Abstract:This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of replacement of fish meal by soybean meal on growth performance, protein utilization and intestinal tissue morphology of Channa argus (C. argus), to obtain the suitable replacement proportion of fish meal by soybean meal in the diet of C. argus. A basal diet (group D1) was formulated using 45% fish meal as the main protein source, then different levels of soybean meal were used to replace 20% (group D2), 30% (group D3), 40% (group D4) and 60% (group D5) of fish meal on the basis of the basal diet, to made five isonitrogenous (crude protein content was 44%) and isoenergetic (crude lipid content was 9%) experimental diets. A total of 225 C. argus with the average body weight of (19.07±0.07) g were randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates in each group. Each group had 15 C. argus, which were stored in a 200 L indoor water fiberglass tank, and fed experimental diets for 6 weeks. The results showed that no significant difference in the survival rate (SR) was found among groups (P>0.05). The weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) in groups D4 and D5 were significantly lower than those in group D1 (P<0.05). The feed conversion rate (FCR) in groups D4 and D5 was significantly higher than that in groups D1, D2 and D3 (P<0.05); there were no significant difference in growth performance indices between groups D1 and D2 (P>0.05). Soybean meal replaced different proportion of fish meal had no significant differences in the contents of crude protein and ash in muscle (P>0.05), and the contents of crude lipid and moisture in muscle were not significantly different among groups D1, D2 and D3 (P>0.05), while the moisture content in groups D4 and D5 was significantly lower than that in group D1 (P<0.05), and crude lipid was significantly higher than that in group D3 (P<0.05). The intestinal chymotrypsin activity in groups D4 and D5 had no significant difference (P>0.05), but significantly higher than that in the other 3 groups (P<0.05). The lowest intestinal trypsin and pepsin activities were found in group D5 (P<0.05), and significantly lower than those in groups D1 and D2 (P<0.05). In addition, obvious intestinal damage, including the uneven thickness of intestinal wall, the short and sparse intestinal folds, was found in the C. argus when replacing 30% to 60% fish meal with soybean meal. Taken together, considering the perspective of no effects on the growth performance, protein utilization and intestinal tissue morphology, the replacement proportion of fish meal by soybean meal should not exceed 20% in the C. argus diet which containing 45% fish meal.
张鑫, 韩蓓, 胡俊涛, 刘令军, 陈越洋, 许文静, 苗淑彦. 豆粕替代鱼粉对乌鳢生长性能、蛋白质利用及肠道组织形态的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2020, 32(6): 2799-2807.
ZHANG Xin, HAN Bei, HU Juntao, LIU Lingjun, CHEN Yueyang, XU Wenjing, MIAO Shuyan. Effects of Replacement of Fish Meal by Soybean Meal on Growth Performance, Protein Utilization and Intestinal Tissue Morphology of Channa argus. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020, 32(6): 2799-2807.
HARDY R W,KISSIL G W M.Trends in aquaculture feeding[J].Feed Mix,1997,5:31-37.
[2]
FRANCIS G,MAKKAR H P S,BECKER K.Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived Alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish[J].Aquaculture,2001,199(3/4):197-227.
FAO.Inland water resources and aquaculture service.Fishery resources division.Review of the state of world aquaculture[M].Rome:FAO Fisheries Circular,1997:1-163.
[11]
AOAC.Official methods of analysis of AOAC International[S].Arlington,VA:Association of Official Analytical Chemists,1995:1141.
[21]
RINGØ E,SPERSTAD S,MYKLEBUST R,et al.Characterisation of the microbiota associated with intestine of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.):the effect of fish meal,standard soybean meal and a bioprocessed soybean meal[J].Aquaculture,2006,261(3):829-841.
[30]
NWANNA L C,LEMME A,METWALLY A,et al.Response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to supplemental DL-methionine and different feeding strategies[J].Aquaculture,2012,356/357:365-370.
[31]
SVEIER H,NORDÅS H,BERGE G E,et al.Dietary inclusion of crystalline D- and L-methionine:effects on growth,feed and protein utilization,and digestibility in small and large Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar L.)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2001,7(3):169-181.
[33]
CABALLERO-SOLARES A,VIEGAS I,SALGADO M C,et al.Diets supplemented with glutamate or glutamine improve protein retention and modulate gene expression of key enzymes of hepatic metabolism in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles[J].Aquaculture,2015,444:79-87.
[35]
STOREBAKKEN T,REFSTIE S,RUYTER B.Soy products as fat and protein sources in fish feeds for intensive aquaculture[M]//DRACKLY J K.Soy in animal nutrition.Savoy,IL:Federation of Animal Science Societies,2000:127-170.
[38]
LIN S M,LUO L.Effects of different levels of soybean meal inclusion in replacement for fish meal on growth,digestive enzymes and transaminase activities in practical diets for juvenile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,168(1/2):80-87.
[7]
SANDERSON G W,JOLLY S O.The value of Phaffia yeast as a feed ingredient for salmonid fish[J].Aquaculture,1994,124(1/2/3/4):193-200.
ESCAFFRE A M,KAUSHIK S,MAMBRINI M.Morphometric evaluation of changes in the digestive tract of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) due to fish meal replacement with soy protein concentrate[J].Aquaculture,2007,273(1):127-138.
ANDREWS J W,PAGE J W.Growth factors in the fish meal component of catfish diets[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1974,104(8):1091-1096.
[37]
GOMES E F,REMA P,KAUSHIK S J.Replacement of fish meal by plant proteins in the diet of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss):digestibility and growth performance[J].Aquaculture,1995,130(2/3):177-186.
[24]
BUTTLE L G,BURRELLS A C,GOOD J E,et al.The binding of soybean agglutinin (SBA) to the intestinal epithelium of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar and Rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,fed high levels of soybean meal[J].Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology,2001,80(3/4):237-244.
[34]
ZHAO Y,HU Y,ZHOU X Q,et al.Effects of dietary glutamate supplementation on growth performance,digestive enzyme activities and antioxidant capacity in intestine of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2015,21(6):935-941.