1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计和饲粮
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (as-fed basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量Content | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1~30日龄 1 to 30 days of age | 31~60日龄 31 to 60 days of age | 61~90日龄 61 to 90 days of age | 91~120日龄 91 to 120 days of age | ||||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||
| 玉米Corn | 61.26 | 69.28 | 69.20 | 70.18 | |||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 25.82 | 17.85 | 13.98 | 10.25 | |||||
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 2.00 | ||||||||
| 玉米蛋白粉Corn protein meal | 2.85 | 3.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | |||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 2.00 | 1.91 | 2.99 | 3.58 | |||||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | |||||
| 石粉Limestone | 0.86 | 0.98 | 1.10 | 0.96 | |||||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 2.32 | 1.98 | 1.75 | 1.72 | |||||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.18 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.40 | |||||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | |||||
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | ||||||
| L-色氨酸L-Trp | 0.01 | 0.03 | |||||||
| L-精氨酸L-Arg | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.04 | ||||||
| L-异亮氨酸L-Ile | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.04 | ||||||
| 沸石粉Zeolite powder | 3.30 | 3.20 | 5.17 | 5.39 | |||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||
| 氮校正代谢能MEn/(MJ/kg) | 11.39 | 11.80 | 11.97 | 12.14 | |||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 19.00 | 16.00 | 15.00 | 14.00 | |||||
| 钙Ca | 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.79 | |||||
| 总磷TP | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.60 | |||||
| 非植酸磷NPP | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.34 | |||||
| 项目 Items | 含量Content | ||||||||
| 1~30日龄 1 to 30 days of age | 31~60日龄 31 to 60 days of age | 61~90日龄 61 to 90 days of age | 91~120日龄 91 to 120 days of age | ||||||
| 可消化赖氨酸DLys | 0.99 | 0.92 | 0.85 | 0.78 | |||||
| 可消化蛋氨酸DMet | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.32 | |||||
| 可消化蛋氨酸+可消化半胱氨酸 DMet+DCys | 0.71 | 0.60 | 0.57 | 0.53 | |||||
| 可消化苏氨酸DThr | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.56 | 0.51 | |||||
| 可消化色氨酸DTry | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.14 | |||||
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:1~30日龄 1 to 30 days of age,VA 5 659 IU,VB1 3.8 mg,VB2 4.0 mg,烟酸 niacin 41.8 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,吡哆醇pyridoxine 3.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.5 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 000 mg,VD3 543 IU,VE 40 mg,Cu 18.8 mg,Fe 80 mg,Mn 60 mg,Zn 74 mg,I 0.60 mg,Se 0.11 mg;31~60日龄 31 to 60 days of age,VA 3 560 IU,VB1 2.4 mg,VB2 4.0 mg,烟酸 niacin 16.2 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 3.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.55 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 750 mg,VD3 603 IU,VE 20 mg,Cu 18.8 mg,Fe 80 mg,Mn 60 mg,Zn 63 mg,I 0.60 mg,Se 0.19 mg;61~120日龄 61 to 120 days of age,VA 1 708 IU,VB1 2.1 mg,VB2 3.0 mg,烟酸 niacin 15.2 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 10 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 3.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.5 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 500 mg,VD3 658 IU,VE 10 mg,Cu 18.7 mg,Fe 80 mg,Mn 90 mg,Zn 63 mg,I 0.60 mg,Se 0.3 mg。 2)营养水平为计算值。Nutrient levels were calculated values. |
1.2 检测指标及方法
表2 清远麻鸡体重Table 2 Body weight of Qingyuan partridge chickens |
| 日龄Days of age | 公鸡Cocks | 母鸡Hens | P值P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27.31±0.12 | 27.54±0.49 | 0.347 |
| 10 | 77.64±1.11 | 76.93±0.49 | 0.565 |
| 20 | 183.66±0.98 | 174.18±1.49 | <0.001 |
| 30 | 346.36±1.94 | 314.14±2.74 | <0.001 |
| 40 | 549.21±3.44 | 458.23±3.09 | <0.001 |
| 50 | 734.33±4.09 | 627.14±6.24 | <0.001 |
| 60 | 969.66±3.51 | 782.79±7.20 | <0.001 |
| 70 | 1 185.54±6.67 | 955.82±6.74 | <0.001 |
| 80 | 1 357.32±8.59 | 1 083.43±7.25 | <0.001 |
| 90 | 1 522.99±13.69 | 1 256.84±6.46 | <0.001 |
| 100 | 1 625.21±19.91 | 1 275.74±11.12 | <0.001 |
| 110 | 1 782.78±16.56 | 1 419.81±9.53 | <0.001 |
| 120 | 1 882.71±19.06 | 1 526.14±7.53 | <0.001 |
1.3 数据统计分析
1.3.1 方差分析
1.3.2 非线性回归模型拟合
1.3.3 非线性回归模型评估
1.3.4 非线性回归模型微分求动态沉积速率
1.3.5 钙磷异速生长曲线
2 结果与分析
2.1 性别和日龄对清远麻鸡钙磷沉积量的影响
表3 清远麻鸡胴体钙磷含量Table 3 Calcium and phosphorus contents in carcass of Qingyuan partridge chickens% |
| 日龄 Days of age | 钙含量Calcium content | 磷含量Phosphorus content | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 公鸡Cocks | 母鸡Hens* | 公鸡Cocks | 母鸡Hens* | ||
| 1 | 1.73±0.10 | 1.63±0.04 | 1.01±0.14 | 1.02±0.06 | |
| 10 | 2.21±0.12 | 2.43±0.14 | 1.52±0.04 | 1.62±0.11 | |
| 20 | 2.65±0.25 | 2.45±0.28 | 1.64±0.12 | 1.53±0.15 | |
| 30 | 2.62±0.24 | 2.35±0.24 | 1.64±0.12 | 1.50±0.17 | |
| 40 | 2.08±0.31 | 2.23±0.12 | 1.29±0.19 | 1.48±0.10 | |
| 50 | 2.27±0.30 | 2.08±0.38 | 1.83±0.16 | 1.32±0.21 | |
| 60 | 2.17±0.20 | 2.21±0.09 | 1.65±0.11 | 1.34±0.10 | |
| 70 | 2.40±0.37 | 2.11±0.15 | 1.76±0.22 | 1.20±0.15 | |
| 80 | 2.35±0.32 | 2.17±0.14 | 1.53±0.24 | 1.28±0.08 | |
| 90 | 2.43±0.37 | 1.92±0.16 | 1.58±0.20 | 1.16±0.08 | |
| 100 | 2.63±0.37 | 1.98±0.16 | 1.59±0.16 | 1.27±0.09 | |
| 110 | 2.26±0.42 | 1.87±0.13 | 1.46±0.26 | 1.15±0.10 | |
| 120 | 2.31±0.25 | 1.96±0.05 | 1.61±0.16 | 1.14±0.07 | |
| P值P-value | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
*表示性别之间差异显著(P<0.05),**表示性别之间差异极显著(P<0.01)。同列数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 | |
* indicated significant difference between sexes (P<0.05), and ** indicated extremely significant difference between sexes (P<0.01). In the same column, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as |
表4 清远麻鸡钙磷动态沉积规律Table 4 Dynamic deposition of calcium and phosphorus in Qingyuan partridge chickens |
| 日龄 Days of age | 钙沉积量 Calcium deposition/g | 磷沉积量 Phosphorus deposition/g | 钙磷沉积比 Calcium to phosphorus deposition ratio | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 公鸡Cocks | 母鸡Hens** | 公鸡Cocks | 母鸡Hens** | 公鸡Cocks | 母鸡Hens** | |||
| 1 | 0.10±0.01h | 0.11±0.01i | 0.06±0.01g | 0.07±0.01h | 1.73±0.19a | 1.60±0.09abc | ||
| 10 | 0.43±0.03h | 0.47±0.04i | 0.30±0.02g | 0.32±0.03h | 1.46±0.08bcde | 1.50±0.09c | ||
| 20 | 1.40±0.15gh | 1.26±0.18hi | 0.87±0.06fg | 0.79±0.10gh | 1.61±0.10abc | 1.60±0.09abc | ||
| 30 | 2.63±0.26fg | 2.36±0.20gh | 1.65±0.08ef | 1.50±0.14fg | 1.59±0.11abc | 1.57±0.06abc | ||
| 40 | 3.81±0.37ef | 3.38±0.14fg | 2.36±0.25e | 2.25±0.14ef | 1.62±0.08abc | 1.50±0.04c | ||
| 50 | 5.60±0.74de | 4.57±1.11f | 4.52±0.31d | 2.91±0.68e | 1.25±0.22e | 1.58±0.16abc | ||
| 60 | 7.32±0.64d | 6.32±0.40e | 5.57±0.50d | 3.83±0.16d | 1.32±0.08de | 1.65±0.13abc | ||
| 70 | 9.76±1.19c | 7.74±0.48d | 7.17±0.69c | 4.40±0.37d | 1.36±0.08cde | 1.77±0.17a | ||
| 80 | 11.14±0.53c | 9.43±1.08c | 7.26±0.54c | 5.54±0.47c | 1.54±0.08abcd | 1.70±0.12abc | ||
| 90 | 13.19±1.40b | 9.90±0.72c | 8.56±0.63b | 5.99±0.61bc | 1.54±0.12abcd | 1.66±0.09abc | ||
| 100 | 15.01±1.88ab | 10.43±1.08bc | 9.06±0.74b | 6.70±0.67ab | 1.66±0.16ab | 1.56±0.05bc | ||
| 110 | 14.29±1.48b | 11.70±1.11ab | 9.28±1.04b | 7.20±0.74a | 1.55±0.20abcd | 1.63±0.16abc | ||
| 120 | 16.51±1.53a | 12.77±0.90a | 11.60±1.54a | 7.42±0.71a | 1.44±0.19bcde | 1.73±0.09ab | ||
| P值P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
2.2 非线性生长拟合模型比较
表5 清远麻鸡钙动态沉积的不同模型拟合与评估Table 5 Fitting and evaluation of different models of calcium dynamic deposition in Qingyuan partridge chickens |
| 非线性回归参数 Nonlinear regression parameters | Logistic模型 Logistic model | Gompertz模型 Gompertz model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 公鸡Cocks | 母鸡Hens | 公鸡Cocks | 母鸡Hens | ||
| 成熟期最大沉积量Maximum deposition at maturity (a)/g | 16.74±0.50 | 12.77±0.35 | 19.52±1.04 | 14.77±0.68 | |
| 最大相对生长率Maximum relative growth rate (b) | 0.052±0.003 | 0.050±0.003 | 0.027±0.003 | 0.027±0.002 | |
| 生长速率达到最大的拐点日龄 Days of age at inflection point with maximum growth rate (c) | 64.56±1.83 | 61.62±1.76 | 57.55±2.59 | 54.23±2.30 | |
| 模型评估参数Model evaluation parameters | |||||
| 决定系数R2 | 0.969 | 0.970 | 0.967 | 0.974 | |
| 均方根误差RMSE | 1.015 | 0.745 | 0.998 | 0.700 | |
| 平均绝对值误差MAE | 0.730 | 0.530 | 0.689 | 0.471 | |
| 赤池信息准则AIC | 231.69 | 183.36 | 229.07 | 173.63 | |
| 贝叶斯信息准则BIC | 241.11 | 192.79 | 238.50 | 183.06 | |
表6 清远麻鸡磷动态沉积的不同模型拟合与评估Table 6 Fitting and evaluation of different models of phosphorus dynamic deposition in Qingyuan partridge chickens |
| 非线性回归参数 Nonlinear regression parameters | Logistic模型 Logistic model | Gompertz模型 Gompertz model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 公鸡Cocks | 母鸡Hens | 公鸡Cocks | 母鸡Hens | ||
| 成熟期最大沉积量Maximum deposition at maturity (a)/g | 10.77±0.36 | 7.82±0.23 | 12.28±0.66 | 9.02±0.45 | |
| 最大相对生长率Maximum relative growth rate (b) | 0.052±0.004 | 0.048±0.003 | 0.029±0.003 | 0.026±0.002 | |
| 生长速率达到最大的拐点日龄 Days of age at inflection point with maximum growth rate (c) | 60.90±2.12 | 62.14±1.93 | 53.41±2.53 | 54.21±2.52 | |
| 模型评估参数Model evaluation parameters | |||||
| 决定系数R2 | 0.953 | 0.969 | 0.960 | 0.972 | |
| 均方根误差RMSE | 0.824 | 0.457 | 0.758 | 0.434 | |
| 平均绝对值误差MAE | 0.582 | 0.345 | 0.497 | 0.293 | |
| 赤池信息准则AIC | 199.12 | 107.22 | 186.04 | 99.29 | |
| 贝叶斯信息准则BIC | 208.54 | 116.65 | 195.47 | 108.71 | |
2.3 清远麻鸡钙磷动态沉积量变化
图1 不同性别清远麻鸡钙动态沉积量变化曲线Fig.1 Dynamic deposition curves of calcium in Qingyuan partridge chickens with different sexes |
图2 不同性别清远麻鸡磷动态沉积量变化曲线Fig.2 Dynamic deposition curves of phosphorus in Qingyuan partridge chickens with different sexes |
2.4 清远麻鸡钙磷日沉积速率动态变化
图4 不同性别清远麻鸡钙磷动态沉积速率变化曲线Fig.4 Dynamic deposition rate curves of calcium and phosphorus in Qingyuan partridge chickens with different sexes |
表7 Gompertz模型预测下的清远麻鸡钙磷最大沉积量和最大沉积速率Table 7 Maximum deposition and deposition rates of calcium and phosphorus in Qingyuan partridge chickens under Gompertz model prediction |
| 项目 Items | 钙Calcium | 磷Phosphorus | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 公鸡Cocks | 母鸡Hens | 公鸡Cocks | 母鸡Hens | ||
| 最大沉积量Maximum deposition | |||||
| 达到日龄Days of age when reached1) | +∞ | +∞ | +∞ | +∞ | |
| 最大沉积量Maximum deposition/g | 19.52 | 14.77 | 12.28 | 9.02 | |
| 最大沉积速率Maximum deposition rate | |||||
| 拐点日龄Days of age at inflection point2) | 57.55 | 54.23 | 53.41 | 54.21 | |
| 最大沉积速率Maximum deposition rate/(g/d) | 0.194 | 0.147 | 0.131 | 0.086 | |
1)钙磷动态沉积量曲线渐近线即为最大钙磷沉积量,所以到达日龄为+∞。 2)拐点钙磷沉积量∶理论钙磷最大沉积量=37%。 | |
The asymptote of dynamic calcium and phosphorus deposition curve was the maximum calcium and phosphorus deposition, so the age of arrival was +∞. | |
Calcium and phosphorus deposition at inflection point∶theoretical maximum calcium and phosphorus deposition=37%. |
2.5 清远麻鸡钙磷沉积速率曲线与钙磷每日需要量
表8 清远麻鸡钙磷每日动态需要量和最低沉积效率按生长阶段变化趋势比较Table 8 Comparison of daily dynamic requirements of calcium and phosphorus and minimum deposition efficiency of Qingyuan partridge chickens in various growth phases |
| 项目 Items | 1~30日龄 1 to 30 days of age | 31~60日龄 31 to 60 days of age | 61~90日龄 61 to 90 days of age | 91~120日龄 91 to 120 days of age | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 公鸡 Cocks | 母鸡 Hens | 公鸡 Cocks | 母鸡 Hens | 公鸡 Cocks | 母鸡 Hens | 公鸡 Cocks | 母鸡 Hens | ||||||||||||||||||
| 《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》 (NY/T 3645—2020) Nutrient Requirements of Yellow Chickens (NY/T 3645— 2020)/(g/d) | 总钙 Total calcium | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.37 | 0.29 | 0.53 | 0.39 | 0.54 | 0.39 | ||||||||||||||||
| 总磷 Total phosphorus | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.25 | |||||||||||||||||
| 钙磷比 Calcium/phosphorus | 1.25 | 1.33 | 1.42 | 1.45 | 1.51 | 1.50 | 1.59 | 1.56 | |||||||||||||||||
| 比较屠宰法(实测值) Comparative slaughting method (measured values)/(g/d) | 总钙 Total calcium | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.10 | ||||||||||||||||
| 总磷 Total phosphorus | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.05 | |||||||||||||||||
| 钙磷比 Calcium/phosphorus | 1.58 | 1.56 | 1.19 | 1.69 | 1.96 | 1.65 | 1.10 | 2.00 | |||||||||||||||||
| 项目 Items | 1~30日龄 1 to 30 days of age | 31~60日龄 31 to 60 days of age | 61~90日龄 61 to 90 days of age | 91~120日龄 91 to 120 days of age | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 公鸡 Cocks | 母鸡 Hens | 公鸡 Cocks | 母鸡 Hens | 公鸡 Cocks | 母鸡 Hens | 公鸡 Cocks | 母鸡 Hens | ||||||||||||||||||
| 模型预测法(预测值) Model prediction method (predicted values)/(g/d) | 总钙 Total calcium | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.08 | ||||||||||||||||
| 总磷 Total phosphorus | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | |||||||||||||||||
| 钙磷比 Calcium/phosphorus | 1.38 | 1.63 | 1.44 | 1.70 | 1.58 | 1.67 | 1.73 | 1.65 | |||||||||||||||||
| 最低沉积效率 Minimum deposition efficiency/% | 总钙 Total calcium | 46.67 | 58.33 | 45.95 | 44.83 | 32.08 | 30.77 | 20.37 | 20.51 | ||||||||||||||||
| 总磷 Total phosphorus | 41.67 | 44.44 | 46.15 | 40.00 | 31.43 | 26.92 | 17.65 | 20.00 | |||||||||||||||||
钙或磷最低沉积效率是维持需要量为0时的预测值∶需要量。 | |
Minimum deposition efficiency for calcium or phosphorus was the ratio of predicted value to requirement under 0 requirement of maintenance. |
图5 清远麻鸡总钙每日动态需要量按生长阶段变化趋势比较Fig.5 Comparisons of daily dynamic requirement of total calcium for Qingyuan partridge chickens in various growth phases |
2.6 清远麻鸡钙磷异速生长曲线
表9 清远麻鸡钙磷沉积量相对体重的异速生长参数Table 9 Allometric growth parameters of calcium and phosphorus deposition relative to body weight of Qingyuan partridge chickens |
| 项目 Items | 钙Calcium | 磷Phosphorus | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 公鸡Cocks | 母鸡Hens | 公鸡Cocks | 母鸡Hens | ||
| a | 0.003±0.001 | 0.005±0.001 | 0.004±0.001 | 0.004±0.001 | |
| b | 1.146±0.045 | 1.062±0.032 | 1.055±0.048 | 1.036±0.032 | |
| 决定系数R2 | 0.967 | 0.979 | 0.956 | 0.977 | |
图7 清远麻鸡空体重与钙沉积量异速生长曲线Fig.7 Allometric curve between empty body weight and calcium deposition of Qingyuan partridge chickens |

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