[1] HUHTANEN P,NOUSIAINEN J I,RINNE M,et al.Utilization and partition of dietary nitrogen in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2008,91(9):3589-3599.

[2] XUE X B,LANDIS A E.Eutrophication potential of food consumption patterns[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2010,44(16):6450-6456.

[3] 柏兆海.我国主要畜禽养殖体系资源需求、氮磷利用和损失研究[D].博士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2015.
[4] CASTILLO A R,KEBREAB E,BEEVER D E,et al.A review of efficiency of nitrogen utilisation in lacting dairy cows and its relationship with environmental pollution[J].Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences,2000,9(1):1-32.
[5] NENNICH T D,HARRISON J H,VANWIERINGEN L M,et al.Prediction and evaluation of urine and urinary nitrogen and mineral excretion from dairy cattle[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2006,89(1):353-364.

[6] MARINI J C,VAN AMBURGH M E V.Nitrogen metabolism and recycling in Holstein heifers[J].Journal of Animal Science,2003,81(2):545-552.

[7] 王星凌,刘春林,赵红波,等.饲粮粗蛋白质水平对中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能、氮利用及血液激素的影响[J].动物营养学报,2012,24(4):669-680.
[8] LEE C,HRISTOV A N,DELL C J,et al.Effect of dietary protein concentration on ammonia and greenhouse gas emitting potential of dairy manure[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(4):1930-1941.

[9] SINCLAIR K D,GARNSWORTHY P C,MANN G E,et al.Reducing dietary protein in dairy cow diets:implications for nitrogen utilization,milk production,welfare and fertility[J].Animal,2014,8(2):262-274.

[10] BAHRAMI-YEKDANGI H,KHORVASH M,GHORBANI G R,et al.Effects of decreasing metabolizable protein and rumen-undegradable protein on milk production and composition and blood metabolites of Holstein dairy cows in early lactation[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(6):3707-3714.

[11] LEE C,HRISTOV A N,HEYLER K S,et al.Effects of metabolizable protein supply and amino acid supplementation on nitrogen utilization,milk production,and ammonia emissions from manure in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(9):5253-5268.

[12] APELO S I A,BELL A L,ESTES K,et al.Effects of reduced dietary protein and supplemental rumen-protected essential amino acids on the nitrogen efficiency of dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(9):5688-5699.

[13] GESSLER P,BUCHAL P,SCHWENK H U,et al.Favourable long-term outcome after immediate treatment of neonatal hyperammonemia due to
N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency[J].European Journal of Pediatrics,2010,169(2):197-199.

[14] CHACHER B,WANG D M,LIU H Y,et al.Degradation of
L-arginine and
N-carbamoyl glutamate and their effect on rumen fermentation in vitro[J].Italian Journal of Animal Science,2012,11(4):e68.
[15] CHACHER B,ZHU W,YE J A,et al.Effect of dietary
N-carbamoylglutamate on milk production and nitrogen utilization in high-yielding dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(4):2338-2345.

[16] BACH A,CALSAMIGLIA S,STERN M D.Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2005,88(Suppl.):E9-E21.
[17] SINCLAIR K D,SINCLAIR L A,ROBINSON J J.Nitrogen metabolism and fertility in cattle:Ⅰ.Adaptive changes in intake and metabolism to diets differing in their rate of energy and nitrogen release in the rumen.[J].Journal of Animal Science,2000,78(10):2659-2669.

[18] MITANI T,UEDA K,ENDO T,et al.Effect of feeding non-fibrous carbohydrate before grazing on intake and nitrogen utilization in dairy cows throughout the grazing season[J].Animal Science Journal,2012,83(2):121-127.

[19] ELLIS J L,DIJKSTRA J,BANNINK A,et al.The effect of high-sugar grass on predicted nitrogen excretion and milk yield simulated using a dynamic model[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2011,94(6):3105-3118.

[20] STAERFL S M,AMELCHANKA S L,KÄLBER T,et al.Effect of feeding dried high-sugar ryegrass (‘AberMagic’) on methane and urinary nitrogen emissions of primiparous cows[J].Livestock Science,2012,150(1/2/3):293-301.
[21] HALL M B,WEIMER P J.Divergent utilization patterns of grass fructan,inulin,and other nonfiber carbohydrates by ruminal microbes[J].Journal of Dairy science,2016,99(1):245-257.

[22] CANTALAPIEDRA-HIJAR G,PEYRAUD J L,LEMOSQUET S,et al.Dietary carbohydrate composition modifies the milk N efficiency in late lactation cows fed low crude protein diets[J].Animal,2014,8(2):275-285.

[23] HIGGS R J,SHEAHAN A J,MANDOK K,et al.The effect of starch-,fiber-,or sugar-based supplements on nitrogen utilization in grazing dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(6):3857-3866.

[24] RØJEN B A,LARSEN M,KRISTENSEN N B.Effect of abomasal infusion of oligofructose on portal-drained visceral ammonia and urea-nitrogen fluxes in lactating Holstein cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(12):7248-7260.

[25] CHIBISA G E,GORKA P,PENNER G B,et al.Effects of partial replacement of dietary starch from barley or corn with lactose on ruminal function,short-chain fatty acid absorption,nitrogen utilization,and production performance of dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(4):2627-2640.

[26] PENNER G B,OBA M.Increasing dietary sugar concentration may improve dry matter intake,ruminal fermentation,and productivity of dairy cows in the postpartum phase of the transition period[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(7):3341-3353.

[27] GAO X,OBA M.Effect of increasing dietary nonfiber carbohydrate with starch,sucrose,or lactose on rumen fermentation and productivity of lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(1):291-300.

[28] 赵勐,王加启,朱丹,等.饲粮碳水化合物组成对奶牛氮利用率的影响[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(8):2405-2413.
[29] HOLT M S,NEAL K,EUN J S,et al.Corn silage hybrid type and quality of alfalfa hay affect dietary nitrogen utilization by early lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(10):6564-6576.

[30] HOLT M S,EUN J S,THACKER C R,et al.Effects of feeding brown midrib corn silage with a high dietary concentration of alfalfa hay on lactational performance of Holstein dairy cows for the first 180 days of lactation[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(1):515-523.

[31] MIYAJI M,MATSUYAMA H,HOSODA K,et al.Effect of replacing corn with brown rice grain in a total,mixed,ration silage on milk production,ruminal fermentation and nitrogen balance in lactating dairy cows[J].Animal Science Journal,2012,83(8):585-593.

[32] 夏科,王志博,郗伟斌,等.粗饲料组合对奶牛饲粮养分消化率、能量和氮的利用的影响[J].动物营养学报,2012,24(4):673-680.
[33] ARNDT C,POWELL J M,AGUERRE M J,et al.Performance,digestion,nitrogen balance,and emission of manure ammonia,enteric methane,and carbon dioxide in lactating cows fed diets with varying alfalfa silage-to-corn silage ratios[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(1):418-430.

[34] 王志博,姜万富,辛杭书,等.饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素对奶牛瘤胃发酵特性和氮平衡的影响[J].动物营养学报,2012,24(6):1098-1104.
[35] RECKTENWALD E B,ROSS D A,FESSENDEN S W,et al.Urea-N recycling in lactating dairy cows fed diets with 2 different levels of dietary crude protein and starch with or without monensin[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(3):1611-1622.

[36] 王志博,辛杭书,段春宇,等.饲粮中添加海南霉素和莫能菌素对奶牛瘤胃蛋白质降解和产氨菌群的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(14):2959-2966.
[37] 赵圣国,王加启,卜登攀,等.植物精油对尿素氮在瘤胃内容物中分布的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(16):3399-3405.
[38] BARGHUEI M J,ROUZBEHAN Y,SALEM A Z M,et al.Nutrient digestion,ruminal fermentation and performance of dairy cows fed pomegranate peel extract[J].Livestock Science,2013,157(2/3):452-461.
[39] KUMAR R,DASS R S.Effect of niacin supplementation on rumen metabolites in Murrah buffaloes (
Bubalus bubalis)[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2005,18(1):38-41.

[40] ASCHEMANN M,LEBZIEN P,HVTHER L,et al.Effect of niacin supplementation on digestibility,nitrogen utilisation and milk and blood variables in lactating dairy cows fed a diet with a negative rumen nitrogen balance[J].Archives of Animal Nutrition,2012,66(3):200-214.

[41] ASCHEMANN M,LEBZIEN P,HÜTHER L,et al.Effect of niacin supplementation on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient flow at the duodenum in lactating dairy cows fed a diet with a negative rumen nitrogen balance[J].Archives of Animal Nutrition,2012,66(4):303-318.

[42] BEAUDET V,GERVAIS R,GRAULET B,et al.Effects of dietary nitrogen levels and carbohydrate sources on apparent ruminal synthesis of some B vitamins in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(4):2730-2739.

[43] SPEK J W,BANNINK A,GORT G,et al.Effect of sodium chloride intake on urine volume,urinary urea excretion,and milk urea concentration in lactating dairy cattle[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(12):7288-7298.

[44] SPEK J W,BANNINK A,GORT G,et al.Interaction between dietary content of protein and sodium chloride on milk urea concentration,urinary urea excretion,renal recycling of urea,and urea transfer to the gastrointestinal tract in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(9):5734-5745.

[45] 王丽.微生态制剂对奶牛氮排放的影响[D].硕士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2015.
[46] 王玲,孙友德,刘锡武,等.酵母培养物对奶牛尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量和产奶性能及氮排泄的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2015,51(11):44-49.
[47] 王玲,孙友德,刘锡武,等.半胱胺对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(4):1262-1269.
[48] O'CONNOR P J,HENNESSY D,LYNCH M B,et al.The effect of dicyandiamide on rumen and blood metabolites,diet digestibility and urinary excretion[J].Livestock Science,2013,155(1):30-37.

[49] LAPIERRE H,LOBLEY G E.Nitrogen Recycling in the Ruminant:a review[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2001,84(Suppl.):E223-E236.
[50] ABDOUN K,STUMPFF F,MARTENS H.Ammonia and urea transport across the rumen epithelium:a review[J].Animal Health Research Reviews,2006,7(1/2):43-59.
[51] RITZHAUPT A,WOOD I S,JACKSON A A,et al.Isolation of a RT-PCR fragment from human colon and sheep rumen RNA with nucleotide sequence similarity to human and rat urea transporter isoforms[J].Biochemical Society Transactions,1998,26(2):S122.
[52] STEWART G S,GRAHAM C,CATTELL S,et al.UT-B is expressed in bovine rumen:potential role in ruminal urea transport[J].American Journal of Physiology:Regulatory,Integrative and Comparative Physiology,2005,289(2):R605-R612.
[53] MARINI J C,KLEIN J D,SANDS J M,et al.Effect of nitrogen intake on nitrogen recycling and urea transporter abundance in lambs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2004,82(4):1157-1164.

[54] ABDOUN K,STUMPFF F,RABABANI I,et al.Modulation of urea transport across sheep rumen epithelium
in vitro by SCFA and CO
2[J].American Journal of Physiology:Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,2009,298(2):G190-G202.
[55] DORANALLI K,PENNER G B,MUTSVANGWA T.Feeding oscillating dietary crude protein concentrations increases nitrogen utilization in growing lambs and this response is partly attributable to increased urea transfer to the rumen[J].Journal of Nutrition,2011,141(4):560-567.

[56] SIMMONS N L,CHAUDHRY A S,GRAHAM C,et al.Dietary regulation of ruminal bovine UT-B urea transporter expression and localization[J].Journal of Animal Science,2009,87(10):3288-3299.

[57] LUDDEN P A,STOHRER R M,AUSTIN K J,et al.Effect of protein supplementation on expression and distribution of urea transporter-B in lambs fed low-quality forage[J].Journal of Animal Science,2009,87(4):1354-1365.

[58] HIGGS R J,CHASE L E,VAN AMBURGH M E,et al.Case study:application and evaluation of the cornell net carbohydrate and protein system as a tool to improve nitrogen utilization in commercial dairy herds[J].The Professional Animal Scientist,2012,28(3):370-378.

[59] HIGGS R J,CHASE L E,VAN AMBURGH M E.Development and evaluation of equations in the Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system to predict nitrogen excretion in lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(4):2004-2014.