Erysipelotrichales:丹毒丝菌目;Erysipelotrichaceae:丹毒丝菌科;Erysipelotrichia:丹毒丝菌纲;Barnesiella:巴恩斯氏菌属;Barnesiellaceae:巴恩斯氏菌科;Lachnoclostridium:毛螺菌属;Flavobacteriaceae:黄杆菌科;Flavobacteriia:黄杆菌纲;Flavobacteriales:黄杆菌目;Selenomonadales:月形单胞菌目;Megamonas:巨单胞菌属;Selenomonadaceae:月形单胞菌科;Tannerellaceae:坦纳菌科;Lachnospiraceae:毛螺菌科;Bacilli:芽孢杆菌纲;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;Lactobacillaceae:乳杆菌科;Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Lactobacillales:乳杆菌目;Paenibacillaceae:类芽孢杆菌科。 Fig.3 Compositional and differential analysis of cecal microbiota |
表5 盲肠菌群中优势菌门的相对丰度Table 5 Relative abundances of dominant phyla in cecal microbiota |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 40.97±1.46a | 34.78±1.10b | 0.009 |
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 18.23±1.46 | 16.45±1.60 | 0.437 |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 11.64±1.75 | 13.70±2.97 | 0.566 |
| 脱铁杆菌门Deferribacteres | 2.69±0.85 | 4.52±1.12 | 0.233 |
| 蓝藻菌门Cyanobacteria | 3.43±1.52 | 3.31±0.79 | 0.944 |
| 疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia | 0.38±0.02 | 3.42±0.20 | 0.181 |
| 软壁菌门Tenericutes | 1.60±0.66 | 2.10±0.24 | 0.490 |
| 互养菌门Synergistetes | 2.08±0.37 | 1.19±0.36 | 0.124 |
| 梭杆菌门Fusobacteria | 2.94±0.81a | 0.22±0.09b | 0.011 |
| 螺旋体门Spirochaetes | 1.96±0.08 | 0.19±0.07 | 0.079 |
表6 盲肠菌群中优势菌属的相对丰度Table 6 Relative abundances of dominant genera in cecal microbiota |
| 项目 Items | 对照组 Control group | 试验组 Experimental group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 拟杆菌属Bacteroides | 22.53±1.89 | 17.23±2.44 | 0.124 |
| 副拟杆菌属Parabacteroides | 2.42±0.31 | 5.53±1.44 | 0.069 |
| 黏液螺旋菌属Mucispirillum | 2.69±0.87 | 4.52±1.12 | 0.233 |
| 螺杆菌属Helicobacter | 2.23±0.87 | 1.22±0.48 | 0.338 |
| 厌氧棍状菌属Anaerotignum | 0.40±0.10b | 3.01±1.11a | 0.049 |
| 另支菌属Alistipes | 1.19±0.28 | 2.16±0.90 | 0.332 |
| 互养菌属Synergistes | 2.08±0.37 | 1.19±0.36 | 0.124 |
| 粪杆菌属Faecalibacterium | 2.04±0.63 | 1.17±0.35 | 0.269 |
| 梭杆菌属Fusobacterium | 2.94±0.81a | 0.22±0.08b | 0.011 |
| 产甲烷短杆菌属Methanobrevibacter | 0.69±0.03 | 1.33±0.04 | 0.295 |
2.4.4 菌群功能预测与宿主部分指标的相关性分析
图4 盲肠菌群功能预测A:功能预测 functional prediction;B:差异功能分析 differential functional analysis。 Biosynthesis:生物合成类;Degradation/Utilization/Assimilation:降解/利用/同化;Detoxification:解毒作用;Generation of Precursor Metabolite and Energy:前体代谢物与能量生成;Glycan Pathways:聚糖通路;Macromolecule Modification:大分子修饰;Metabolic Clusters:代谢簇;Amine and polyamine biosynthesis:胺及多胺生物合成;Amino acid biosynthesis:氨基酸生物合成;Aminoacyl-tRNA charging:氨酰-tRNA负载;Aromatic compound biosynthesis:芳香族化合物生物合成;Carbohydrate biosynthesis:碳水化合物生物合成;Cell structure biosynthesis:细胞结构生物合成;Cofactor, prosthetic group, electron carrier, and vitamin biosynthesis:辅因子、辅基、电子载体及维生素生物合成;Fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis:脂肪酸与脂质生物合成;Metabolic regulator biosynthesis:代谢调控物生物合成;Nucleoside and nucleotide biosynthesis:核苷与核苷酸生物合成;Other biosynthesis:其他生物合成;Secondary metabolite biosynthesis:次级代谢产物生物合成;Alcohol degradation:醇类降解;Aldehyde degradation:醛类降解;Amine and polyamine degradation:胺及多胺降解;Amino acid degradation:氨基酸降解;Aromatic compound degradation:芳香族化合物降解;C1 compound utilization and assimilation:一碳化合物利用与同化;Carbohydrate degradation:碳水化合物降解;Carboxylate degradation:羧酸盐降解;Chlorinated compound degradation:含氯化合物降解;Cofactor, prosthetic group, electron carrier degradation:辅因子、辅基、电子载体降解;Degradation/utilization/assimilation-other:其他降解/利用/同化通路;Fatty acid and lipid degradation:脂肪酸与脂质降解;Inorganic nutrient metabolism:无机营养物代谢;Nucleoside and nucleotide degradation:核苷与核苷酸降解;Polymeric compound degradation:多聚化合物降解;Secondary metabolite degradation:次级代谢产物降解;Antibiotic resistance:抗生素抗性;Methanol oxidation to carbon dioxide:甲醇氧化为二氧化碳;1,5-anhydrofructose degradation:1,5-脱水果糖降解;Electron transfer:电子传递;Entner-Doudoroff pathways:恩特纳-杜德洛夫途径;Ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway:乙基丙二酰辅酶A途径;Fermentation:发酵;Formaldehyde oxidation Ⅰ:甲醛氧化Ⅰ;Glycolysis:糖酵解;Glyoxylate cycle:乙醛酸循环;Isopropanol biosynthesis:异丙醇生物合成;Methyl ketone biosynthesis:甲基酮生物合成;Methylaspartate cycle:甲基天冬氨酸循环;Pentose phosphate pathways:磷酸戊糖途径;Photosynthesis:光合作用;Respiration:呼吸作用;Superpathway of glycolysis and Entner-Doudoroff:糖酵解与恩特纳-杜德洛夫途径超通路;Superpathway of glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, TCA, and glyoxylate bypass:糖酵解-丙酮酸脱氢酶-TCA-乙醛酸循环超通路;TCA cycle:三羧酸循环;Glycan biosynthesis:聚糖生物合成;Glycan degradation:聚糖降解;Nucleic acid processing:核酸加工;Protein modification:蛋白质修饰;L-glutamate and L-glutamine biosynthesis:L-谷氨酸与L-谷氨酰胺生物合成;O-antigen building blocks biosynthesis (E. coli):O-抗原结构单元生物合成(大肠杆菌);Phospholipases:磷脂酶;Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide phosphorylation:嘧啶脱氧核苷酸磷酸化;Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides biosynthesis from CTP:从CTP合成嘧啶脱氧核苷酸;Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis Ⅰ:嘧啶脱氧核苷酸从头合成Ⅰ;Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis Ⅱ:嘧啶脱氧核苷酸从头合成Ⅱ;Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis Ⅳ:嘧啶脱氧核苷酸从头合成Ⅳ;Superpathway of L-aspartate and L-asparagine biosynthesis:L-天冬氨酸与L-天冬酰胺生物合成超通路;tRNA charging:tRNA负载;Relative abundance:相对丰度;4-coumarate anaerobic degradation:4-香豆酸厌氧降解;Significance:显著性。 Fig.4 Functional prediction of cecal microbiota |

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