1 材料与方法
1.1 试验油脂种类
1.2 试验饲料加工参数及颗粒质量
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the experimental diet (air-dry basis) |
| 项目Items | 含量Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 秘鲁鱼粉Peru fish meal | 25.00 | ||
| 家禽副产品粉Poultry by-product meal | 5.00 | ||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 20.00 | ||
| 大豆浓缩蛋白Soy protein concentrate | 5.00 | ||
| 谷朊粉Wheat gluten meal | 5.00 | ||
| 血粉Blood meal | 5.00 | ||
| 木薯淀粉Cassava starch | 6.00 | ||
| 面粉Wheat meal | 8.00 | ||
| 豆油Soybean oil | 17.00 | ||
| 磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 | 1.50 | ||
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.40 | ||
| 微晶纤维素Microcrystalline cellulose | 0.40 | ||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | ||
| 赖氨酸Lysine | 0.40 | ||
| 蛋氨酸Methionine | 0.20 | ||
| 苏氨酸Threonine | 0.10 | ||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | ||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 水分Moisture | 8.08 | ||
| 粗灰分Ash | 8.79 | ||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 45.03 | ||
| 粗脂肪EE | 21.30 |
1)预混料为每千克饲料提供 Premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:VA 20 mg,VB1 10 mg,VB2 15 mg,VB6 15 mg,VB12 8 mg,VC酯 VC ester 1 000 mg,VD3 10 mg,VE 400 mg,VK3 20 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 40 mg,烟酸胺 nicotinamide 100 mg,肌醇 inositol 200 mg,生物素 biotin 2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 10 mg,玉米蛋白粉 corn protein powder 150 mg,FeSO4·H2O 300 mg,ZnSO4·H2O 200 mg,MnSO4·H2O 100 mg,CuSO4·5H2O 10 mg,KI 80 mg,CoCl2·6H2O 5 mg,Na2SeO3 5 mg, NaCl 100 mg,沸石粉 zeolite powder 695 mg。 2)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values. |
表2 饲料加工参数及颗粒质量Table 2 Feed processing parameters and pellet quality |
| 项目Items | 数值Values |
|---|---|
| 一区温度Temperature of zone 1/℃ | 90.00 |
| 二区温度Temperature of zone 2/℃ | 110.00 |
| 模头设定温度Die temperature/℃ | 125.00 |
| 模头实际温度 Actual die temperature/℃ | 124.40±1.08 |
| 调质温度 Pre-conditioner temperature/℃ | 100.08±1.03 |
| 喂料速度Feed rate/(kg/h) | 90.00±5.00 |
| 模孔数Die count/个 | 3.00 |
| 模孔直径Die diameter/mm | 3.00 |
| 调质水分含量 Preconditioning water content/% | 28.73±0.52 |
| 蒸汽流量Steam flow rate/(kg/h) | 19.78±2.31 |
| 颗粒质量Pellet quality | |
| 容重Bulk density/(g/L) | 461.67±1.15 |
| 膨化度Expansion rate | 1.46±0.05 |
| 长径比L/D ratio | 1.36±0.06 |
| 水中稳定性Water stability/% | 6.33±0.35 |
| 颗粒耐久性Pellet durability index/% | 96.47±0.25 |
| 轴向硬度Axial hardness/N | 48.85±7.03 |
| 径向硬度Radial hardness/N | 25.38±3.27 |
一区:接近下调制器的膨化腔;二区:接近模头的膨化腔。模头实际温度、实际调质水分含量、蒸汽流量均为实测值。 | |
Zone 1: the barrel section adjacent to the lower conditioner; zone 2: the barrel section adjacent to the die head. The actual die temperature, actual preconditioning moisture content and steam flow rate were all measured values. |
1.3 饲料营养成分测定
1.4 油脂黏度测定
1.5 漏油率测定
1.6 模型拟合与统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同油脂在不同温度下的黏度
表3 不同油脂在不同温度下的黏度Table 3 Viscosity of different oils at various temperatures |
| 项目 Items | 黏度Viscosity | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 297.15 K (24 ℃) | 303.15 K (30 ℃) | 313.15 K (40 ℃) | 323.15 K (50 ℃) | 333.15 K (60 ℃) | |||||||
| 豆油1 Soybean oil 1 | 49.73 | 40.02 | 30.86 | 26.22 | 19.75 | ||||||
| 豆油2 Soybean oil 2 | 52.83 | 43.27 | 32.03 | 24.26 | 20.38 | ||||||
| 豆油3 Soybean oil 3 | 49.91 | 40.18 | 30.08 | 23.29 | 19.92 | ||||||
| 豆油4 Soybean oil 4 | 48.10 | 36.39 | 29.60 | 22.80 | 16.01 | ||||||
| 鱼油Fish oil | 5.80 | 5.00 | 4.60 | 4.00 | 3.80 | ||||||
| 棉籽油Cottonseed oil | 47.07 | 40.27 | 30.08 | 23.39 | 16.98 | ||||||
| 亚麻籽油Linseed oil | 39.30 | 32.51 | 24.74 | 17.95 | 16.01 | ||||||
| 棕榈油Palm oil | 60.23 | 47.07 | 38.82 | 27.66 | 21.83 | ||||||
| 黑水虻油1 Black soldier fly larvae oil 1 | 47.55 | 41.73 | 32.99 | 22.80 | 17.95 | ||||||
| 黑水虻油2 Black soldier fly larvae oil 2 | 76.67 | 61.14 | 48.13 | 31.54 | 25.23 | ||||||
| 大麦虫油Superworm oil | 41.73 | 33.93 | 26.68 | 19.89 | 15.82 | ||||||
2.2 油脂的温度-黏度曲线模型拟合效果
表4 不同模型对黏度-温度数据的拟合效果Table 4 Fitting performance of different models for viscosity-temperature data |
| 项目 Items | 修正的WLF模型Modified WLF model | 幂定律模型Power law model | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | b | R2 | SEE | k | n | R2 | SEE | ||
| 豆油1 Soybean oil 1 | 3.72 | -274.95 | 0.99 | 1.17 | 992.66 | -0.94 | 0.99 | 1.05 | |
| 豆油2 Soybean oil 2 | 3.55 | -277.42 | 0.99 | 1.24 | 1 447.24 | -1.03 | 0.99 | 0.82 | |
| 豆油3 Soybean oil 3 | 3.41 | -276.96 | 0.99 | 0.65 | 1 257.31 | -1.01 | 0.99 | 0.37 | |
| 豆油4 Soybean oil 4 | 3.04 | -278.00 | 0.97 | 2.04 | 1 444.00 | -1.07 | 0.98 | 1.83 | |
| 鱼油Fish oil | 0.95 | -247.01 | 0.97 | 0.14 | 24.78 | -0.46 | 0.98 | 0.12 | |
| 棉籽油Cottonseed oil | 3.36 | -276.45 | 0.97 | 2.26 | 1 207.99 | -1.01 | 0.98 | 1.89 | |
| 亚麻籽油Linseed oil | 2.78 | -276.43 | 0.98 | 1.16 | 955.36 | -0.99 | 0.99 | 0.96 | |
| 棕榈油Palm oil | 4.04 | -277.30 | 0.98 | 2.47 | 1 615.25 | -1.03 | 0.98 | 2.15 | |
| 黑水虻油1 Black soldier fly larvae oil 1 | 3.60 | -275.37 | 0.95 | 3.08 | 1 110.67 | -0.97 | 0.96 | 2.77 | |
| 黑水虻油2 Black soldier fly larvae oil 2 | 4.63 | -279.50 | 0.97 | 4.08 | 2 924.91 | -1.14 | 0.98 | 3.31 | |
| 大麦虫油Superworm oil | 2.93 | -276.48 | 0.98 | 1.33 | 1 026.53 | -1.00 | 0.99 | 1.05 | |
a和b是描述黏度温度依赖性的经验拟合常数,k代表比例系数,n代表温度指数,R2代表决定系数,SEE是标准估计误差。 | |
a and b are empirical fitting constants describing the temperature dependence of viscosity, k is the proportionality coefficient, n is the temperature exponent, R2 is the coefficient of determination, and SEE is the standard error of estimate. |
2.3 油脂漏油率
2.4 基于油脂黏度及饲料储藏温度的漏油率预测模型构建
2.5 不同喷涂比例下油脂黏度对漏油率的交互影响及模型构建
表5 不同黏度油脂在不同后喷涂比例下的漏油率Table 5 Oil leakage rates of oils with different viscosities under different post-coating ratios |
| 项目 Items | 黏度 Viscosity (24 ℃)/(mPa·s) | 后喷涂比例Post-coating ratios/% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 10 | 15 | ||
| 黑水虻油Black soldier fly larvae oil | 76.67 | 0.15±0.02 | 2.84±0.11 | 4.06±0.24 |
| 豆油Soybean oil | 49.91 | 0.21±0.02 | 3.42±0.08 | 6.22±0.29 |
| 鱼油Fish oil | 5.80 | 0.26±0.04 | 4.10±0.12 | 8.94±0.31 |

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