动物营养学报 >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 1: 168 - 175

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2023.01.018

研究论文

饲粮添加益生菌和合生元对妊娠-哺乳期母猪免疫功能与抗氧化能力的影响

  • 叶婷 , 1, 2 ,
  • 马翠 1 ,
  • 祝倩 1 ,
  • 谭碧娥 2 ,
  • 孔祥峰 , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所,亚热带农业生态过程重点实验室,动物营养生理与代谢过程湖南省重点实验室,长沙 410125
  • 2 湖南农业大学,动物科学技术学院,长沙 410128
* 孔祥峰,研究员,博士生导师,E-mail:

叶 婷(1999—),女,湖南湘潭人,硕士研究生,从事单胃动物营养研究。E-mail:

收稿日期: 2022-07-05

  网络出版日期: 2023-01-11

基金资助

广西自然科学基金青年基金项目(2021JJB130431)

国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-35)

收起

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Probiotics and Synbiotics on Immune Function and Antioxidant Capacity of Pregnant-Lactating Sows

  • YE Ting , 1, 2 ,
  • MA Cui 1 ,
  • ZHU Qian 1 ,
  • TAN Bi’e 2 ,
  • KONG Xiangfeng , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-07-05

  Online published: 2023-01-11

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摘要

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加益生菌和合生元对妊娠-哺乳期母猪免疫功能与抗氧化能力的影响。选用64头妊娠巴马香猪,随机分为对照组(饲喂基础饲粮)、抗生素组(在基础饲粮中添加50 g/t维吉尼亚霉素)、益生菌组[在基础饲粮中添加200 mL/(头·d)益生菌发酵液]和合生元组[在基础饲粮中添加200 mL/(头·d)上述益生菌发酵液和500 g/t低聚木糖],每组16头,单栏饲喂。分别于妊娠第45、75和105天以及分娩后第7和21天,每组选取6头母猪,前腔静脉采血,离心分离血浆,测定免疫球蛋白、免疫细胞因子含量和氧化-抗氧化指标。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)饲粮添加益生菌显著降低了哺乳第7天免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量(P<0.05);饲粮添加合生元显著降低了妊娠第45和75天以及哺乳第7天免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量(P<0.05);饲粮添加抗生素显著降低了妊娠第45、75和105天以及哺乳第7天IgM含量(P<0.05);饲粮添加益生菌和合生元显著提高了哺乳第21天IgM含量(P<0.05)。2)饲粮添加益生菌显著降低了妊娠第105天干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)含量以及哺乳第7天白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、IFN-γ和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量(P<0.05),显著提高了哺乳第7天白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量(P<0.05);饲粮添加合生元显著降低了妊娠第45天促炎细胞因子[(IL-2、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、IFN-γ和TNF-α]含量,妊娠第75天IFN-γ和TNF-α含量,妊娠第105天IL-10、IFN-γ和TNF-α含量,哺乳第7天促炎细胞因子(IL-2、IL-8、IFN-γ和TNF-α)含量以及哺乳第21天IL-8含量(P<0.05);饲粮添加抗生素显著降低了各时间点IL-8含量,妊娠第45和75天及哺乳第7和21天IFN-γ含量以及妊娠第45、75和105天TNF-α含量(P<0.05)。3)饲粮添加益生菌和合生元显著提高了哺乳第7和21天过氧化氢(H2O2)含量,以及哺乳第21天还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加益生菌和合生元可降低妊娠-哺乳期母猪血浆促炎细胞因子含量,增强妊娠至哺乳阶段母猪体液免疫功能,改善哺乳后期母猪抗氧化能力,这有利于母猪的机体健康。

关键词： 益生菌; 合生元; 免疫功能; 抗氧化性能; 巴马香猪

本文引用格式

叶婷 , 马翠 , 祝倩 , 谭碧娥 , 孔祥峰 . 饲粮添加益生菌和合生元对妊娠-哺乳期母猪免疫功能与抗氧化能力的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(1) : 168 -175 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2023.01.018

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with probiotics and synbiotics on immune function and antioxidant capacity of pregnant-lactating sows. A total of 64 pregnant Bama-mini pigs were randomly divided into control group (fed a basal diet), antibiotics group (fed the basal diet added with 50 g/t virginiamycin), probiotics group [fed the basal diet added with 200 mL/(head·d) of probiotics fermentation broth], and synbiotics group (fed the basal diet added with 200 mL/(head·d) of the above probiotics fermentation broth and 500 g/t of xylooligosaccharides), with 16 sows per group. The sows were assigned to individual pens. At days 45, 75 and 105 of lactation and the days 7 and 21 after delivery, six sows per group were selected and blood samples were collected from anterior vena cava for determining plasma contents of immunoglobulins, immune cytokines, and oxidation-antioxidant indexes. The results showed as follows: compared with control group, 1) dietary supplementation with probiotics significantly decreased the immunoglobulin G (IgG) content at day 7 of lactation (P<0.05); dietary supplementation with synbiotics significantly decreased the immunoglobulin M (IgM) content at days 45 and 75 of gestation and day 7 of lactation (P<0.05); dietary supplementation with antibiotics significantly decreased the IgM content at days 45, 75 and 105 of gestation and day 7 of lactation (P<0.05); dietary supplementation with probiotics and synbiotics significantly increased the IgM content at day 21 of lactation (P<0.05). 2) Dietary supplementation with probiotics significantly decreased the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) content at day 105 of gestation and the interleukin-2 (IL-2), IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) contents at day 7 of lactation (P<0.05), while significantly increased the interleukin-10 (IL-10) content at day 7 of lactation (P<0.05); dietary supplementation with synbiotics significantly decreased the proinflammatory cytokines [IL-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), IFN-γ, and TNF-α] contents at day 45 of gestation, the IFN-γ and TNF-α contents at day 75 of gestation, the IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α contents at day 105 of gestation, the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-8, IFN-γ and TNF-α) contents at day 7 of lactation, and the IL-8 content at day 21 of lactation (P<0.05); dietary supplementation with antibiotics significantly decreased the IL-8 content at days 45, 75 and 105 of gestation and days 7 and 21 of lactation, the IFN-γ content at days 45 and 75 of gestation and days 7 and 21 of lactation, and the TNF-α content at days 45, 75 and 105 of gestation (P<0.05). 3) Dietary supplementation with probiotics and synbiotics significantly increased the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content at days 7 and 21 of lactation, while significantly increased the reduced glutathione (GSH) content at day 21 of lactation (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with probiotics and synbiotics can reduce the contents of plasma proinflammatory cytokines of sows, enhance the humoral immune function of sows during gestation and lactation stages, and improve the antioxidant capacity of sows during late lactation stage, which is beneficial to the body health of sows.

Key words： probiotics; synbiotics; immune function; antioxidant ability; Bama-mini pigs

在集约化养猪生产中,妊娠-哺乳期母猪处于一定程度的生理应激,导致其机体抵抗力降低。母猪机体的免疫功能和氧化-还原状态直接影响着妊娠期胚胎或胎儿的成活和哺乳期仔猪的生长发育[1],增强母猪免疫力可为仔猪提供更好的母源免疫保护,从而提高养猪生产的效益。饲粮添加微生态制剂可通过调控宿主的肠道菌群平衡而增强机体免疫功能和健康水平[2],妊娠期间摄入富含抗氧化剂的食物有利于胎儿的生长发育[3]。益生菌可抑制病原体的定植、刺激宿主免疫系统、调节胃肠道微生物组成和功能[4],同时具有显著的抗氧化能力[5]。本实验室前期研究发现,母猪饲粮添加益生菌可改变肠道菌群组成,缓解氧化应激和炎症反应,改善母猪体况和仔猪营养代谢[6];母猪饲粮添加合生元可改变妊娠-哺乳期母猪肠道微生物群的组成和多样性[7],改善仔猪的营养代谢和肠道屏障通透性,缓解机体氧化应激[8];母猪饲粮添加益生菌和合生元可提高哺乳仔猪初生重,降低腹泻率,促进仔猪的生长发育和脂质代谢[9]。围产期是调控机体免疫功能和氧化应激的关键窗口期[10]。妊娠期、哺乳期和保育期饲粮添加益生菌和合生元可提高仔猪的免疫应答和抗氧化能力[11],但其对妊娠-哺乳期母猪机体免疫与抗氧化状态的影响尚不明确。因此,本试验拟研究饲粮中添加益生菌和合生元后妊娠-哺乳期母猪免疫功能与抗氧化能力的变化,为益生菌和合生元在母猪生产上的应用提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验动物、分组与饲养管理

选用3~5胎次、体况相近的妊娠巴马香猪64头,随机分为4组,即对照组(饲喂基础饲粮)、抗生素组(在基础饲粮中添加50 g/t维吉尼亚霉素)、益生菌组[在基础饲粮中添加200 mL/(头·d)的益生菌发酵液]和合生元组[在基础饲粮中添加200 mL/(头·d)上述益生菌发酵液和500 g/t低聚木糖],每组16头,单栏饲喂。试验期从妊娠开始持续至产后21 d,限位栏饲养,分娩前1周左右转至产房。各组母猪的基础饲粮组成及营养水平以及饲养管理同文献[12]。益生菌发酵液由湖南某生物科技有限公司提供,含有植物乳杆菌(≥1×108 CFU/mL)和酿酒酵母(≥0.2×108 CFU/mL)。低聚木糖(XOS)由山东某生物科技股份有限公司提供,含量大于35%。

1.2 样品采集与处理

分别于母猪妊娠第45、75和105天以及分娩后第7和21天,每组选取6头母猪,前腔静脉采血,肝素抗凝,3 500 r/min离心10 min分离血浆,-20 ℃保存,用于免疫球蛋白、免疫细胞因子含量和氧化-抗氧化指标的测定。

1.3 母猪血浆免疫球蛋白和免疫细胞因子含量的测定

利用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒(购自江苏酶免实业有限公司),在Cobrasc311型全自动生化分析仪上测定血浆免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量。

1.4 母猪血浆氧化-抗氧化指标的测定

利用试剂盒(购自南京建成生物工程研究所),在Cobrasc311型全自动生化分析仪上测定血浆中丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。

1.5 数据统计与分析

试验数据采用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),采用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较,用“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 母猪血浆免疫球蛋白含量的变化

由表1可知,妊娠第45天,合生元组IgM含量显著低于对照组和益生菌组(P<0.05),抗生素组IgM含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);妊娠第75天,抗生素组和合生元组IgM含量显著低于益生菌组(P<0.05),抗生素组IgM含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);妊娠第105天,益生菌组IgM含量显著高于抗生素组(P<0.05);哺乳第7天,益生菌组IgG含量显著低于其他3组(P<0.05),合生元组IgM含量显著低于益生菌组(P<0.05),抗生素组IgM含量显著低于其他3组(P<0.05);哺乳第21天,益生菌组和合生元组IgM含量显著高于对照组和抗生素组(P<0.05),合生元组IgM含量显著低于益生菌组(P<0.05)。IgA含量各时间点各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表1 饲粮添加益生菌和合生元对妊娠-哺乳期母猪血浆免疫球蛋白含量的影响

Table 1 Effects of dietary supplementation with probiotics and synbiotics on plasma immunoglobulin contents of pregnant-lactating sows

项目
Items		 时间
Time		 对照组
Control group		 抗生素组
Antibiotics group		 益生菌组
Probiotics group		 合生元组
Synbiotics group
免疫球
蛋白A
IgA/
(μg/mL)		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 143.41±3.63 134.04±6.88 127.74±4.73 126.93±2.06
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 131.46±5.96 128.52±6.26 130.42±1.96 129.98±3.06
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 122.45±3.52 116.09±3.92 134.57±7.81 116.78±4.64
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 137.74±4.72 124.90±6.09 138.81±2.29 134.11±6.20
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 131.73±4.66 123.29±3.82 139.19±4.61 136.69±7.64
免疫球
蛋白G
IgG/
(mg/mL)		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 3.05±0.18 3.57±0.21 3.35±0.22 3.59±0.12
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 3.09±0.14 2.99±0.11 3.14±0.15 3.16±0.17
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 2.43±0.18 2.67±0.09 2.52±0.20 2.96±0.07
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 4.16±0.13a 4.00±0.18a 3.23±0.18b 3.85±0.26a
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 4.13±0.13 3.85±0.14 4.03±0.10 4.04±0.07
免疫球
蛋白M
IgM/
(mg/mL)		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 3.22±0.10a 2.91±0.10bc 3.13±0.12ab 2.70±0.05c
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 2.98±0.05ab 2.71±0.07c 3.20±0.10a 2.79±0.09bc
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 2.98±0.06ab 2.87±0.08b 3.16±0.05a 3.02±0.06ab
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 3.05±0.16ab 2.11±0.11c 3.21±0.11a 2.81±0.08b
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 1.97±0.21c 1.64±0.29c 4.37±0.21a 3.35±0.35b

同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 母猪血浆免疫细胞因子含量的变化

由表2可知,合生元组妊娠第45天IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、IFN-γ和TNF-α含量以及妊娠第75天IFN-γ和TNF-α含量显著低于对照组和益生菌组(P<0.05);妊娠第105天,益生菌组和合生元组IL-10和IFN-γ含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),合生元组IL-6和IL-8含量显著高于抗生素组(P<0.05),抗生素组和合生元组TNF-α含量显著低于对照组和益生菌组(P<0.05);哺乳第7天,益生菌组和合生元组IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-α含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),合生元组IL-8和TNF-α含量显著低于对照组和益生菌组(P<0.05),益生菌组和合生元组IL-10含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);哺乳第21天,益生菌组和合生元组IL-6含量显著高于对照组和抗生素组(P<0.05),抗生素组和合生元组IL-8含量显著低于对照组和益生菌组(P<0.05)。抗生素组各时间点IL-8含量,妊娠第45和75天与哺乳第7和21天IFN-γ含量以及妊娠第45、75和105天TNF-α含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表2 饲粮添加益生菌和合生元对妊娠-哺乳母猪血浆免疫细胞因子含量的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary supplementation with probiotics and synbiotics on plasma immune cytokine contents of pregnant-lactating sowspg/mL

项目
Items		 时间
Time		 对照组
Control group		 抗生素组
Antibiotics group		 益生菌组
Probiotics group		 合生元组
Synbiotics group
白细胞
介素-1
IL-1		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 26.19±0.65 25.32±0.97 27.85±1.24 26.33±0.69
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 27.58±0.91ab 25.80±0.43b 29.90±1.28a 24.91±0.64b
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 28.73±1.84 25.09±0.49 27.64±0.93 28.24±1.43
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 29.39±1.14 28.20±0.52 28.97±1.08 27.24±0.83
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 27.34±0.79 27.81±0.68 30.77±1.18 28.42±1.65
白细胞
介素-2
IL-2		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 50.15±0.87a 47.60±1.21a 47.48±1.96a 42.60±1.56b
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 40.88±1.46 40.73±1.08 42.16±0.94 41.50±1.76
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 33.04±2.84 36.89±2.17 40.74±1.30 35.71±0.90
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 69.77±1.13a 68.02±1.10a 52.94±0.73b 53.43±1.08b
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 72.46±1.03 67.83±1.89 73.18±1.90 70.33±0.97
项目
Items		 时间
Time		 对照组
Control group		 抗生素组
Antibiotics group		 益生菌组
Probiotics group		 合生元组
Synbiotics group
白细胞
介素-6
IL-6		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 151.29±5.15a 138.72±3.39b 152.27±3.31a 137.40±3.40b
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 150.90±5.29b 142.29±3.82b 164.62±2.70a 150.64±4.65b
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 168.58±2.69a 144.41±5.52b 171.90±2.32a 161.14±5.74a
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 141.29±3.42 141.10±1.60 139.30±3.48 130.96±2.53
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 131.31±2.06b 131.66±1.23b 139.45±3.66a 143.58±2.51a
白细胞
介素-8
IL-8		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 5.96±0.22b 5.36±0.13c 6.66±0.22a 5.14±0.12c
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 6.21±0.31ab 5.08±0.11c 6.84±0.23a 5.65±0.18bc
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 6.56±0.24b 5.65±0.19c 7.21±0.21a 6.32±0.19b
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 5.97±0.35a 4.63±0.13b 6.22±0.20a 5.20±0.14b
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 5.87±0.47a 4.51±0.12b 6.12±0.40a 4.74±0.22b
白细胞
介素-10
IL-10		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 24.80±0.95 25.83±1.01 27.32±1.19 26.29±0.91
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 53.19±0.71a 52.53±0.59a 28.05±0.95b 28.77±0.82b
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 40.60±0.63a 41.36±0.44a 28.20±0.70b 29.22±1.47b
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 17.84±0.50c 22.51±1.04b 26.65±0.88a 24.47±0.56ab
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 17.94±1.20 20.58±0.76 20.09±1.60 19.07±1.23
干扰素-γ
IFN-γ		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 6.88±0.11a 6.00±0.29b 7.04±0.13a 6.14±0.15b
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 6.58±0.14a 5.16±0.16b 6.29±0.18a 5.55±0.26b
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 5.38±0.22a 5.15±0.25ab 4.70±0.14bc 4.28±0.22c
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 8.73±0.28a 7.62±0.29b 7.31±0.19c 6.70±0.31c
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 8.26±0.40a 6.89±0.24b 8.18±0.17a 7.65±0.08a
肿瘤坏
死因子-α
TNF-α		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 26.28±1.18a 21.61±0.43b 26.96±1.31a 22.23±0.50b
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 26.07±1.04a 21.59±0.52b 28.20±1.14a 22.05±0.68b
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 27.04±1.19b 22.13±0.82c 30.48±1.22a 23.84±0.43c
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 36.68±0.66a 37.71±1.35a 26.77±0.95b 21.81±0.65c
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 31.89±1.68b 28.11±1.60b 39.71±1.59a 32.29±2.49b

2.3 母猪血浆氧化-抗氧化指标的变化

由表3可知,妊娠第105天,益生菌组和合生元组MDA含量显著高于抗生素组(P<0.05);哺乳第7天,益生菌组、合生元组和抗生素组H2O2含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);哺乳第21天,益生菌组和合生元组CAT活性显著高于抗生素组(P<0.05),合生元组H2O2含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),合生元组GSH含量显著高于对照组和抗生素组(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮添加益生菌和合生元对妊娠-哺乳母猪血浆氧化-抗氧化指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary supplementation with probiotics and synbiotics on plasma oxidation-antioxidant indicators of pregnant-lactating sows

项目
Items		 时间
Time		 对照组
Control group		 抗生素组
Antibiotics group		 益生菌组
Probiotics group		 合生元组
Synbiotics group
丙二醛
MDA/
(nmol/mL)		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 16.98±0.28 17.62±0.37 17.64 ±0.64 17.72±0.53
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 17.89±0.31 17.95±0.11 18.15±0.27 17.55±0.18
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 17.65±0.34ab 16.86±0.13b 18.16±0.40a 18.02±0.26a
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 18.74±0.39 18.42±0.35 18.52±0.25 17.72±0.25
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 18.28±0.13 18.38±0.30 18.36±0.27 18.05±0.26
项目
Items		 时间
Time		 对照组
Control group		 抗生素组
Antibiotics group		 益生菌组
Probiotics group		 合生元组
Synbiotics group
过氧化氢
H2O2/
(mmol/L)		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 16.83±2.46 22.77±2.46 20.75±2.36 20.33±1.02
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 21.00±2.40 20.78±1.35 26.23±1.33 23.46±2.19
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 26.75±1.59 32.43±1.17 27.64±2.26 34.02±3.12
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 13.20±1.96b 26.55±2.98a 28.70±4.78a 25.11±2.23a
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 17.95±3.02b 21.57±4.16ab 25.43±2.23ab 30.91±1.85a
过氧化氢酶
CAT/
(U/mL)		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 29.79±0.21 29.18±0.27 29.86±0.20 29.47±0.33
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 30.71±0.21 30.82±0.41 29.55±0.17 29.99±0.18
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 29.34±0.12 29.78±0.29 29.18±0.43 29.21±0.06
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 28.84±0.31 30.22±0.99 29.74±0.19 29.94±0.58
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 24.09±1.06ab 20.37±3.59b 29.17±0.09a 28.70±0.17a
超氧化物
歧化酶
SOD/
(U/mL)		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 12.54±0.36 12.34±0.56 11.17±0.89 13.88±0.65
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 13.68±0.53 13.46±0.74 13.65±0.68 12.77±0.59
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 13.53±0.52 14.22±0.41 14.14±0.61 14.51±0.24
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 14.04±0.49 13.23±0.39 14.70±0.28 14.46±0.57
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 11.95±0.25 12.88±0.50 12.90±0.50 13.42±0.30
还原型
谷胱甘肽
GSH/
(μmol/L)		 妊娠第45天Day 45 of gestation 12.03±0.86 11.12±0.98 10.99±0.55 9.79±0.49
妊娠第75天Day 75 of gestation 11.81±0.31 10.92±0.62 12.72±0.81 13.04±0.77
妊娠第105天Day 105 of gestation 13.20±0.43 14.20±0.94 15.77±1.44 17.24±0.81
哺乳第7天Day 7 of lactation 13.28±1.71 17.56±1.82 14.81±0.89 13.83±1.95
哺乳第21天Day 21 of lactation 16.92±1.75b 14.78±2.73b 20.96±1.80ab 24.76±2.52a

3 讨论

妊娠阶段的免疫调节包括着床和分娩时的炎症阶段以及妊娠中期胎儿快速生长时的抗炎阶段,一方面,母体需要维持一定程度的免疫抑制来接受生长发育的胎儿;另一方面,母体需要增强免疫功能以保护自身和胎儿免受感染[13]。血液中的IgM是机体免疫应答过程中最早出现的抗体,具有结合补体、溶解病原体等功能[14]。在本试验中,饲粮添加合生元降低了妊娠第45和75天血浆IgM含量,添加抗生素降低了妊娠第45、75和105天血浆IgM含量,妊娠中期血浆IgM含量降低说明机体体液免疫反应降低;饲粮添加益生菌和合生元提高了哺乳第21天血浆IgM含量,这说明益生菌和合生元增强了哺乳期母猪的免疫保护。另有研究发现,不同妊娠期血清免疫球蛋白含量存在显著变化,妊娠中期和晚期血清IgG、IgA和IgM含量显著下降[15];孕妇的血液免疫球蛋白含量也显著降低[16]。IgG被认为是唯一能够穿过胎盘屏障的母源抗体,乳腺分泌的IgG进入初乳,使新生儿第一时间得到母源抗体的保护[17]。本试验发现,饲粮添加益生菌降低了哺乳第7天血浆IgG含量,可能与母猪分泌初乳为新生仔猪提供大量免疫活性物质有关。也有研究发现,围产期饲粮添加由乳酸菌与酵母菌组成的复合菌发酵液可显著提高哺乳期母猪血浆和乳汁IgM含量[18],围产期饲粮添加甘露寡糖可提高母猪血清IgG含量[19]。
过量的促炎细胞因子(包括IL-1、IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α和IFN-γ)会导致机体发生炎症反应,而抗炎细胞因子(如IL-10)可减少炎症的发生[20]。本研究中,饲粮添加益生菌和合生元降低了妊娠期和哺乳期母猪血浆中多个促炎细胞因子的含量以及妊娠第75和105天血浆IL-10含量,显著增加了哺乳第7天母猪血浆IL-10含量,提示妊娠-哺乳母猪的机体炎症反应降低,这有利于母猪的机体健康。也有研究表明,妊娠后期和哺乳期饲粮添加酵母水解物可显著降低血清中促炎细胞因子的含量,增强母猪的免疫和抗炎能力[21];添加复合微生态制剂可提高小鼠空肠黏膜IL-10含量[22]。上述结果提示,饲粮添加益生菌和合生元可增强妊娠-哺乳期母猪的免疫功能和抗炎症能力。另外,饲粮添加益生菌显著增加了妊娠第45和105天母猪血浆IL-8含量以及妊娠第105天和哺乳第21天血浆TNF-α含量,饲粮添加益生菌和合生元显著增加了哺乳第21天母猪血浆IL-6含量,具体原因还有待进一步研究。
H2O2是动物机体内的活性氧分子,SOD可催化机体内超氧自由基阴离子产生H2O2。机体内过高含量的H2O2可损害细胞抗氧化防御系统,诱导机体发生氧化应激[23]。机体的酶促抗氧化系统(如GSH和CAT)可清除自由基和活性氧,血浆的抗氧化能力反映了机体对氧化损伤的全身反应能力[24]。本研究中,饲粮添加益生菌和合生元提高了哺乳第7和21天母猪血浆H2O2含量,而CAT和SOD活性未发生改变,提示机体内存在一定程度的氧化应激,这可能与哺乳造成的母猪氧化应激有关。有报道称,断奶、营养和环境均可诱导猪的氧化应激[25];围产期口服低聚果糖和低聚木糖复合制剂可显著降低母鼠和子鼠大脑中SOD和CAT活性[26]。饲粮添加合生元后哺乳第21天母猪血浆GSH含量显著增加,GSH可清除机体内H2O2和其他有机过氧化物,防止脂质过氧化物产生,有利于母猪的机体健康。

4 结论

饲粮添加益生菌和合生元可降低妊娠-哺乳期母猪血浆中促炎细胞因子含量,增强妊娠-哺乳期母猪体液免疫功能,改善哺乳后期母猪抗氧化能力,这有利于母猪的机体健康。

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