[1] AGARWAL N,KAMRA D N,CHAUDHARY L C.Rumen microbial ecosystem of domesticated ruminants[M]//PUNIYA A,SINGH R,KAMRA D.Rumen microbiology:from evolution to revolution.New Delhi:Springer,2015:17-30.
[2] KNOELL A L,ANDERSON C L,PESTA A C,et al.Alterations of the rumen bacterial and archaeal communities in growing and finishing beef cattle and its effects on methane emissions[J].Journal of Animal Science,2016,94(Suppl.2):53-54.
[3] PITTA D W,INDUGU N,KUMAR S,et al.Metagenomic assessment of the functional potential of the rumen microbiome in Holstein dairy cows[J].Anaerobe,2015,38:50-60.
[4] PATEL S,GOYAL A.Functional oligosaccharides:production,properties and applications[J].World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2010,27(5):1119-1128.
[5] 刘卫东,宋素芳,程璞.甘露寡糖和益生菌对肉仔鸡生产性能和肠道菌群的影响[J].家畜生态学报,2011,32(1):32-35. LIU W D,SONG S F,CHENG P.Effects of mannan oligosaccharides and probiotics on production performance and intestinal flora of broilers[J].Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology,2011,32(l):32-35.(in Chinese)
[6] 万嘉佳,蒋敏,李恒,等.低聚合度魔芋甘露寡糖对正常小鼠肠道及微生物菌群的影响[J].食品与发酵工业,2015,41(9):13-18. WAN J J,JIANG M,LI H,et al.Effects of low degree of polymerization konjac mannan oligosaccharide on intestinal tract and microflora of normal mice[J].Food and Fermentation Industry,2015,41(9):13-18.(in Chinese)
[7] 张学峰.外源寡糖在绵羊消化道内的降解、转化、利用和流通规律及其对瘤胃微生物区系、免疫和营养物质消化影响的研究[D].博士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2007. ZHANG X F.Studies on the degradation,transformation,utilization and circulation of exogenous oligosaccharides in the digestive tract of sheep and their effects on rumen microflora,immunity and nutrient digestion[D].Ph.D.Thesis.Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2007.(in Chinese)
[8] DUAN X D,CHEN D W,ZHENG P,et al.Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide supplementation on performance and immune response of sows and their offspring[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2016,218:17-25.
[9] GIANNENAS I,DOUKAS D,KARAMOUTSIOS A,et al.Effects of
Enterococcus faecium,mannan oligosaccharide,benzoic acid and their mixture on growth performance,intestinal microbiota,intestinal morphology and blood lymphocyte subpopulations of fattening pigs[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2016,220:159-167.
[10] VALPOTIĆ H M,SAMARDŽIJA S,TERZⅡĆ S,et al.Effect of mannan oligosaccharide supplementation on blood and intestinal immune cells,bacteria numbers and performance in weaned pigs[J].Acta Veterinaria Brno,2016,85(3):267-276.

[11] BOZKURT M E,BINTŞ S,KIRKAN H,et al.Comparative evaluation of dietary supplementation with mannan oligosaccharide and oregano essential oil in forced molted and fully fed laying hens between 82 and 106 weeks of age[J].Poultry Science,2016,95(11):2576-2591.

[12] ATTIA Y A,ABDAL-HAMID A E,IBRAHIM M S,et al.Productive performance,biochemical and hematological traits of broiler chickens supplemented with propolis,bee pollen,and mannan oligosaccharides continuously or intermittently[J].Livestock Science,2014,164:87-95.
[13] ABDEL-HAMID T M,FARAHAT M H.Effect of dietary mannan-oligosaccharides on some blood biochemical,haematological parameters and carcass traits in purebred New Zealand White and crossbred rabbits[J].Animal Production Science,2016,56(12):2133-2139.

[14] 顾君华,王欣.安全饲料和绿色饲料的最终目标和途径[J].饲料工业,2002,23(8):1-4. GU J H,WANG X.The ultimate goal and approach of safe feed and green feed[J].Feed Industry,2002,23(8):1-4.(in Chinese)
[15] ZHENG C,LI F D,HAO Z L,et al.Effects of adding mannan oligosaccharides on digestibility and metabolism of nutrients,ruminal fermentation parameters,immunity,and antioxidant capacity of sheep[J].Journal of Animal Science,2018,96(1):284-292.

[16] 冯宗慈,高民.通过比色测定瘤胃液氨氮含量方法的改进[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,1993(4):40-41. FENG Z C,GAO M.An improved method for determining the content of ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid by colorimetry[J].Inner Mongolia Animal Husbandry Science,1993(4):40-41.(in Chinese)
[17] 祁茹,肖宇,褚永康,等.外源寡糖对反刍动物胃肠道微生物区系的影响[J].饲料博览,2011(12):32-34. QI R,XIAO Y,CHU Y K,et al.effects of exogenous oligosaccharides on gastrointestinal microflora of ruminants[J].Feed Review,2011(12):32-34.(in Chinese)
[18] SANTOSO B.Influence of galacto-oligosaccharides supplementation on nitrogen utilization,rumen fermenterion,and microbial nitrogen supply in dairy cows fed silage[J].Animal Science,2003,16(8):1137-1142.
[19] HOOVER W H,KINCAID C R,VARGA G A,et al.Effects of solids and liquid flows on fermentation in continuous cultures.Ⅳ.pH and dilution rate[J].Journal of Animal Science,1984,58(3):692-699.

[20] 王加启,冯仰廉.不同粗饲料日粮发酵规律及合成瘤胃微生物蛋白质效率研究[J].黄牛杂志,1994,20(增刊2):82-85. WANG J Q,FENG Y L.Study on fermentation regularity of different roughage diets and efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis[J].Scalper Magazine,1994,20(Suppl.2):82-85.(in Chinese)
[21] 张然,郑琛,韩海珠,等.应用Rusitec-S系统研究甘露寡糖对绵羊体外瘤胃发酵的影响[J].草业科学,2018,35(9):2262-2269. ZHANG R,ZHENG C,HAN H Z,et al.The effect of mannan-oligosaccharide on rumen fermentation of sheep
in vitro was studied by Rusitec-S system[J].Pratacultural Science,2018.35(9):2262-2269.(in Chinese)
[22] HRISTOV A N,ROPP J K,HUNT C W.Effect of barley and its amylopectin content on ruminal fermentation and bacterial utilization of ammonia-N
in vitro[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2002,99(1/2/3/4):25-36.
[23] 韩正康,陈杰.反刍动物瘤胃的消化和代谢[M].北京:科学出版社,1988. HAN Z K,CHEN J.Rumen digestion and metabolism of ruminants[M].Beijing:Science Press,1988.(in Chinese)
[24] 汪水平,王文娟,王加启,等.日粮精粗比对奶牛瘤胃发酵及泌乳性能的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(6):45-50. WANG S P,WANG W J,WANG J Q,et al.Effect of dietary concentrate/roughage ratio on rumen fermentation and lactation performance of dairy cows[J].Journal of Northwestern University of Agriculture and Forestry (Natural Science Edition),2007,35(6):45-50.(in Chinese)
[25] AZEVEDO A C,BENTO C B P,RUIZ J C,et al.Distribution and genetic diversity of bacteriocin gene clusters in rumen microbial genomes[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2015,81(20):7290-7304.

[26] HENDERSON G,COX F,GANESH S,et al.Rumen microbial community composition varies with diet and host,but a core microbiome is found across a wide geographical range[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:14567.
[27] WANG Y Y,CAO P H,WANG L,et al.Bacterial community diversity associated with different levels of dietary nutrition in the rumen of sheep[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2017,101(9):3717-3728.

[28] HUO W J,ZHU W Y,MAO S Y.Impact of subacute ruminal acidosis on the diversity of liquid and solid-associated bacteria in the rumen of goats[J].World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2014,30(2):669-680.

[29] 闵力.功能性寡糖组合对锦江黄牛瘤胃微生物区系的影响[D].硕士学位论文.南昌:江西农业大学,2012. MIN L.Effect of functional oligosaccharide combination on rumen microflora of
Jinjiang yellow cattle[D]Master's Thesis.Nanchang:Jiangxi Agricultural University,2012.(in Chinese)
[30] 冶文兴,张洁,陈林,等.甘露寡糖添加方式对哺乳期犊牛瘤胃细菌菌群结构的影响[J].草业科学,2020,37(5):984-992. YE W X,ZHANG J,CHEN L,et al.Effect of mannose oligosaccharide addition on rumen bacterial flora structure of lactating calves[J].Pratacultural Science,2020,37(5):984-992.(in Chinese)
[31] WANG Y,HAN F,HU B,et al.
In vivo prebiotic properties of alginate oligosaccharides prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis of alginate[J].Nutrition Research,2006,26(11):597-603.

[32] NEWMAN K,JACQUEA K,BUEDE R.Effect of mannan-oligosaccharide supplementation on performance and fecal bacteria of Holstein calves[J].Journal of Animal Sciences.1993,71(Suppl.1):271.
[33] 赵晓静,李建国,李秋凤,等.甘露寡糖对犊牛粪便菌群影响的研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2007,43(5):31-34. ZHAO X J,LI J G,LI Q F,et al.Study on the effect of mannan oligosaccharides on fecal microflora of calves[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2007,43(5):31-34.(in Chinese)
[34] 任海军.壳聚糖对奶牛产奶性能和免疫功能影响的研究[D].硕士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2008. REN H J.Effects of chitosan on milk production performance and immune function of dairy cattle[D].Master's Thesis.Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2008.(in Chinese)
[35] SPENCE C,WELLS W G,SMITH C J.Characterization of the primary starch utilization operon in the obligate anaerobe
Bacteroides fragilis:regulation by carbon source and oxygen[J].Journal of Bacteriology,2006,188(13):4663-4672.

[36] BRULC J M,ANTONOPOULOS D A,MILLER M E B,et al.Gene-centric metagenomics of the fiber-adherent bovine rumen microbiome reveals forage specific glycoside hydrolases[J].Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(6):1948-1953.

[37] RAJENDHRAN J,GUNASEKARAN P.Microbial phylogeny and diversity:small subunit ribosomal RNA sequence analysis and beyond[J].Microbiological Research,2011,166(2):99-110.

[38] 赵广存.牛瘤胃未培养微生物纤维素酶基因的克隆、鉴定及表达[D].硕士学位论文.南宁:广西大学,2005. ZHAO G C.Cloning,Identification and expression of cellulase gene from uncultured bovine rumen[D].Master's Thesis.Nanning:Guangxi University,2005.(in Chinese)
[39] SHIN N R,WHON T W,BAE J W.Proteobacteria:microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota[J].Trends in Biotechnology,2015,33(9):496-503.

[40] STORESUND J E,LANZÈN A,NORDMANN E L,et al.Planctomycetes as a vital constituent of the microbial communities inhabiting different layers of the meromictic lake
Sælenvannet (Norway)[J].Microorganisms,2020,8(8):1150.
[41] PRZEMIENIECKI S W,KOSEWSKA A,CIESIELSKI S,et al.Changes in the gut microbiome and enzymatic profile of
Tenebrio molitor larvae biodegrading cellulose,polyethylene and polystyrene waste[J].Environment Pollution,2020,256:113265.
[42] 郭威,郭晓军,周贤,等.复合菌剂发酵玉米秸秆对绵羊瘤胃液细菌多样性的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2018,49(4):736-745. GUO W,GUO X J,ZHOU X,et al.Effect of corn straw fermented with compound bacteria on the multiplicity of microflora in sheep rumen fluid[J].Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2018,49(4):736-745.(in Chinese)
[43] 杨琦玥,黄勇,陈亚冰,等.16S rRNA高通量测序技术筛选牦牛瘤胃细菌基因组DNA提取方法及菌群结构[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(5):932-941. YANG Q Y,HUANG Y,CHEN Y B,et al.Screening of genomic DNA extraction and flora structure of rumen bacteria of yak by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technique[J].Chinese Agricultural Sciences,2017,50(5):932-941.(in Chinese)
[44] GRISWOLD K E,WHITE B A,MACKIE R I.Diversity of extracellular proteolytic activities among Prevotella species from the rumen[J].Current Microbiology,1999,39(4):187-194.

[45] CUI X X,WANG Z F,YAN T H,et al.Rumen bacterial diversity of Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) associated with different forage types on the
Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Canadian Journal of Microbiology,2019,65(12):859-869.

[46] GRILLI D J,CERÓN M E,PAEZ S,et al.Isolation of
Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis and
Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans from rumen of Creole goats fed native forage diet[J].Folia Microbiologica,2012,58(5):367-373.
[47] KOIKE S,KOBAYASHI Y.Fibrolytic rumen bacteria:their ecology and functions[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2009,22(1):131-138.

[48] EZAKI T.Ruminococcus[M]New York:John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.,2015.
[49] PATRA A K,YU Z T.Essential oils affect populations of some rumen bacteria
in vitro as revealed by microarray (RumenBactArray) analysis[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2015,6:297.
[50] ZHAO X H,CHEN Z D,ZHOU S,et al.Effects of daidzein on performance,serum metabolites,nutrient digestibility,and fecal bacterial community in bull calves[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2017,225:87-96.
[51] KANG J H,ZENG B,TANG S X,et al.Effects of
Momordica charantia polysaccharide on
in vitro ruminal fermentation and cellulolytic bacteria[J].Italian Journal of Animal Science,2017,16(2):226-233.

[52] WANG L Z,LIU K Z,WANG Z S,et al.Bacterial community diversity associated with different utilization efficiencies of nitrogen in the gastrointestinal tract of goats[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2019,10:239.