动物营养学报 >

2022 , Vol. 34 >Issue 4: 2542 - 2556

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2022.04.049

研究论文 RESEARCH PAPER

乳酸菌和留茬高度对受风灾倒伏全株玉米青贮发酵品质及微生物组成的影响

  • 杨晶晶 ,
  • 孙芸 ,
  • 吴庆宇 ,
  • 王健 ,
  • 张嘉宾 ,
  • 孙海霞 ,
  • 曹阳
展开
  • 1. 黑龙江八一农垦大学动物科技学院, 黑龙江省寒区饲料资源高效利用与营养调控重点实验室, 大庆 163319;
    2. 粮食 副产物加工与利用教育部工程研究中心, 大庆 163319;
    3. 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所, 哈尔滨 150081
杨晶晶(1997-),女,辽宁葫芦岛人,硕士研究生,研究方向为反刍动物营养。E-mail:1570864457@qq.com

收稿日期: 2021-08-22

  网络出版日期: 2022-04-14

基金资助

中国科学院战略性先导科技专项（XDA2604020-02）；国家自然科学基金项目（No.32171676，No.31772673）；黑龙江省饲草饲料协同创新推广体系岗位专家项目（黑农厅函[2019]766号-2019-04-02）

收起

Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Cutting Height on Fermentation Quality and Microbial Composition of Whole-Plant Corn Silage Lodged by Wind Disaster

  • YANG Jingjing ,
  • SUN Yun ,
  • WU Qingyu ,
  • WANG Jian ,
  • ZHANG Jiabin ,
  • SUN Haixia ,
  • CAO Yang
Expand
  • 1. Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Feed Resources and Nutrition Manipulation in Cold Region, College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China;
    2. Engineering Research Center of Processing and Utilization of Grain By-Products, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, China;
    3. Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China

Received date: 2021-08-22

  Online published: 2022-04-14

Fold

摘要

为了探索受灾倒伏玉米的安全优质粗饲料调制加工技术，试验原料指标采用两因素（2受灾状况×4留茬高度）、青贮饲料指标采用三因素（2受灾状况×2添加×4留茬高度）完全随机试验设计，其中全株玉米受灾状况分为倒伏和直立（对照），添加处理包括添加植物乳酸菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）制剂和无添加（对照），留茬高度分别设置为10、20、30和40 cm；采用小规模发酵法，室温密封贮藏30 d开封，分析各处理玉米营养成分、青贮发酵品质以及微生物组成。结果表明:1）青贮前，直立组和倒伏组玉米原料中性洗涤纤维（NDF）含量随着留茬高度的增加显著降低（P<0.05），仅直立组酵母菌数量随着留茬高度的增加而显著增加（P<0.05），所有玉米原料中均未发现芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭菌以及霉菌，受灾状况与留茬高度对酵母菌数量有显著交互作用（P<0.05）。2）多数青贮呈黄绿色，茎叶柔软、湿润，具酸香味，感官品质基本相似且均无霉变。3）倒伏组玉米青贮粗蛋白质（CP）含量显著低于直立组（P<0.05），添加乳酸菌后干物质含量显著高于无添加处理（P<0.05）；随着留茬高度的增加，玉米青贮NDF含量显著降低（P<0.05），倒伏组无添加处理在留茬30 cm时酸性洗涤纤维含量较低，并且CP含量显著高于留茬20 cm时（P<0.05）。4）倒伏组玉米青贮乳酸（LA）和乙酸含量显著低于直立组（P<0.05），添加乳酸菌后pH显著降低（P<0.05），所有青贮均未检测到丁酸，乳酸菌添加和留茬高度对LA含量有显著交互作用（P<0.05）。5）倒伏组和直立组玉米青贮微生物数量差异不显著（P>0.05）；添加乳酸菌后，乳酸菌数量显著增加（P<0.05），而大肠杆菌和酵母菌数量则显著减少（P<0.05），并且倒伏组在留茬30 cm时乳酸菌数量最多；所有青贮均未发现芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭菌和霉菌。综上所述，玉米植株发生倒伏后，添加乳酸菌可以改善其青贮品质、减少营养成分损失；同时，倒伏全株玉米留茬30 cm左右会有利于调制出较高品质的青贮饲料。

关键词： 乳酸菌; 留茬高度; 倒伏; 全株玉米; 青贮发酵品质

本文引用格式

杨晶晶 , 孙芸 , 吴庆宇 , 王健 , 张嘉宾 , 孙海霞 , 曹阳 . 乳酸菌和留茬高度对受风灾倒伏全株玉米青贮发酵品质及微生物组成的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2022 , 34(4) : 2542 -2556 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2022.04.049

Abstract

In order to explore the safe and high-quality roughage processing technology of disaster-stricken lodging corn, the raw material indices of this experiment adopted two factors (2 disaster conditions×4 cutting heights) and the silage indices adopted three factors (2 disaster conditions×2 additions×4 cutting heights) in a completely randomized trial design. The whole-plant corn disaster conditions were divided into lodging and upright (control), the addition treatments included lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum) preparation added and no addition (control), and the cutting heights were set to 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm, respectively. The nutrients, fermentation quality and microbial composition in corn silage were analyzed by small-scale fermentation and sealed storage at room temperature for 30 days. The results showed as follows:1) before ensiling, the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content in corn raw materials in upright group and lodging group decreased significantly with the increase of cutting height (P<0.05), only the yeast number in upright group increased significantly with the increase of cutting height (P<0.05), and no Bacillus, Clostridium butyricum and mold were found in all corn raw materials. The disaster condition and the cutting height had significant interactive effect on yeast number (P<0.05). 2) Most whole-plant corn silage was yellowish green, the stems and leaves were soft, moist and sour, and the sensory quality was basically similar and there was no mildew. 3) The crude protein (CP) content in corn silage in lodging group was significantly lower than that in upright group (P<0.05), and the dry matter content in silage with lactic acid bacteria addition was significantly higher than that in non-addition treatment (P<0.05). The NDF content in corn silage decreased significantly with the increase of cutting height (P<0.05). The acid detergent fiber content in lodging group without addition was lower at 30 cm cutting height, and the CP content was significantly higher than that at 20 cm cutting height (P<0.05). 4) The contents of lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid in corn silage in lodging group were significantly lower than those in upright group (P<0.05). The pH decreased significantly after the addition of lactic acid bacteria (P<0.05). The butyric acid was not detected in all silage. The addition of lactic acid bacteria and cutting height had significantly interactive effect on LA content (P<0.05). 5) There was no significant difference in the number of microorganisms in corn silage between lodging group and upright group (P>0.05). After adding lactic acid bacteria, the lactic acid bacteria number increased significantly (P<0.05), while the numbers of Escherichia coli and yeast decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the lactic acid bacteria number was the highest in lodging group at 30 cm cutting height. No Bacillus, Clostridium butyricum and mold were found in all silage. In conclusion, after corn plant lodging, the addition of lactic acid bacteria can improve its silage quality and reduce the loss of nutrients. At the same time, lodging whole-plant corn cutting for about 30 cm will be beneficial to the preparation of high-quality silage.

Key words： lactic acid bacteria; cutting height; lodging; whole-plant corn; silage fermentation quality

参考文献

[1] 吴艾君,刘松岩,陈天宇.风雨同舟黑龙江农业保险全力应对台风为农业生产保驾护航[J].黑龙江金融,2020(9):81. WU A J,LIU S Y,CHEN T Y.In the same boat,Heilongjiang agricultural insurance makes every effort to cope with the typhoon and escort agricultural production[J].Heilongjiang Finance,2020(9):81.(in Chinese)
[2] 张忠旭,陈温福,杨振玉,等.水稻抗倒伏能力与茎秆物理性状的关系及其对产量的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,1999(2):81-85. ZHANG Z X,CHEN W F,YANG Z Y,et al.Effect of lodging resistance on yield and its relationship with stalk physical characteristics[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,1999(2):81-85.(in Chinese)
[3] 黄峰,李浩,王坤,等.附生微生物对青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响[J].动物营养学报,2020,32(12):5976-5984. HUANG F,LI H,WANG K,et al.Effects of epiphytic microorganisms on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of silage[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2020,32(12):5976-5984.(in Chinese)
[4] 许冬梅,张萍,柯文灿,等.青贮微生物及其对青贮饲料发酵品质影响的研究进展[J].草地学报,2017,25(3):460-465. XU D M,ZHANG P,KE W C,et al.Research process in silage microorganism and its effects on silage quality[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2017,25(3):460-465.(in Chinese)
[5] 丁红利.添加秸秆对土壤有机质和微生物群落及其演替的影响[D].硕士学位论文.重庆:西南大学,2016. DING H L.Effect of adding corn-straw on soil organic matter and microbial communities[D].Master’s Thesis.Chongqing:Southwest University,2016.(in Chinese)
[6] 郑佳华,张峰,杨阳,等.刈割留茬高度对大针茅草原土壤微生物群落结构及多样性的影响[J].中国草地学报,2021,43(1):68-75. ZHENG J H,ZHANG F,YANG Y,et al.Effects of stubble height on the structure and diversity of Soil microbial community in Stipa grandis steppe[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2021,43(1):68-75.(in Chinese)
[7] NORBERG O S,MASON S C,LOWRY S R.Ethephon influence on harvestable yield,grain quality,and lodging of corn[J].Agronomy Journal,1988,80(5):768-772.  
[8] 孙世贤,戴俊英,顾慰连.氮、磷、钾肥对玉米倒伏及其产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,1989(3):28-33,96-97. SUN S X,DAI J Y,GU W L.Effect of nitrogen,phosphate and potash fertilizers on lodging and yield in maize[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1989(3):28-33,96-97.(in Chinese)
[9] STAMP P,KIEL C.Seedling traits of maize as indicators of root lodging[J].Agronomie,1992,12(2):157-162.  
[10] 勾玲,赵明,黄建军,等.玉米茎秆弯曲性能与抗倒能力的研究[J].作物学报,2008,34(4):653-661. GOU L,ZHAO M,HUANG J J,et al.Bending mechanical properties of stalk and lodging-resistance of maize(Zea mays L.)[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2008,34(4):653-661.(in Chinese)
[11] 许迪,SCHMID R,MERMOUD A.夏玉米耕作方式对耕层土壤特性时间变异性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(1):64-70,87. XU D,SCHMID R,MERMOUD A.Effects of tillage practices on temporal variations of soil surface properties[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(1):64-70,87.(in Chinese)
[12] WILKINS R J.Silage:a global perspective[M]//Grasslands:developments opportunities perspectives.Boca Raton:CRC Press,2005:111-132.
[13] 李鸿,蒋志成,冯定明,等.玉米青贮、黄贮研究进展及展望[J].南方农业,2021,15(1):79-81. LI H,JIANG Z C,FENG D M,et al.Research progress and prospect of corn silage and yellow corn silage[J].South China Agriculture,2021,15(1):79-81.(in Chinese)
[14] 刘建新,杨振海,叶均安,等.青贮饲料的合理调制与质量评定标准[J].饲料工业,1999(3):4-7. LIU J X,YANG Z H,YE J A,et al.Reasonable preparation and quality evaluation standard of silage[J].Feed Industry,1999(3):4-7.(in Chinese)
[15] AOAC.Official methods of analysis of the AOAC[M].15th ed.Arlington,VA,USA:Association of Official Analytical Chemists,1990.
[16] VAN SOEST P J,ROBERTSON J B,LEWIS B A.Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.  
[17] CAO Y,ZANG Y Q,JIANG Z H,et al.Fermentation quality and nutritive value of fresh and fermented total mixed rations containing Chinese wildrye or corn stover[J].Grassland Science,2016,62(4):213-223.  
[18] CAO Y,CAI Y M,HIRAKUBO T,et al.Fermentation characteristics and microorganism composition of total mixed ration silage with local food by-products in different seasons[J].Animal Science Journal,2011,82(2):259-266.  
[19] CAI Y,BENNO Y,OGAWA M,et al.Effect of applying lactic acid bacteria isolated from forage crops on fermentation characteristics and aerobic deterioration of silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1999,82(3):520-526.  
[20] 李艳芬,程金花,田川尧,等.双乙酸钠对苜蓿青贮品质、营养成分及蛋白分子结构的影响[J].草业学报,2020,29(2):163-171. LI Y F,CHENG J H,TIAN C Y,et al.Effects of sodium diacetate on the quality,nutrient composition and protein molecular structure of alfalfa silage[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2020,29(2):163-171.(in Chinese)
[21] 杨丽萍,陈雅坤,宋兴邦,等.不同种类青贮添加剂对全株玉米青贮质量的影响[J].云南畜牧兽医,2021(2):32-35. YANG L P,CHEN Y K,SONG X B,et al.Effects of different kinds of silage additives on the quality of whole-plant corn silage[J].Yunnan Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2021(2):32-35.(in Chinese)
[22] 赵雪娇.黑龙江地区规模化牧场全株玉米青贮品质评价及制作关键点分析[D].硕士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2019. ZHAO X J.Quality evaluation and key points analysis of whole plant corn silage in large-scale pasture of Heilongjiang province[D].Master’s Thesis.Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2019.(in Chinese)
[23] 李明超.苜蓿与玉米秸秆混贮的青贮品质及对延边黄牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响[D].硕士学位论文.延吉:延边大学,2016. LI M C.The fermentation quality of the mixed silage of alfalfa and corn stalk and the effect of mixed silage in vitro fermentation on rumen of Yanbian yellow cattle[D].Master’s Thesis.Yanji:Yanbian University,2016.(in Chinese)
[24] 张相伦,游伟,赵红波,等.乳酸菌制剂对全株玉米青贮品质及营养成分的影响[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(1):336-342. ZHANG X L,YOU W,ZHAO H B,et al.Effects of lactic acid bacteria preparation on quality and nutrient composition of whole corn silage[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2018,30(1):336-342.(in Chinese)
[25] 毛翠,刘方圆,宋恩亮,等.不同乳酸菌添加量和发酵时间对全株玉米青贮营养价值及发酵品质的影响[J].草业学报,2020,29(10):172-181. MAO C,LIU F Y,SONG E L,et al.Effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculant level and ensiling time on nutritional value and fermentation quality of whole-crop maize silage[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2020,29(10):172-181.(in Chinese)
[26] LI Y K,YU C Q,ZHU W Y,et al.Effect of complex lactic acid bacteria on silage quality and in vitro dry matter digestibility of corn straw[J].Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances,2012,11(9):1395-1399.  
[27] 王丽学,霍文娟,刘景喜,等.全株玉米青贮收获时期和留茬高度研究[J].山西农业科学,2016,44(5):609-613. WANG L X,HUO W J,LIU J X,et al.Study on harvesting time and stubble height in the harvesting process of whole-plant corn silage[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(5):609-613.(in Chinese)
[28] 李文才,董起飞.留茬高度对青贮玉米产量和品质的影响[J].中国奶牛,2018(1):57-60. LI W C,DONG Q F.Effect of stubble height on productive quantities and qualities of corn silage[J].China Dairy Cattle,2018(1):57-60.(in Chinese)
[29] 赵红香,宁堂原,聂良鹏,等.不同收割高度玉米秸秆产量和营养成分的比较[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(20):4354-4361. ZHAO H X,NING T Y,NIE L P,et al.Comparison of yields and nutrient compositions between different harvesting heights of maize stover[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(20):4354-4361.(in Chinese)
[30] 王永军,王空军,董树亭,等.留茬高度与刈割时株高对墨西哥玉米产量及饲用品质的影响[J].作物学报,2006,32(1):155-158. WANG Y J,WANG K J,DONG S T,et al.Effects of stubble height and clipped plant height on yield and forage quality of euchlaena mexicana[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2006,32(1):155-158.(in Chinese)
[31] NEYLON J M,KUNG JR L.Effects of cutting height and maturity on the nutritive value of corn silage for lactating cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(6):2163-2169.  
[32] OBA M,ALLEN M S.Effects of brown midrib 3 mutation in corn silage on productivity of dairy cows fed two concentrations of dietary neutral detergent fiber:1.feeding behavior and nutrient utilization[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83(6):1333-1341.  
[33] 谢华德,李苗苗,靳思玉,等.乳酸菌对低温下玉米秸秆黄贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响[J].中国饲料,2019(7):33-38. XIE H D,LI M M,JIN S Y,et al.Effects of lactic acid bacteria on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of corn stover silage ensiled at low temperature[J].China Feed,2019(7):33-38.(in Chinese)
[34] 董起飞.种植和加工处理对全株玉米青贮影响的研究[D].硕士学位论文.晋中:山西农业大学,2014. DONG Q F.Effects of planting and processing on the whole crop corn silage[D].Master’s Thesis.Jinzhong:Shanxi Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese)
[35] FERNANDEZ B,VIMONT A,DESFOSSÉS-FOUCAULT É,et al.Antifungal activity of lactic and propionic acid bacteria and their potential as protective culture in cottage cheese[J].Food Control,2017,78:350-356.
[36] 杨云贵,张越利,杜欣,等.2种玉米青贮饲料青贮过程中主要微生物的变化规律研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2012,43(3):397-403. YANG Y G,ZHANG Y L,DU X,et al.Study on the major microorganism changes during the silage processing of two kinds of corn silage[J].Acta Veterinaria Et Zootechnica Sinica,2012,43(3):397-403.(in Chinese)
[37] 陆永祥,严显明,周朝相,等.不同添加剂对高水分全株玉米青贮饲料发酵品质和细菌群落的影响[J].草地学报,2021,29(4):842-847. LU Y X,YAN X M,ZHOU C X,et al.Effects of different additives on fermentation quality and bacterial community of high-moisture whole-plant corn silage[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2021,29(4):842-847.(in Chinese)
[38] 张嘉宾,李苗苗,靳思玉,等.添加乳酸菌对苜蓿青贮过程中总黄酮提取率、β-葡萄糖苷酶活性及主要黄酮苷元含量的影响[J].动物营养学报,2021,33(3):1584-1593. ZHANG J B,LI M M,JIN S Y,et al.Effects of adding lactic acid bacteria on extraction rate of total flavones,β-glucosidase activity and main flavones aglycone contents in alfalfa silage[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2021,33(3):1584-1593.(in Chinese)
[39] 黄秋连,周昕,王健,等.添加乳酸菌、糖蜜和无机酸对羊草青贮饲料发酵品质及体外干物质消失率的影响[J].动物营养学报,2021,33(1):420-427. HUANG Q L,ZHOU X,WANG J,et al.Effects of lactic acid bacteria,molasses and inorganic acid supplementations on fermentation quality and in vitro dry matter disappearance rate of Leymus chinensis silage[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2021,33(1):420-427.(in Chinese)
Options
文章导航

/

〈 〉

    联系我们

  • 地址：北京市海淀区圆明园西路2号
    　　　中国农业大学动科动医大楼153室
  • 邮编：100193
  • 电话：010－62817823
  • 网址：http://www.chinajan.com
  • E-mail：cjan@chinajan.com
京公网安备 11010802041926号    京ICP备17050989号-2