研究论文 RESEARCH PAPER

不同饲养方式对牦牛瘤胃发酵参数及微生物菌群的影响

  • 庞凯悦 ,
  • 戴东文 ,
  • 杨英魁 ,
  • 王迅 ,
  • 刘书杰 ,
  • 周振明 ,
  • 张新军 ,
  • 柴沙驼 ,
  • 王书祥
展开
  • 1. 青海大学, 西宁 810016;
    2. 青海省高原放牧家畜营养与饲料科学重点实验室, 西宁 810016;
    3. 青海省牦牛工程技术研究中心, 西宁 810016;
    4. 中国农业大学动物科技学院, 北京 100193;
    5. 国家肉牛牦牛产业技术体系中卫综合试验站, 中卫 755000
庞凯悦(1997-),女,山东东营人,硕士研究生,研究方向为反刍动物营养研究。E-mail:1547970042@qq.com

收稿日期: 2021-08-21

  网络出版日期: 2022-03-14

基金资助

农牧交错带牛羊牧繁农育关键技术集成示范(16200158)

Effects of Different Feeding Methods on Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Microbial Flora of Yaks

  • PANG Kaiyue ,
  • DAI Dongwen ,
  • YANG Yingkui ,
  • WANG Xun ,
  • LIU Shujie ,
  • ZHOU Zhenming ,
  • ZHANG Xinjun ,
  • CHAI Shatuo ,
  • WANG Shuxiang
Expand
  • 1. Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
    2. Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China;
    3. Yak Engineering Technology Research Centre of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China;
    4. Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
    5. National Beef cattle and yak Industrial Technology System Zhongwei Comprehensive Experimental Station, Zhongwei 755000, China

Received date: 2021-08-21

  Online published: 2022-03-14

摘要

本研究旨在比较不同饲养方式对牦牛瘤胃发酵参数及微生物菌群的影响。试验选取3周岁、体重[(176.3±14.7)kg]相近、体况良好的公牦牛20头,随机分为舍饲组(全混合日粮)和放牧组(放牧),每组10头牛。预试期10 d,正试期90 d。结果表明:1)舍饲组瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸浓度显著高于放牧组(P<0.05),而瘤胃pH显著低于放牧组(P<0.05)。2)舍饲组瘤胃微生物菌群Chao1指数显著高于放牧组(P<0.05)。3)在门水平上,舍饲组瘤胃Saccharibacteria、迷踪菌门(Elusimicrobia)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、螺旋体门(Spirochaetae)、软壁菌门(Tenericutes)相对丰度显著高于放牧组(P<0.05),而放牧组瘤胃浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、互养菌门(Synergistetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度显著高于舍饲组(P<0.05)。在属水平,舍饲组瘤胃Candidatus_Saccharimonas、醋酸杆菌属(Acetobacter)、螺旋体属_2(Spirochaeta_2)、凸腹真杆菌属(Eubacterium_ventriosum_group)和乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)相对丰度显著高于放牧组(P<0.05),而放牧组瘤胃罗斯氏菌属(Rosebuna)、狭义梭菌属(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1)、Family-ⅩⅢ-AD3011、丁酸弧菌属_2(Butybrivibrio_2)和奎因氏菌属(Quinella)相对丰度显著高于舍饲组(P<0.05)。4)利用PICRUSt预测瘤胃微生物的代谢途径和功能,在KEGG2水平,舍饲组能量代谢(energy metabolism)、核苷酸代谢(nucleotide metabolism)、转录(transcription)、运输和分解代谢(transport and catabolism)基因家族相对风丰度显著高于放牧组(P<0.05)。综上所述,与放牧相比,全混合日粮舍饲育肥提高了牦牛瘤胃内非纤维物质的降解菌以及半纤维降解菌属的相对丰度,同时增加了VFA浓度,并且牦牛的能量代谢通路上调,促进了牦牛的高效代谢,有助于加快牦牛的生长发育。

本文引用格式

庞凯悦 , 戴东文 , 杨英魁 , 王迅 , 刘书杰 , 周振明 , 张新军 , 柴沙驼 , 王书祥 . 不同饲养方式对牦牛瘤胃发酵参数及微生物菌群的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2022 , 34(3) : 1667 -1682 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2022.03.029

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of different feeding methods on rumen fermentation parameters and microbial flora of yaks. In the experiment, twenty 3-year-old male yaks with similar body weight[(176.3±14.7) kg] and good body condition were selected, and randomly divided into barn feeding group (total mixed ration) and herding group (grazing), each group contained 10 yaks. The pretrial period lasted for 10 days and the trial period lasted for 90 days. The results showed as follows:1) the concentrations of total volatile fatty acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in rumen of barn feeding group were significantly higher than those of herding group (P<0.05), while rumen pH was significantly lower than that of herding group (P<0.05). 2) The rumen microbial flora Chao1 index of barn feeding group was significantly higher than that of herding group (P<0.05). 3) At the phylum level, the relative abundances of Saccharibacteria, Elusimicrobia, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetae and Tenericutes in rumen of barn feeding group were significantly higher than those of herding group (P<0.05), while the relative abundances of Planctomycetes, Synergistetes and Firmicutes in rumen of herding group were significantly higher than those of barn feeding group (P<0.05). At the genus level, The relative abundances of Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Acetobacter, Spirochaeta_2, Eubacterium-ventriosum_group and Lactobacillus in rumen of barn feeding group were significantly higher than those of herding group (P<0.05), while the relative abundances of Rosebuna, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Family-ⅩⅢ-AD3011, Butybrivibrio_2 and Quinella in rumen of herding group were significantly higher than those of barn feeding group (P<0.05). 4) Using PICRUSt to predict the metabolic pathways and functions of rumen microorganisms, in KEGG2 level, the relative abundances of energy metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, transcription, transport and catabolism the related gene family of barn feeding group was significantly higher than those of herding group (P<0.05). In conclusion, compared with grazing, the total mixed ration barn feeding increase the relative abundances of non-fibrous substance degrading bacteria and hemi-fibrous degrading bacteria in rumen of yaks, and at the same time increase the concentration of VFA, and the energy metabolism pathway of yak was up-regulate, promoted the efficient metabolism of yaks, which helps to accelerate the growth and development of yaks.

参考文献

[1] LONG R J,DING L M,SHANG Z H,et al.The yak grazing system on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and its status[J].The Rangeland Journal,2008,30(2):241-246.  
[2] REN Q M,SI H Z,YAN X T,et al.Bacterial communities in the solid,liquid,dorsal,and ventral epithelium fractions of yak (Bos grunniens) rumen[J].Microbiology Open,2020,9(2):e963.
[3] 陈前岭,王梦芝,喻礼怀,等.生长期不同品种牛饲喂颗粒化TMR日粮生长性能的比较[J].饲料工业,2013,34(24):37-41. CHEN Q L,WANG M Z,YU L H,et al.Comparison on the growth performance of pellet TMR between different species of growing cattle[J].Feed Industry,2013,34(24):37-41.(in Chinese)
[4] 罗晓瑜,陈志强,何立荣,等.全混合日粮营养水平对肉牛育肥效果的影响[J].饲料工业,2011,32(17):49-53. LUO X Y,CHEN Z Q,HE L R,et al.Influence of nutrition level of TMR on fattening effect for beef cattle[J].Feed Industry,2011,32(17):49-53.(in Chinese)
[5] 高爱琴,王聪,刘强,等.不同饲喂方式对肉牛瘤胃发酵、血液指标和甲烷排放的影响[J].饲料博览,2013(4):1-4. GAO A Q,WANG C,LIU Q,et al.Effects of feeding patterns on ruminal fermentation,blood parameters and methane emissions in Simmental beef cattle[J].Feed Review,2013(4):1-4.(in Chinese)
[6] QIU Q H,GAO C Y,AZIZ UR RAHMAN M,et al.Digestive ability,physiological characteristics,and rumen bacterial community of Holstein finishing steers in response to three nutrient density diets as fattening phases advanced[J].Microorganisms,2020,8(3):335.
[7] YÁÑEZ-RUIZ D R,ABECIA L,NEWBOLD C J.Manipulating rumen microbiome and fermentation through interventions during early life:a review[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2015,6:1133.
[8] 田发益,武俊喜.放牧与舍饲对彭波半细毛羊瘤胃细菌群落的生物学信息影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2019,50(11):2252-2263. TIAN F Y,WU J X.Effects of grazing and barn feeding on biological information of rumen bacterial communities in Pengbo semi-fine wool sheep[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2019,50(11):2252-2263.(in Chinese)
[9] 胡丹丹.不同精粗比日粮下奶牛瘤胃发酵与菌群结构及血清生化指标变化的研究[D].硕士学位论文.银川:宁夏大学,2019. HU D D.Study the changes of rumen fermentation,flora structure and serum biochemical parameters on dairy cows with different ratios of concentrate and roughage[D].Master's Thesis.Yinchuan:Ningxia University,2019.(in Chinese)
[10] 中华人民共和国农业部.肉牛饲养标准NY/T 815-2004[S]北京:中国标准出版社,2004. Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China.Feeding standard of beef cattle NY/T 815-2004[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2004.(in Chinese)
[11] 国家市场监督管理总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.饲料中粗蛋白的测定凯氏定氮法GB/T 6432-2018[S]北京:中国标准出版社,2018. State Administration for Market Regulation. Standardization Administration of China.Determination of crude protein in feeds-Kjeldahl method GB/T 6432-2018[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2018.(in Chinese)
[12] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.饲料中粗脂肪的测定GB/T 6433-2006[S]北京:中国标准出版社,2006. General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.Standardization Administration of China.Determination of crude fat in feeds GB/T 6433-2006[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2018.(in Chinese)
[13] VAN SOEST P J,ROBERTSON J B,LEWIS B A.Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.  
[14] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.饲料中钙的测定GB/T 6436-2002[S]北京:中国标准出版社,2002. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.Determination of calcium in feed GB/T 6436-2002[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2002.(in Chinese)
[15] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.饲料中总磷的测定分光光度法GB/T 6437-2002[S]北京:中国标准出版社,2002. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.Determination of phosphorus in feed-spectphotometry GB/T 6437-2002[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2002.(in Chinese)
[16] 冯宗慈,高民.通过比色测定瘤胃液氨氮含量方法的改进[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2010,31(Z1):37. FENG Z C,GAO M.Improvement of the method for determination of ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid by colorimetric method[J].Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2010,31(Z1):37.(in Chinese)
[17] COTTA M A,RUSSELL J B.Effect of peptides and amino acids on efficiency of rumen bacterial protein synthesis in continuous culture[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1982,65(2):226-234.  
[18] 郭盼盼,严昌国,高青山,等.日粮精粗比对延边黄牛瘤胃发酵特性及微生物区系的影响[J].饲料研究,2015(21):36-41. GUO P P,YAN C G,GAO Q S,et al.Effects of dietary concentrate to forage ratio on rumen fermentation characteristics and microflora of Yanbian cattle[J].Feed Research,2015(21):36-41.(in Chinese)
[19] 周航.不同精粗比日粮对延边黄牛消化发酵和瘤胃微生物多样性的影响[D].硕士学位论文.延吉:延边大学,2014. ZHOU H.The effects of diets with different concentrate to forage ratios on digestibility,fermentation and microorganisms diversity in Yanbian yellow cattle[D].Master's Thesis.Yanji:Yanbian University,2014.(in Chinese)
[20] 周瑞,刘立山,吴建平,等.牛至精油对绵羊瘤胃体外养分降解率、发酵特性及CH4产量的影响[J].草业学报,2019,28(11):168-176. ZHOU R,LIU L S,WU J P,et al.Effects of oregano essential oil on nutrient degradability,rumen fermentation,and CH4 production in sheep[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2019,28(11):168-176.(in Chinese)
[21] 李宏,宋淑珍,高良霜,等.饲养水平对阿勒泰羊胃肠道发育、瘤胃发酵参数及瘤胃微生物区系的影响[J].草业学报,2021,30(4):180-190. LI H,SONG S Z,GAO L S,et al.Effects of feeding level on the gastrointestinal development,rumen fermentation and rumen microbiota in Altay sheep[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2021,30(4):180-190.(in Chinese)
[22] 张永胜,闫素梅,孙国平.两种育肥方式对阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羔羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响[J].饲料工业,2018,39(11):29-32. ZHANG Y S,YAN S M,SUN G P.Effects of two fattening methods on rumen fermentation function of Aerbasi white cashmere goat lambs[J].Feed Industry,2018,39(11):29-32.(in Chinese)
[23] 王晓飞,乌日勒格,田丰,等.膨化秸秆微生物发酵饲料对杜寒杂交肉羊瘤胃发酵的影响[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2021,42(2):32-36. WANG X F,WU R L G,TIAN F,et al.Effect of extruded straw microbial fermented feed on ruminal fermentation of Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred sheep[J].Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2021,42(2):32-36.(in Chinese)
[24] 邹诗雨,陈思葵,唐启源,等.青贮剂对再生稻头季全株青贮品质和体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响[J].草业学报,2021,30(7):122-132. ZOU S Y,CHEN S K,TANG Q Y,et al.Effects of silage additives on quality and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of first season ratoon rice whole silage[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2021,30(7):122-132.(in Chinese)
[25] 刘绘汇.饲粮中添加甘露寡糖对湖羊生长和屠宰性能、胃肠道组织形态及微生物区系的影响[D].硕士学位论文.兰州:甘肃农业大学,2021. LIU H H.Effects of adding mannan oligosaccharide on growth and slaughter performance,gastrointestinal histological morphology and microflora of Hu sheep[D].Master's Thesis.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2021.(in Chinese)
[26] 孙国平,闫素梅,荷花,等.不同饲养方式对阿尔巴斯白绒山羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响[J].饲料工业,2013,34(13):51-54. SUN G P,YAN S M,HE H,et al.Effects of different feeding methods on the rumen fermentation function of albas white cashmere goats[J].Feed Industry,2013,34(13):51-54.(in Chinese)
[27] 王贝.饲粮NDF/NFC对不同泌乳阶段奶牛瘤胃甲烷排放量、营养物质表观消化率及生产性能的影响[D].硕士学位论文.阿拉尔:塔里木大学,2019. WANG B.Effects of dietary NDF/NFC on rumen methane emissions,nutrient apparent digestibility and production performance of dairy cows during different lactating stages[D].Master's Thesis.Alaer:Tarim University,2019.(in Chinese)
[28] 杨鑫,樊吴静,唐洲萍,等.不同覆盖栽培对马铃薯根际土壤细菌多样性、酶活性及化学性状的影响[J].核农学报,2021,35(9):2145-2153. YANG X,FAN W J,TANG Z P,et al.Effects of different mulching cultivation on bacterial diversity,enzyme activity and physicochemical properties of potato rhizosphere soil[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2021,35(9):2145-2153.(in Chinese)
[29] 张振宇.饲养方式和日粮能量对牦牛生产性能及瘤胃细菌多样性的影响[D].硕士学位论文.兰州:西北民族大学,2021. ZHANG Z Y.Effects of different feeding strategies and dietary energy levels on yak production performance and rumen bacteria diversity[D].Master's Thesis.Lanzhou:Northwest University for Nationalities,2021.(in Chinese)
[30] 朱相德,李娅楠,徐晓锋.反刍动物瘤胃纤维降解微生物的研究进展[J].家畜生态学报,2021,42(7):8-13. ZHU X D,LI Y N,XU X F.Research progress on rumen fiber-degrading microorganism in ruminants[J].Acta Ecologae Animalis Domastici,2021,42(7):8-13.(in Chinese)
[31] 宋峰,李颖,苏德其其格,等.比较驼绒藜和苜蓿颗粒料对双胞胎羔羊屠宰性能和肉品质的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2021,53(8):32-36. SONG F,LI Y,SU D Q Q G,et al.Comparison of the effects of Ceratoides arborescens and Medicago sativa pellets on the slaughter performance and meat quality of twin lambs[J].Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2021,53(8):32-36.(in Chinese)
[32] BI Y L,ZENG S Q,ZHANG R,et al.Effects of dietary energy levels on rumen bacterial community composition in Holstein heifers under the same forage to concentrate ratio condition[J].BMC Microbiology,2018,18:69.
[33] ZHOU Z M,FANG L,MENG Q X,et al.Assessment of ruminal bacterial and archaeal community structure in yak (Bos grunniens)[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2017,8:179.
[34] 刘祥圣.不同水平铜源对奶牛生产性能、瘤胃发酵和血清生化的影响[D].硕士学位论文.扬州:扬州大学,2021. LIU X S.Effects of different levels of copper sources on performance,rumen fermentation and serum biochemistry of dairy cows[D].Master's Thesis.Yangzhou:Yangzhou University,2021.(in Chinese)
[35] EVANS N J,BROWN J M,MURRAY R D,et al.Characterization of novel bovine gastrointestinal tract Treponema isolates and comparison with bovine digital dermatitis treponemes[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2011,77(1):138-147.  
[36] REIGSTAD C S,KASHYAP P C.Beyond phylotyping:understanding the impact of gut microbiota on host biology[J].Neurogastroenterology and Motility,2013,25(5):358-372.  
[37] 曹连宾,崔占鸿,孙红梅,等.全放牧牦牛与舍饲牦牛瘤胃细菌多样性比较[J].江苏农业科学,2016,44(3):242-248. CAO L B,CUI Z H,SUN H M,et al.Comparison of rumen bacterial diversity between fully grazed and housed yaks[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(3):242-248.(in Chinese)
[38] 黎凌铄,彭忠利,陈仕勇,等.小肽与酵母培养物对舍饲牦牛瘤胃微生物多样性和发酵参数的影响[J].中国饲料,2021(5):16-23. LI L S,PENG Z L,CHEN S Y,et al.Effects of small peptide and yeast culture on rumen microbial diversity and fermentation parameters of yaks[J].China Feed,2021(5):16-23.(in Chinese)
[39] 马秀花,桂瑞麒,焦娜,等.荞麦秸秆饲粮条件下甘露寡糖对滩羊瘤胃菌群结构的影响[J].动物营养学报,2021,33(4):2365-2377. MA X H,GUI R Q,JIAO N,et al.Effect of mannan oligosaccharides on rumen bacterial flora structure of Tan sheep under buckwheat straw diet condition[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2021,33(4):2365-2377.(in Chinese)
[40] 李娟,王利,罗晓林,等.舍饲养殖对麦洼牦牛瘤胃微生物宏基因组的影响[J].动物营养学报,2020,32(9):4185-4193. LI J,WANG L,LUO X L,et al.Effects of confined farming on rumen microbial metagenome of Maiwa yaks[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2020,32(9):4185-4193.(in Chinese)
[41] 郭威,郭晓军,周贤,等.复合菌剂发酵玉米秸秆对绵羊瘤胃液细菌多样性的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2018,49(4):736-745. GUO W,GUO X J,ZHOU X,et al.Effect of corn stalk fermented by complex bacterial on rumen bacteria diversity in sheep[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2018,49(4):736-745.(in Chinese)
[42] 王柏辉.饲养方式对苏尼特羊胃肠道菌群、脂肪酸代谢和羊肉品质的影响及机理研究[D].博士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2019. WANG B H.Effects of feeding regimens on gastrointestinal microbiota,fatty acid metabolism and meat quality of Sunit sheep and its underlying mechanism[D].Ph.D.Thesis.Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2019.(in Chinese)
[43] PURUSHE J,FOUTS D E,MORRISON M,et al.Comparative genome analysis of Prevotella ruminicola and Prevotella bryantii:insights into their environmental niche[J].Microbial Ecolony,2010,60(4):721-729.  
[44] 王祖艳,曲永利,张帅,等.不同添加剂处理全株玉米青贮对奶牛瘤胃发酵参数和菌群结构的影响[J].动物营养学报,2021,33(4):2093-2103. WANG Z Y,QU Y L,ZHANG S,et al.Effects of whole corn silage treated with different additives on rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial community structure of dairy cows[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2021,33(4):2093-2103.(in Chinese)
[45] 陈凯,王晓力,王永刚,等.青贮饲用高粱对肉牛瘤胃液微生物多样性的影响[J].基因组学与应用生物学,2021,40(1):279-286. CHEN K,WANG X L,WANG Y G,et al.Effect of silage forage sorghum on microbial diversity of rumen fluid of beef cattle[J].Genomics and Applied Biology,2021,40(1):279-286.(in Chinese)
[46] BEKELE A Z,KOIKE S,KOBAYASHI Y.Genetic diversity and diet specificity of ruminal Prevotella revealed by 16S rRNA gene-based analysis[J].FEMS Microbiology Letters,2010,305(1):49-57.  
[47] 张亮,王世达,谢方,等.肠易激综合征大鼠肠道菌群和氨基酸代谢的变化[J].营养学报,2018,40(3):240-244. ZHANG L,WANG S D,XIE F,et al.Changes of intestinal flora and amino acid metabolism in rats with irritable bowel syndrome[J].Acta Nutrimenta Sinica,2018,40(3):240-244.(in Chinese)
[48] 李岚捷,成述儒,刁其玉,等.不同NFC/NDF水平饲粮对犊牛瘤胃发酵参数和微生物区系多样性的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2017,48(12):2347-2357. LI L J,CHENG S R,DIAO Q Y,et al.Effects of diets with different NFC/NDF levels on the rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial community in male calves[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2017,48(12):2347-2357.(in Chinese)
[49] 郭成.低乳脂日粮诱导模式下奶牛瘤胃细菌菌群变化的研究[D].硕士学位论文.银川:宁夏大学,2019. GUO C.Study on the changes of rumen bacterial flora in dairy cows under the model by inducting with low milk fat diet[D].Master's Thesis.Yinchuan:Ningxia University,2019.(in Chinese)
[50] 焦安英.甘蔗压榨汁制氢系统的工程控制对策及其微生物群落研究[D].博士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2011. JIAO A Y.Engineering control measures and microbial community analysis of hydrogen production system from sugarcane juice[D].Ph.D.Thesis.Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2011.(in Chinese)
[51] 郭俊良.发情期大熊猫肛周腺标记物化学成分与菌群结构相关性研究[D].硕士学位论文.南充:西华师范大学,2020. GUO J L.Correlation analysis of chemical components and flora structure of perianal gland markers in pandas during estrus[D].Master's Thesis.Nanchong:China West Normal University,2020.(in Chinese)
[52] 谢建林,张巧娥,张转弟,等.复合菌发酵稻草对安格斯牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵参数及菌群结构的影响[J].动物营养学报,2021,33(5):2738-2751. XIE J L,ZHANG Q E,ZHANG Z D,et al.Effects of compound bacteria fermented rice straw on growth performance,rumen fermentation parameters and microbial structure of Angus cattle[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2021,33(5):2738-2751.(in Chinese)
[53] 张林.日粮NFC/NDF比例对奶牛生产性能、体外瘤胃发酵和细菌微生物区系的影响[D].硕士学位论文.南京:南京农业大学,2018. ZHANG L.Effects of NFC/NDF ratios on performances of cows,rumen fermentation and bacterial microflora in vitro[D].Master's Thesis.Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2018.(in Chinese)
[54] 沙玉柱.放牧藏绵羊瘤胃发酵-宿主-微生物互作对其寒冷环境适应的影响[D].硕士学位论文.兰州:甘肃农业大学,2021. SHA Y Z.Effect of rumen fermentation-host-microbe interaction on the adaptation to cold environment of grazing Tibetan sheep[D].Master's Thesis.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2021.(in Chinese)
[55] LAMENDELLA R,DOMINGO J W,GHOSH S,et al.Comparative fecal metagenomics unveils unique functional capacity of the swine gut[J].BMC Microbiology,2011,11:103.
[56] 王洪荣.反刍动物碳水化合物代谢利用机制及消化道健康的系统营养调控研究进展[J].动物营养学报,2020,32(10):4686-4696. WANG H R.Research advances in system-nutritional regulation on mechanism of carbohydrates metabolism and gastrointestinal health of ruminants[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2020,32(10):4686-4696.(in Chinese)
[57] 刘道杨,付戴波,瞿明仁,等.11-12月龄夏南牛能量代谢规律与需要量研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2013,35(4):802-806. LIU D Y,FU D B,QU M R,et al.The metabolism rule and requirements of energy of 11 to 12-month-old Xianan cattle[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2013,35(4):802-806.(in Chinese)
文章导航

/