[1] HEINIMÖ J,JUNGINGER M.Production and trading of biomass for energy-an overview of the global status[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2009,33(9):1310-1320.

[2] CORI C F,SHINE W M.The formation of carbohydrate from glycerophosphate in the liver of the rat[J].Science,1935,82(2119):134-135.
[3] MACH N,BACH A,DEVANT M.Effects of crude glycerin supplementation on performance and meat quality of Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,2009,87(2):632-638.

[4] CARVALHO E R,SCHMELZ-ROBERTS N S,WHITE H M,et al.Replacing corn with glycerol in diets for transition dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2011,94(2):908-916.

[5] MA F R,HANNA M A.Biodiesel production:a review[J].Bioresource Technology,1999,70(1):1-15.

[6] MYERS R L.The 100 most important chemical compounds:a reference guide[M].Westport:Greenwood Press,2007.
[7] NEWMAN A A.Glycerol[M].Cleveland:CRC Press,1968.
[8] OMAZIC A W,KRONQVIST C,ZHONGYAN L,et al.The fate of glycerol entering the rumen of dairy cows and sheep[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutriiton,2015,99(2):258-264.

[9] KHOLIF A E.Glycerol use in dairy diets:a systemic review[J].Animal Nutrition,2019,5(3):209-216.

[10] ISHIBASHI K,HARA S,KONDO S.Aquaporin water channels in mammals[J].Clinical and Experimental Nephrology,2009,13(2):107-117.

[11] ENGELKING L R.Gluconeogenesis[M]//ENGELKING L R.Textbook of veterinary physiological chemistry.3rd ed.Boston:Academic Press,2015:225-230.
[12] NEEL J P,PRIGGE E C,TOWNSEND E C.Influence of moisture content of forage on ruminal functional specific gravity and passage of digesta[J].Journal of Animal Science,1995,73(10):3094-3102.

[13] GARTON G A,LOUGH A K,VIOQUE E.Glyceride hydrolysis and glycerol fermentation by sheep rumen contents[J].Journal of General Microbiology,1961,25(2):215-225.

[14] TRABUE S,SCOGGIN K,TJANDRAKUSUMA S,et al.Ruminal fermentation of propylene glycol and glycerol[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2007,55(17):7043-7051.

[15] RÉMOND B,SOUDAY E,JOUANY J P.
In vitro and
in vivo fermentation of glycerol by rumen microbes[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,1993,41(2):121-132.

[16] SVDEKUM K H.Co-products from biodiesel production[M]//GARNSWORTHY P C,WISEMAN J.Recent advances in animal nutrition.Nottingham:Nottingham University Press,2007:201-219.
[17] MONTELL E,LERÍN C,NEWGARD C B,et al.Effects of modulation of glycerol kinase expression on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in human muscle cells[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2002,277(4):2682-2686.

[18] PORCU C,MANCA C,CABIDDU A,et al.Effects of short-term administration of a glucogenic mixture at mating on feed intake,metabolism,milk yield and reproductive performance of lactating dairy ewes[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2018,243:10-21.
[19] KIJORA C,BERGNER H,GÖTZ K P,et al.Research note:investigation on the metabolism of glycerol in the rumen of bulls[J].Archiv für Tierernaehrung,1998,51(4):341-348.

[20] KRISTENSEN N B,RAUN B M L.Ruminal fermentation,portal absorption,and hepatic metabolism of glycerol infused into the rumen of lactating dairy cows[M]//ORTIGUES-MARTY I,MIRAUX N,BRAND-WILLIAMS W.Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition.The Netherlands:Wageningen Academic Publishers,2007:355-356.
[21] STEWART C S,FLINT H J,BRYANT M P.The rumen bacteria[M]//HOBSON P N,STEWART C S.The rumen microbial ecosystem.Dordrecht:Springer,1997:10-72.
[22] WOLIN M J,MILLER T L,STEWART C S.Microbe-microbe interactions[M]//HOBSON P N,STEWART C S.The Rumen microbial ecosystem.Dordrecht:Springer,1997:467-491.
[23] HOBSON P N,MANN S O.The isolation of glycerol-fermenting and lipolytic bacteria from the rumen of the sheep[J].Journal of General Microbiology,1961,25(2):227-240.

[24] LEE S Y,LEE S M,CHO Y B,et al.Glycerol as a feed supplement for ruminants:
in vitro fermentation characteristics and methane production[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,166/167:269-274.
[25] BOYD J,BERNARD J K,WEST J W.Effects of feeding different amounts of supplemental glycerol on ruminal environment and digestibility of lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(1):470-476.

[26] WANG C,LIU Q,YANG W Z,et al.Effects of glycerol on lactation performance,energy balance and metabolites in early lactation Holstein dairy cows[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2009,151(1/2):12-20.
[27] LINKE P L,DEFRAIN J M,HIPPEN A R,et al.Ruminal and plasma responses in dairy cows to drenching or feeding glycerol[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2004,87(Suppl.):343.
[28] AVILA-STAGNO J,CHAVES A V,HE M L,et al.Effects of increasing concentrations of glycerol in concentrate diets on nutrient digestibility,methane emissions,growth,fatty acid profiles,and carcass traits of lambs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2013,91(2):829-837.

[29] AVILA J S,CHAVES A V,HERNANDEZ-CALVA L M,et al.Effects of replacing barley grain in feedlot diets with increasing levels of glycerol on
in vitro fermentation and methane production[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,166/167:265-268.
[30] WANG C,LIU Q,HUO W J,et al.Effects of glycerol on rumen fermentation,urinary excretion of purine derivatives and feed digestibility in steers[J].Livestock Science,2009,121(1):15-20.

[31] PAGGI R A,FAY J P,FERNÁNDEZ H M.Effect of short-chain acids and glycerol on the proteolytic activity of rumen fluid[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,1999,78(3/4):341-347.
[32] KRUEGER N A,ANDERSON R C,TEDESCHI L O,et al.Evaluation of feeding glycerol on free-fatty acid production and fermentation kinetics of mixed ruminal microbes
in vitro[J].Bioresource Technology,2010,101(21):8469-8472.

[33] EDWARDS H D,ANDERSON R C,MILLER R K,et al.Glycerol inhibition of ruminal lipolysis
in vitro[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(9):5176-5181.

[34] ABO EL-NOR S,ABUGHAZALEH A A,POTU R B,et al.Effects of differing levels of glycerol on rumen fermentation and bacteria[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2010,162(3/4):99-105.
[35] ROGER V,FONTY G,ANDRE C,et al.Effects of glycerol on the growth,adhesion,and cellulolytic activity of rumen cellulolytic bacteria and anaerobic fungi[J].Current Microbiology,1992,25(4):197-201.

[36] EZEQUIEL J M B,SANCANARI J B D,NRTO O R M,et al.Effects of high concentrations of dietary crude glycerin on dairy cow productivity and milk quality[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(11):8009-8017.

[37] DE ANDRADE G P,DE CARVALHO F F R,BATISTA Â M V,et al.Evaluation of crude glycerin as a partial substitute of corn grain in growing diets for lambs[J].Small Ruminant Research,2018,165:41-47.
[38] SALEEM A M,ZANOUNY A I,SINGAR A M.Effect of glycerol supplementation during early lactation on milk yield,milk composition,nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites of dairy buffaloes[J].Animal,2018,12(4):757-763.

[39] PIAO M Y,JUNG D J S,KANG H J,et al.Effects of dietary glycerol inclusion on growth performance,carcass and meat quality characteristics,glycogen content,and meat volatile compounds in Korean cattle steers[J].Animal Bioscience,2020,doi:10.5713/ajas.20.0186.
[40] PARSONS G L,SHELOR M K,DROUILLARD J S.Performance and carcass traits of finishing heifers fed crude glycerin[J].Journal of Animal Science,2009,87(2):653-657.

[41] HALES K E,KRAICH K J,BONDURANT R G,et al.Effects of glycerin on receiving performance and health status of beef steers and nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation characteristics of growing steers[J].Journal of Animal Science,2013,91(9):4277-4289.

[42] PYATT A,DOANE P H,CECAVA M J.Effect of crude glycerin in finishing cattle diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,2007,85(Suppl.1):530.
[43] THOMPSON J C,HE B B.Characterization of crude glycerol from biodiesel production from multiple feedstocks[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2006,22(2):261-265.

[44] SHIN J H,WANG D,KIM S C,et al.Effects of feeding crude glycerin on performance and ruminal kinetics of lactating Holstein cows fed corn silage-or cottonseed hull-based,low-fiber diets[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(7):4006-4016.

[45] PAIVA P G,DEL-VALLE T A,JESUS E F,et al.Effects of crude glycerin on milk composition,nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows fed corn silage-based diets[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2016,212:136-142.
[46] ALLEN M S,BRADFORD B J,OBA M.Board-invited review:the hepatic oxidation theory of the control of feed intake and its application to ruminants[J].Journal of Animal Science,2009,87(10):3317-3334.

[47] OGBORN K L.Effects of method of delivery of glycerol on performance and metabolism of dairy cows during the transition period[D].Master's Thesis.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University,2006.
[48] ARIKO T,KASS M,HENNO M,et al.The effect of replacing barley with glycerol in the diet of dairy cows on rumen parameters and milk fatty acid profile[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2015,209:69-78.
[49] CASTAGNINO P S,DALLANTONIA E E,FIORENTINI G,et al.Changes in ruminal fermentation and microbial population of feedlot Nellore cattle fed crude glycerin and virginiamycin[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2018,242:69-76.
[50] EIRAS C E,MARQUES J D A,TORRECILHAS J A,et al.Glycerin levels in the diets for crossbred bulls finished in feed-lot:ingestive behavior,feeding and rumination efficiency[J].Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences,2013,35(4):411-416.
[51] HALES K E,BONDURANT R G,LUEBBE M K,et al.Effects of crude glycerin in steam-flaked corn-based diets fed to growing feedlot cattle[J].Journal of Animal Science,2013,91(8):3875-3880.

[52] EGEA M,LINARES M B,GARRIDO M D,et al.Crude glycerine inclusion in Limousin bull diets:animal performance,carcass characteristics and meat quality[J].Meat Science,2014,98(4):673-678.

[53] SAN VITO E,LAGE J F,RIBEIRO A F,et al.Fatty acid profile,carcass and quality traits of meat from Nellore young bulls on pasture supplemented with crude glycerin[J].Meat Science,2015,100:17-23.
[54] PRADO I N,CRUZ O T B,VALERO M V,et al.Effects of glycerin and essential oils (
Anacardium occidentale and
Ricinus communis) on the meat quality of crossbred bulls finished in a feedlot[J].Animal Production Science,2016,56(12):2105-2114.

[55] RAMOS M H,KERLEY M S.Effect of dietary crude glycerol level on ruminal fermentation in continuous culture and growth performance of beef calves[J].Journal of Animal Science,2012,90(3):892-899.

[56] PARKER A J,DOBSON G P,FITZPATRICK L A.Physiological and metabolic effects of prophylactic treatment with the osmolytes glycerol and betaine on
Bos indicus steers during long duration transportation[J].Journal of Animal Science,2007,85(11):2916-2923.

[57] WEISS C P,GENTRY W W,COLE N A,et al.Effects of feeding condensed distiller's solubles and crude glycerin alone or in combination on finishing beef cattle performance,carcass characteristics,and
in vitro fermentation[J].Journal of Animal Science,2017,95(2):922-929.
[58] LADEIRA M M,CARVALHO J R R,CHIZZOTTI M L,et al.Effect of increasing levels of glycerin on growth rate,carcass traits and liver gluconeogenesis in young bulls[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2016,219:241-248.
[59] LAGE J F,BERCHIELLI T T,SAN VITO E,et al.Fatty acid profile,carcass and meat quality traits of young Nellore bulls fed crude glycerin replacing energy sources in the concentrate[J].Meat Science,2014,96(3):1158-1164.

[60] SAN VITO E,LAGE J F,MESSANA J D,et al.Performance and methane emissions of grazing Nellore bulls supplemented with crude glycerin[J].Journal of Animal Science,2016,94(11):4728-4737.

[61] VOLPI-LAGRECA G,DUCKETT S K.Supplementation of glycerol or fructose via drinking water to enhance marbling deposition and meat quality of finishing cattle[J].Journal of Animal Science,2016,94(2):858-868.

[62] WINTERHOLLER S J,HOJER N L,PRITCHARD R H,et al.The influence of glycerol supplementation during late gestation on beef cow performance and dietary digestibility[J].Journal of Animal Science,2011,89:360.
[63] SCHRÖDER A,SVDEKUM K H.Glycerol as a by-product of biodiesel production in Science[J].Journal of Animal Science,2008,86:392.
[64] 王聪,黄应祥,刘强,等.丙三醇对牛瘤胃发酵、尿嘌呤衍生物、消化率、能量代谢及氮平衡的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(2):642-649. WANG C,HUANG Y X,LIU Q,et al.Effects of glycerol on rumen fermentation,urinary excretion of purine derivatives,digestibility,energy metabolism and nitrogen balance in Simmental steer[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(2):642-649.(in Chinese)
[65] DONKIN S S,KOSER S L,WHITE H M,et al.Feeding value of glycerol as a replacement for corn grain in rations fed to lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(10):5111-5119.

[66] ABUGHAZALEH A A,ABO EL-NOR S,IBRAHIM S A.The effect of replacing corn with glycerol on ruminal bacteria in continuous culture fermenters[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2011,95(3):313-319.

[67] DONKIN S S,DOANE P.Glycerol as a feed ingredient in dairy rations[M]//EASTRIDGE M L.Proceedings of the 2007 Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference.Fort Wayne:[s.n.],2007:97-103.
[68] DONKIN S S.Glycerol from biodiesel production:the new corn for dairy cattle[J].Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia,2008,37:280-286.
[69] PRESTON R L.2016 Feed composition tables[EB/OL].[2020-12-01] https://www.beefmagazine.com/sites/beefmagazine.com/files/2016-feed-composition-tables-beef-magazine.pdf.
[70] KHATTAB M S,EL-NOR S A H A,EL-SAYED H M A,et al.The effect of replacing corn with glycerol and fibrinolytic enzymes on the productive performance of lactating goats[J].International Journal of Dairy Science,2012,7(4):95-102.

[71] ANDERSON V L,ILSE B R.Effect of glycerol level in feedlot finishing diets on animal performance[M].[S.l.]:NDSU Carrington Research Extension Center,2008.
[72] ALMEIDA M T C,EZEQUIEL J M B,PASCHOALOTO J R,et al.Rumen and liver measurements of lambs fed with high inclusions of crude glycerin in adaptation and finishing period of feedlot[J].Small Ruminant Research,2018,167:1-5.
[73] GORKA P,KOWALSKI Z M,PIETRZAK P,et al.Effect of sodium butyrate supplementation in milk replacer and starter diet on rumen development in calves[J].Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology,2009,60(Suppl.3):47-53.
[74] OMAZIC A W,TRÅVEN M,ROOS S,et al.Oral rehydration solution with glycerol to dairy calves:effects on fluid balance,metabolism,and intestinal microbiota[J].Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,Section A:Animal Science,2013,63(1):47-56.
[75] INGVARTSEN K L,ANDERSEN J B.Integration of metabolism and intake regulation:a review focusing on periparturient animals[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83(7):1573-1597.

[76] DEFRAIN J M,HIPPEN A R,KALSCHEUR K F,et al.Feeding glycerol to transition dairy cows:effects on blood metabolites and lactation performance[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2004,87(12):4195-4206.

[77] GOFF J,HORST R.Oral glycerol as an aid in the treatment of ketosis/fatty liver complex[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2001,84(Suppl.1):153.
[78] FISHER L J,ERFLE J D,SAUER F D.Preliminary evaluation of the addition of glucogenic materials to the rations of lactating cows[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,1971,51(3):721-727.

[79] JOHNSON R B.The treatment of ketosis with glycerol and propylene glycol[J].Cornell Veterinarian,1954,44(1):6-21.
[80] SCHRÖDER A,SVDEKUM K H.Glycerol as a by-product of biodiesel production in diets for ruminants[M]//WRATTEN N,SALISBURY P A.New horizons for an old crop.Canberra:International Rapeseed Congress,1999:241.
[81] BAJRAMAJ D L,CURTIS R V,KIM J J M,et al.Addition of glycerol to lactating cow diets stimulates dry matter intake and milk protein yield to a greater extent than addition of corn grain[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2017,100(8):6139-6150.

[82] CHUNG Y H,RICO D E,MARTINEZ C M,et al.Effects of feeding dry glycerin to early postpartum Holstein dairy cows on lactational performance and metabolic profiles[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2007,90(12):5682-5691.

[83] LIU J,YE G,ZHOU Y,et al.Feeding glycerol-enriched yeast culture improves performance,energy status,and heat shock protein gene expression of lactating Holstein cows under heat stress[J].Journal of Animal Science,2014,92(6):2494-2502.

[84] KASS M,ARIKO T,SAMARVTEL J,et al.Long-term oral drenching of crude glycerol to primiparous dairy cows in early lactation[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2013,184(1/2/3/4):58-66.
[85] LOMANDER H,FRÖSSLING J,INGVARTSEN K L,et al.Supplemental feeding with glycerol or propylene glycol of dairy cows in early lactation-effects on metabolic status,body condition,and milk yield[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(5):2397-2408.

[86] OMAZIC A W.Glycerol supplementation in dairy cows and calves[D].Ph.D.Thesis.Uppsala:Sveriges Lantbruksuniv,Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae,2013:83.
[87] SUNNY N E,BEQUETTE B J.Glycerol is a major substrate for glucose,glycogen,and nonessential amino acid synthesis in late-term chicken embryos[J].Journal of Animal Science,2011,89(12):3945-3953.

[88] VAN CLEEF E H C B,D'ÂUREA A P,FAVARO V R,et al.Effects of dietary inclusion of high concentrations of crude glycerin on meat quality and fatty acid profile of feedlot fed Nellore bulls[J].PLoS One,2017,12(6):e0179830.
[89] BUTTREY E K,LUEBBE M K,MCCOLLUM Ⅲ F T,et al.Effects of glycerin concentration in steam-flaked corn-based diets with supplemental yellow grease on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers[J].Journal of Animal Science,2015,93(7):3698-3703.