1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 啤酒糟发酵前后的营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Nutrient levels of brewers’ spent grains before and after fermentation (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 含量Content | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 啤酒糟 BSG | 发酵啤酒糟 FBSG | ||||
| 干物质(湿物质基础) DM (wet matter basis) | 24.90 | 34.02 | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 23.85 | 25.18 | |||
| 粗脂肪EE | 8.94 | 7.03 | |||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 23.78 | 19.84 | |||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 57.62 | 43.65 | |||
| 粗灰分Ash | 4.78 | 3.98 | |||
1.2 试验设计
表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (DM basis) |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | FBSG | ||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||
| 玉米青贮Corn silage | 30.00 | 20.00 | |||
| 稻草Rice straw | 10.00 | 10.00 | |||
| 发酵啤酒糟FBSG | 10.00 | ||||
| 压片玉米Pressed corn | 34.50 | 35.82 | |||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 16.20 | 14.88 | |||
| 干白酒糟Dried white wine lees | 3.00 | 3.00 | |||
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 3.00 | 3.00 | |||
| 碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 | 0.50 | 0.50 | |||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.30 | 1.30 | |||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.50 | 0.50 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 2.78 | 2.79 | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.16 | 15.20 | |||
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.96 | 3.47 | |||
| 淀粉Starch | 36.94 | 36.01 | |||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 19.61 | 16.73 | |||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 28.70 | 27.68 | |||
| 钙Ca | 0.73 | 0.75 | |||
| 磷P | 0.39 | 0.39 | |||
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:Cu 10 mg,Fe 65 mg,Mn 30 mg,Zn 25 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.1 mg,Co 0.1 mg,VA 4 000 IU,VD 500 IU,VE 40 IU。 | |
2)代谢能为计算值(参照NY/T 816—2021),其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value (referred to NY/T 816—2021), while the others were measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集与指标测定
1.4.1 生长性能
1.4.2 养分表观消化率
1.4.3 瘤胃发酵参数
1.4.4 瘤胃微生物组成
1.4.5 瘤胃代谢物组成
1.5 数据处理与统计分析
2 结果
2.1 FBSG对育肥后期荷斯坦公牛生长性能的影响
表3 FBSG对育肥后期荷斯坦公牛生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of FBSG on growth performance of Holstein bulls in late fattening period |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 标准误 SE | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | FBSG | |||
| 初始体重IBW/kg | 585.5 | 583.0 | 25.104 | 0.924 |
| 终末体重FBW/kg | 646.5 | 673.5 | 29.713 | 0.400 |
| 干物质采食量DMI/(kg/d) | 10.03B | 11.56A | 0.162 | <0.001 |
| 平均日增重ADG/(kg/d) | 1.02b | 1.55a | 0.176 | 0.028 |
| 料重比F/G | 10.17 | 8.04 | 1.471 | 0.198 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01), while with no letter superscript mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 FBSG对育肥后期荷斯坦公牛养分表观消化率的影响
表4 FBSG对育肥后期荷斯坦公牛养分表观消化率的影响Table 4 Effects of FBSG on nutrient apparent digestibility of Holstein bulls in late fattening period |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 标准误 SE | P值 P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | FBSG | |||
| 干物质表观消化率DMD | 71.40B | 73.45A | 0.264 | <0.001 |
| 粗蛋白质表观消化率CPD | 67.38 | 71.03 | 1.726 | 0.061 |
| 粗脂肪表观消化率EED | 79.49b | 83.49a | 1.042 | 0.044 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率ADFD | 51.61b | 56.50a | 2.132 | 0.028 |
| 中性洗涤纤维表观消化率NDFD | 59.52B | 64.33A | 1.668 | 0.006 |
2.3 FBSG对育肥后期荷斯坦公牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表5 FBSG对育肥后期荷斯坦公牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 5 Effects of FBSG on rumen fermentation parameters of Holstein bulls in late fattening period |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 标准误 SE | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON | FBSG | ||||||||
| pH | 6.76a | 6.40b | 0.142 | 0.034 | |||||
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/L) | 5.12B | 14.20A | 1.516 | <0.001 | |||||
| 总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA/(mmol/L) | 32.87B | 46.67A | 3.193 | <0.001 | |||||
| 乙酸Acetic acid/(mmol/L) | 16.26b | 24.61a | 4.037 | 0.043 | |||||
| 丙酸Propionic acid/(mmol/L) | 10.10b | 17.11a | 2.112 | 0.039 | |||||
| 丁酸Butyric acid/(mmol/L) | 4.60B | 5.63A | 0.302 | 0.004 | |||||
| 异丁酸Isobutyric acid/(mmol/L) | 0.85 | 1.43 | 0.468 | 0.254 | |||||
| 戊酸Valeric acid/(mmol/L) | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.071 | 0.430 | |||||
| 异戊酸Isovaleric acid/(mmol/L) | 0.24B | 0.78A | 0.164 | 0.005 | |||||
| 乙酸/丙酸Acetic acid/propionic acid | 1.57A | 1.37B | 0.041 | <0.001 | |||||
2.4 FBSG对育肥后期荷斯坦公牛瘤胃微生物组成的影响
图5 瘤胃微生物组成与差异分析Bacillota:芽孢杆菌门;Pseudomonadota:变形菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Campylobacterota:弯曲菌门;Actinomycetota:放线菌门;Planctomycetota:浮霉菌门;Acidobacteriota:酸杆菌门;Methylomirabilota:甲基惊奇菌门;Fusobacteriota:梭杆菌门;Chloroflexota:绿弯菌门;Verrucomicrobiota:疣微菌门;Myxococcota:黏细菌门;Latescibacterota:迟杆菌门;Nitrospirota:硝化螺旋菌门;Cyanobacteriota:蓝细菌门;Acinetobacter:不动杆菌属;Comamonas:丛毛单胞菌属;Succiniclasticum:解琥珀酸菌属;Kurthia:库特氏菌属;Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group:理研菌科RC9肠道群;Lysinibacillus:赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属;Arcobacter:弓形菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Acetitomaculum:聚乙酸菌属;Peptostreptococcus:消化链球菌属;Syntrophococcus:互营球菌属;Acidaminococcus:氨基酸球菌属;Solobacterium:梭状菌属;Atopobium:奇异菌属;Geodermatophilus:地嗜皮菌属;Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-009:丹毒丝菌科UCG-009群;Acetobacter:醋杆菌属;Pirellula:小梨形菌属;Vagococcus:漫游球菌属;Neobacillus:尼氏芽孢杆菌属;Romboutsia:罗姆布茨菌属;Alistipes:另枝菌属;Mogibacterium:摩根菌属;Anaerolinea:厌氧绳菌属;Nocardioides:类诺卡菌属;Bacillus:芽孢杆菌属;Prevotellaceae_YAB2003_group:普雷沃氏菌科YAB2003群;Hydrogenoanaerobacterium:嗜糖厌氧产氢杆菌属;Aminipila:窖池氨基酸球形菌属。图6同 the same as Fig.6. A:门水平瘤胃微生物组成;B:属水平瘤胃微生物组成;C:门水平LDA得分柱状图;D:属水平LDA得分柱状图。A: rumen microbiota composition at phylum level; B: rumen microbiota composition at genus level; C: LDA score bar plot at phylum level; D: LDA score bar plot at genus level. Fig.5 Rumen microbiota composition and differential analysis |
图6 瘤胃微生物与生长性能和养分表观消化率的关联热图FBW:终末体重 final body weight;EED:粗脂肪表观消化率 ether extract apparent digestibility;F/G:料重比 feed to gain ratio;IBW:初始体重 initial body weight;ADG:平均日增重 average daily gain;NDFD:中性洗涤纤维表观消化率 neutral detergent fiber apparent digestibility;DMD:干物质表观消化率 dry matter apparent digestibility;CPD:粗蛋白质表观消化率 crude protein apparent digestibility;ADFD:酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率 acid detergent fiber apparent digestibility;*:显著相关 significant correlation (P<0.05);**:极显著相关 extremely significant correlation (P<0.01)。图9同 the same as Fig.9。 Fig.6 Heat map of correlations between rumen microbiota and growth performance and nutrient apparent digestibility |
2.5 FBSG对育肥后期荷斯坦公牛瘤胃代谢物组成的影响
图7 瘤胃代谢物的差异表达Cholesteryl sulfate:硫酸胆固醇;Linoleic acid:亚油酸;16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid:16-羟基棕榈酸;1,5-pentanediamine:1,5-戊二胺;Azelaic acid:壬二酸;9-oxo-10(e),12(e)-octadecadienoic acid:9-氧代-10(e),12(e)-十八碳二烯酸;Cholesta-4,6-dien-3-one:4,6-胆固醇二烯-3-酮;Uridine:尿苷;12-hete-[d8]:12-羟基二十碳四烯酸-d8;Fa 18∶2+4o:十八碳二烯酸四氧化衍生物;Gangaleoidin:节枝定;(3-bromo-5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone:(3-溴-5-氯-2-羟基苯基)苯基甲酮;Desogestrel:去氧孕烯;Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate:三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯;Fahfa 34∶1:羟基脂肪酸酯34∶1;Behenic acid:山嵛酸;Gibberellin a24:赤霉素a24;Eicosenoic acid:二十碳烯酸;Fa 9∶1+1O:9-单不饱和脂肪酸羟基衍生物;Val-Ala-Lys:缬氨酰-丙氨酰-赖氨酸。 A:OPLS-DA分析模型得分图;B:OPLS-DA置换检验图;C:差异代谢物火山图;D:差异代谢物VIP图(前20)。A: score graph of OPLS-DA analysis model; B: OPLS-DA permutation test diagram; C: volcano map of differential metabolite; D: differential metabolites VIP plot (top 20). Fig.7 Differential expression of rumen metabolites |
图8 瘤胃MSEA显著通路富集图横坐标为富集倍数,表示代谢通路中观测代谢数量/理论代谢物数量。不同颜色表示P值大小。The horizontal coordinate was the enrichment factor, representing the observed metabolic quantity/theoretical metabolite quantity in the metabolic pathway. Used different colors to represent the P-value size. Glutathione Metabolism:谷胱甘肽代谢;Pyrimidine Metabolism:嘧啶代谢;Biotin Metabolism:生物素代谢;Alpha Linolenic Acid and Linoleic Acid Metabolism:α-亚麻酸和亚油酸代谢;Phenylacetate Metabolism:苯乙酸盐代谢;Thyroid hormone synthesis:甲状腺激素合成;Beta-Alanine Metabolism:β-丙氨酸代谢;Pantothenate and CoA Biosynthesis:泛酸和辅酶A生物合成;Sphingolipid Metabolism:鞘脂代谢;Amino Sugar Metabolism:氨基糖代谢;Vitamin K Metabolism:维生素K代谢;Trehalose Degradation:海藻糖代谢;Phosphatidylcholine Biosynthesis:磷脂酰胆碱生物合成;Phosphatidylethanolamine Biosynthesis:磷脂酰乙醇胺生物合成;Betaine Metabolism:甜菜碱代谢。 Fig.8 Significant pathway enrichment map of rumen MSEA |

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