[1] 范兆廷,姜作发,韩英,等.冷水性鱼类养殖学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2008.
[2] FAO.The state of world fisheries and aquaculture[M].Rome:FAO,2008:1-99.
[3] 于庆华.冷水鱼类在北方地区的发展现状[J].黑龙江水产,2013(6):9-10.
[4] SCHRAM L B,NIELSEN C J,PORSGAARD T,et al.Food matrices affect the bioavailability of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in a single meal study in humans[J].Food Research International,2007,40(8):1062-1068.

[5] 薛敏,李爱杰,张显娟.牙鲆幼鱼对EPA和DHA的营养需求[J].水产学报,2004,28(3):285-291.
[6] Committee on the Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp.Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp[M].Washington,D.C.:The National Academies Press,2011.
[7] SARGENT J,BELL G,MCEVOY L.Recent developments in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish[J].Aquaculture,1999,177(2):191-199.
[8] SARGENT J,MCEVOY L,ESTEVEZ A,et al.Lipid nutrition of marine fish during early development:current status and future directions[J].Aquaculture,1999,179(3):217-229.
[9] SARGENT J R,MCEVOY L A,BELL J G.Requirements,presentation and sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine fish larval feeds[J].Aquaculture,1997,155(2):117-127.
[10] 麦康森,陈立侨,陈乃松,等.水产动物营养与饲料学[M].2版.北京:中国农业出版社,2011:46-50.
[11] RUYTER B,RØSJØ C,EINEN O,et al.Essential fatty acids in Atlantic salmon:effects of increasing dietary doses of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids on growth,survival and fatty acid composition of liver,blood and carcass[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2000,6(2):119-127.

[12] BELL J C,TOCHER D R,HENDERSON R J,et al.Altered fatty acid compositions in Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar) fed diets containing linseed and rapeseed oils can be partially restored by a subsequent fish oil finishing diet[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2003,133(9):2793-2801.
[13] RUYTER B,RØSJØ C,EINEN O,et al.Essential fatty acids in Atlantic salmon:time course of changes in fatty acid composition of liver,blood and carcass induced by a diet deficient in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2000,6(2):109-117.

[14] IZQUIERDO M S.Essential fatty acid requirements of cultured marine fish larvae[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,1996,2(4):183-191.

[15] WIRTH M,STEFFENS W,MEINELT T,et al.Significance of docosahexaenoic acid for rainbow trout (
Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae[J].Lipid/Fett,1997,99(7):251-253.

[16] BELL M V,BATTY R S,DICK J R,et al.Dietary deficiency of docosahexaenoic acid impairs vision at low light intensities in juvenile herring (
Clupea harengus L.)[J].Lipids,1995,30(5):443-449.

[17] KANAZAWA A,TESHIMA S,ONO S.Relationship between essential fatty acid requirements of aquatic animals and the capacity for bioconversion of linolenic acid to highly unsaturated fatty acids [J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,1979,63(3):295-298.

[18] KJØRSVIK E,OLSEN C,WOLD P A,et al.Comparison of dietary phospholipids and neutral lipids on skeletal development and fatty acid composition in Atlantic cod (
Gadus morhua)[J] Aquaculture,2009,294(3/4):246-255.

[19] BELL J G,TOCHER D R,FARNDALE B M,et al.The effect of dietary lipid on polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar) undergoing parr-smolt transformation[J].Lipids,1997,32(5):515-525.

[20] HOCHACHKA P W,SOMERO G N.Biochemical adaptation:mechanism and process in physiological evolution[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002:466.
[21] TAKEUCHI T,WATANABE T,NOSE T.Requirement for essential fatty acids of chum salmon (
Oncorhyncus keta) in freshwater environment[J].Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,1979(45):1319-1323.
[22] YU T C,SINNHUBER R O.Effect of dietary omega-3 and omega -6 fatty acids on growth and feed conversion efficiency of coho salmon (
Oncorhynchus kisutch)[J].Aquaculture,1979,16:31-38.
[23] YANG X,TABACHEK J L,DICK T A.Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipid and fatty acid feed composition and hematology of juvenile Aretic charr
Salvelinus alpinus (L.)[J].Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,1994,12:409-420.
[24] 周继术,叶元土,林仕梅,等.脂质在淡水鱼中营养研究进展[J].饲料研究,2000(6):13-15.
[25] RUYTER B,ROSJO C,EINEN O,et al.Essential fatty acids in Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar):time course of changes in fatty acid composition of liver,blood and carcass induced by a diet deficient in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2000,6:109-118.
[26] RUYTER B,ROSJO C,EINEN O,et al.Essential fatty acids in Atlantic salmon:effects of increasing dietary doses of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids on growth,survival and fatty acid composition of liver,blood and carcass[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2000,6:119-127.
[27] CASTELL J D,SINNHUBER R O,WALES J H,et al.Essential fatty acids in the diet of rainbow trout:lipid metabolism and fatty acid compostion[J].Journal of Nutrition,1972,102:77-86.
[28] TAKEUCHI T,WATANABE T.Nutritive value of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in pollock liver oil for rainbow trout[J].Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science,1976,42:907-919.
[29] 许永安.鱼的必需脂肪酸和脂肪需求量[J].福建水产,1993(2):65-67.
[30] THONGROD S T,TAKEUCHI T,SATOH S,et al.Requirement of Yamane (
Oncorhynchus masou) for essential fatty acids[J].Nippon Suisan Gakk,1990,56:1255-1262.
[31] ZHENG F,TAKEUCHI T,YOSEDA K,et al.Requirement of larval cod for arachidonic acid,eicosapentanoic acid,and docosahexaenoic acid using by their enriched
Aremia nauplii[J].Nippon Suisan Gakk,1996,62:669-676.
[32] TAKEUCHI T,FENG Z,YOSEDA K,et al.Nutritive value of DHA-enriched rotifer for larval cod[J].Nippon Suisan Gakk,1994,60:641-652.
[33] CODABACCUS B M,CARTER C G,BRIDLE A R,et al.The "n-3 LC-PUFA sparing effect" of modified dietary n-3 LC-PUFA content and DHA to EPA ratio in Atlantic salmon smolt[J].Aquaculture,2012,356/357:135-140.
[34] TURCHINI G M,FRANCIS D S.Fatty acid metabolism (desaturation,elongation and β-oxidation) in rainbow trout fed fish oil- or linseed oil-based diets[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2009,102(1):69-81.

[35] 谭肖英.黄颡鱼脂类营养生理研究[D].博士学位论文.武汉:华中农业大学,2012.
[36] BENDIKSEN E,ÅBERG O K,JOBLING M,et al.Digestibility,growth and nutrient utilisation of Atlantic salmon parr (
Salmo salar L.) in relation to temperature,feed fat content and oil source[J].Aquaculture,2003,224(3):283-299.
[37] PETTERSSON A,PICKOVA J,BRÄNNÄS E.Swimming performance at different temperatures and fatty acid composition of Arctic charr (
Salvelinus alpinus) fed palm and rapeseed oils[J].Aquaculture,2010,300(1):176-181.
[38] MOYA-FALCÓN C,HVATTUM E,TRAN T N.Phospholipid molecular species,β-oxidation,desaturation and elongation of fatty acids in Atlantic salmon hepatocytes:effects of temperature and 3-thia fatty acids[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2006,145(1):68-80.

[39] BERGE G M,WITTEN P E,BAEVERFJORD G.Diets with different n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio in diets for juvenile Atlantic salmon,effects on growth,body composition,bone development and eicosanoid production[J].Aquaculture,2009,296(3):299-308.
[40] CODABACCUS B M,BRIDLE A R,NICHOLS P D,et al.An extended feeding history with a stearidonic acid enriched diet from parr to smolt increases n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis in white muscle and liver of Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar L.)[J].Aquaculture,2011,322-323:65-73.
[41] 侯俊利.施氏鲟(
Acipenser schrenckii)幼鱼对盐度的适应性及其脂肪营养需求研究[D].博士学位论文.上海:华东师范大学,2006.
[42] LEAVER M,BAUTISTA J M,BJÖRNSSON B T,et al.Towards fish lipid nutrigenomics:current state and prospects for fin-fish aquaculture[J].Reviews in Fisheries Science,2008,16(1):73-94.
[43] SMITH S.The animal fatty acid synthase:one gene,one polypeptide,seven enzymes[J].The FASEB Journal,1994,8(15):1248-1259.
[44] CHIRALA S S,WAKIL S J.Structure and function of animal fatty acid synthase[J].Lipids,2004,39(11):1045-1053.

[45] ALVAREZ M J,DÍEZ A,LÓPEZ-BOTE C,et al.Short-term modulation of lipogenesis by macronutrients in rainbow trout (
Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2000,84(5):619-628.
[46] COOK H W.Fatty acid desaturation and chain elongation in eukaryotes[M]//VANCE D E,VANCE J E.Biochemistry of lipids,lipoproteins and membranes.Amsterdam:Elsevier Science,1996:129-152.
[47] MARTINEZ-RUBIO L,WADSWORTH S,GONZÁLEZ VECINO J L,et al.Effect of dietary digestible energy content on expression of genes of lipid metabolism and LC-PUFA biosynthesis in liver of Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar L.)[J].Aquaculture,2013,384:94-103.
[48] ZHENG X Z,LEAVER M J,TOCHER D R.Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in fish:comparative analysis of Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar L.) and Atlantic cod (
Gadus morhua L.) Δ6 fatty acyl desaturase gene promoters[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2009,154(3):255-263.

[49] THANUTHONG T,FRANCIS D S,MANICKAM E,et al.Fish oil replacement in rainbow trout diets and total dietary PUFA content:Ⅱ.Effects on fatty acid metabolism and
in vivo fatty acid bioconversion[J].Aquaculture,2011,322:99-108.
[50] MONROIG Ó,ZHENG X Z,MORAIS S M,et al.Multiple genes for functional Δ6 fatty acyl desaturases (
Fad) in Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar L.):gene and cDNA characterization,functional expression,tissue distribution and nutritional regulation[J].Biochimica et Biophysica Acta:Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids,2010,1801(9):1072-1081.

[51] XIE D Z,CHEN F,LIN S Y,et al.Cloning,functional characterization and nutritional regulation of Δ6 fatty acyl desaturase in the herbivorous euryhaline teleost scatophagus argus[J].PLoS One,2014,9(3):e90200.
[52] MORAIS S,MONROIG O,ZHENG X,et al.Highly unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in Atlantic salmon:characterization of ELOVL5- and ELOVL2-like elongases[J].Marine Biotechnology,2009,11(5):627-639.

[53] CARMONA-ANTOÑANZAS G,TOCHER D R,MARTINEZ-RUBIO L,et al.Conservation of lipid metabolic gene transcriptional regulatory networks in fish and mammals[J].Gene,2014,534(1):1-9.

[54] BETANCOR M B,HOWARTH F J E,GLENCROSS B D,et al.Influence of dietary docosahexaenoic acid in combination with other long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on expression of biosynthesis genes and phospholipid fatty acid compositions in tissues of post-smolt Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar)[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2014,172-173:74-89.
[55] 周继术.鲤及大西洋鲑脂质营养代谢的研究[D].博士学位论文.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2010.
[56] 许友卿,张海柱,丁兆坤.二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸研究进展(2)[J].生物学通报,2007,42(11):13-15.
[57] FAULCONNIER Y,GUILLON L,CHILLIARD Y.Lipoprotein lipase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in bovine and ovine adipose tissue incubated for 7 days:effects of insulin and/or dexamethasone[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,1996,113(2):421-426.

[58] ALBALAT M,SÁNCHEZ-GURMACHES J,GUTIÉRREZ J,et al.Regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity in rainbow trout (
Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues[J].General and Comparative Endocrinology,2006,146(3):226-235.

[59] 张志岐,束刚,江青艳.下丘脑对脂类的营养感应及其参与食欲调控的机制[J].动物营养学报,2013,25(7):1395-1405.
[60] FAO.The state of world fisheries and aquaculture[M].Rome:FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,2008:176.
[61] FAO.The Trade and Markets Division.Market Assessments,Food Outlook[M].Rome:FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,2012.
[62] TORSTENSEN B E,BELL J G,ROSENLUND G,et al.Tailoring of Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar L.) flesh lipid composition and sensory quality by replacing fish oil with a vegetable oil blend[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2005,53(26):10166-10178.

[63] WIJEKOON M P A,PARRISH C C,MANSOUR A.Effect of dietary substitution of fish oil with flaxseed or sunflower oil on muscle fatty acid composition in juvenile steelhead trout (
Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at varying temperatures[J].Aquaculture,2014,433:74-81.
[64] BRANSDEN M P,CARTER C G,NICHOLS P D.Replacement of fish oil with sunflower oil in feeds for Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar L.):effect on growth performance,tissue fatty acid composition and disease resistance[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2003,135(4):611-625.

[65] GREENE D H S,SELIVONCHICK D P.Effects of dietary vegetable,animal and marine lipids on muscle lipid and hematology of rainbow trout (
Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Aquaculture,1990,89(2):165-182.

[66] WAAGBØ R,SANDNES K O,SANDVIN A,et al.Chemical and sensory evaluation of fillets from Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar) fed three levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids at two levels of vitamin E[J].Food Chemistry,1993,46(4):361-366.

[67] ARZEL J,LOPEZ F X M,MÉTAILLER R,et al.Effect of dietary lipid on growth performance and body composition of brown trout (
Salmo trutta) reared in seawater[J].Aquaculture,1994,123(1/2/3/4):361-375.
[68] GUILLOU A,SOUCY P,KHALIL M,et al.Effects of dietary vegetable and marine lipid on growth,muscle fatty acid composition and organoleptic quality of flesh of brook charr (
Salvelinus fontinalis)[J].Aquaculture,1995,136(3/4):351-362.
[69] MURRAY D S,HAGER D R,TOCHER M J,et al.Effect of partial replacement of dietary fish meal and oil by pumpkin kernel cake and rapeseed oil on fatty acid composition and metabolism in Arctic charr (
Salvelinus alpinus)[J].Aquaculture,2014,431:85-91.
[70] CODABACCUS M B,NG W K,NICHOLS P D,et al.Restoration of EPA and DHA in rainbow trout (
Oncorhynchus mykiss) using a finishing fish oil diet at two different water temperatures[J].Food Chemistry,2013,141(1):236-244.

[71] BELL J G,MCGHEE F,CAMPBELL P J,et al.Rapeseed oil as an alternative to marine fish oil in diets of post-smolt Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar):changes in flesh fatty acid composition and effectiveness of subsequent fish oil "wash out"[J].Aquaculture,2003,218(4):515-528.
[72] MORAIS S,EDVARDSEN R B,TOCHER D R,et al.Transcriptomic analyses of intestinal gene expression of juvenile Atlantic cod (
Gadus morhua) fed diets with Camelina oil as replacement for fish oil[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2012,161(3):283-293.

[73] PETROPOULOS I K,THOMPSON K D,MORGAN A,et al.Effects of substitution of dietary fish oil with a blend of vegetable oils on liver and peripheral blood leucocyte fatty acid composition,plasma prostaglandin E2 and immune parameters in three strains of Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2009,15(6):596-607.

[74] VENEGAS-CALERÓN M,SAYANOVA O,NAPIER J A.An alternative to fish oils:metabolic engineering of oil-seed crops to produce omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids[J].Progress in Lipid Research,2010,49(2):108-119.

[75] NG W K,TOCHER D R,BELL J G.The use of palm oil in aquaculture feeds for salmonid species[J].European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology,2007,109(4):394-399.