动物营养学报 >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 1: 211 - 220

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2023.01.022

研究论文

饲粮中添加包被丁酸钠对循环热应激条件下肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化能力和炎性反应的影响

  • 万根 ,
  • 黎观红 ,
  • 许兰娇 ,
  • 瞿明仁 , *
展开
  • 江西农业大学动物科学技术学院,江西省动物营养重点实验室,营养饲料开发工程研究中心,南昌 330045
* 瞿明仁,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:

万 根(1973—),男,江西高安人,博士研究生,动物营养与饲料科学专业。E-mail:

收稿日期: 2022-07-03

  网络出版日期: 2023-01-11

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(31860651)

国家自然科学基金(32060760)

收起

Effects of Dietary Coated Sodium Butyrate on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity and Inflammatory Response of Broilers under Cyclically Heat-Stress Condition

  • WAN Gen ,
  • LI Guanhong ,
  • XU Lanjiao ,
  • QU Mingren , *
Expand
  • Nutrient Feed Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-07-03

  Online published: 2023-01-11

Fold

摘要

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加包被丁酸钠(CSB)对循环热应激条件下肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化能力和炎性反应的影响。试验选用1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉公鸡500只,常规免疫与饲养至21日龄时,选取健康、体重相近的肉鸡450只,随机分为5个组,每组设6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。5组分为1个常温组(NT组)、1个热应激组(HS组)和3个热应激同时补充CSB组(HS+CSB组)。其中,NT组肉鸡饲养在(24±2) ℃室温环境中,饲喂基础饲粮;HS组和3个HS+CSB组肉鸡饲养在日变高温环境(28 ℃—36 ℃—28 ℃)中,HS组饲喂基础饲粮,而3个HS+CSB组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加300、600、900 mg/kg CSB的饲粮。结果显示:1)与NT组相比,循环热应激极显著降低了肉鸡的平均日采食量与平均日增重(P<0.01)。循环热应激条件下,与HS组相比,饲粮中添加900 mg/kg CSB可显著增加肉鸡的平均日采食量和平均日增重(P<0.05),添加600 mg/kg CSB可显著增加循环热应激条件下肉鸡的平均日增重(P<0.05)。2)与NT组相比,循环热应激显著或极显著降低了肉鸡血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P<0.05或P<0.01),显著或极显著增加血清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)与肌酸激酶(CK)的活性及丙二醛(MDA)、α1-酸性糖蛋白(α1-AGP)、内毒素(ET)与硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)的含量(P<0.05或P<0.01)。循环热应激条件下,与HS组相比,饲粮中添加900 mg/kg CSB显著增加了肉鸡血清中SOD、CAT和GSH-Px的活性和T-AOC(P<0.05),极显著降低了肉鸡血清中LDH的活性和TBARS的含量(P<0.01),并显著减少了肉鸡血清中α1-AGP与ET的含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加600 mg/kg CSB显著增加了肉鸡血清中SOD和CAT的活性(P<0.05),极显著降低了肉鸡血清中LDH的活性(P<0.01);饲粮中添加300 mg/kg CSB显著增加了肉鸡血清中SOD和CAT的活性和T-AOC(P<0.05)。3)与NT组相比,循环热应激处理极显著增加了肉鸡血清中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-8(IL-8)的含量(P<0.01)。循环热应激条件下,与HS组相比,饲粮中添加900 mg/kg CSB可极显著降低肉鸡血清中IL-6的含量(P<0.01),显著降低TNF-α、IL-1β与IL-8的含量(P<0.05),显著增加转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)的含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加600 mg/kg CSB可极显著降低肉鸡血清中IL-6的含量(P<0.01),显著降低TNF-α的含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加300 mg/kg CSB可显著降低肉鸡血清中TNF-α的含量(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,饲粮中添加CSB可通过提高抗氧化能力和减轻炎性反应来提高循环热应激条件下肉鸡的生长性能,本试验中以添加900 mg/kg CSB的效果最佳。

关键词： 包被丁酸钠; 热应激; 肉鸡; 生长性能; 抗氧化能力; 炎性反应

本文引用格式

万根 , 黎观红 , 许兰娇 , 瞿明仁 . 饲粮中添加包被丁酸钠对循环热应激条件下肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化能力和炎性反应的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(1) : 211 -220 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2023.01.022

Abstract

This experiment investigated the effects of dietary coated sodium butyrate (CSB) on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response of broilers under cyclically heat-stress condition. The experiment selected 500 one-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers, and when routine immunization and rearing to 21-day-old, four hundred and fifty healthy and similar body weight broilers were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates per group and 15 chickens per replicate. Five groups were divided into one normal temperature group (NT group), one heat stress group (HS group) and three heat stress and adding CSB groups (HS+CSB groups). Broilers in the NT group were raised in room temperature environment [(24±2) ℃], and fed a basal diet. Broilers in the HS group and HS+CSB groups were raised in a daily high temperature environment (28 ℃—36 ℃—28 ℃), and fed diets supplemented with 0, 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg CSB in the basal diet, respectively. The experiment lasted for 14 d. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the NT group, cyclically heat-stress extremely significantly reduced the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of broilers (P<0.01). Under the cyclically heat-stress condition, the addition of 900 mg/kg CSB significantly increased the average daily gain and average daily feed intake of broilers (P<0.05), and the addition of 600 mg/kg CSB significantly increased the average daily gain of broilers compared with HS group (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the NT group, cyclically heat-stress significantly or extremely significantly decreased serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of broilers (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and significantly or extremely significantly increased serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), α1-acidoglycoprotein (α1-AGP), endotoxin (ET) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Under the cyclically heat-stress condition, compared with the NT group, the addition of 900 mg/kg CSB significantly increased the serum GSH-Px, CAT and SOD activities and T-AOC (P<0.05), and significantly or extremely significantly decreased the serum LDH activity and α1-AGP, ET and TBARS contents of broilers (P<0.05 or P<0.01); the addition of 600 mg/kg CSB significantly increased the serum CAT and SOD activities (P<0.05), and extremely significantly decreased the serum LDH activity of broilers (P<0.01); the addition of 300 mg/kg CSB significantly increased the serum CAT and SOD activities and T-AOC of broilers (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the NT group, cyclically heat-stress extremely significantly increased the serum contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) of broilers (P<0.01). Under the cyclically heat-stress condition, compared with the NT group, the addition of 900 mg/kg CSB significantly or extremely significantly reduced the serum IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-8 contents of broilers (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and significantly increased serum transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) content (P<0.05); the addition of 600 mg/kg CSB significantly or extremely significantly reduced the serum IL-6 and TNF-α contents of broilers (P<0.05 or P<0.01); the addition of 300 mg/kg CSB significantly reduced the serum TNF-α content of broilers (P<0.05). Above results indicate that the addition of CSB in the diet can improve the growth performance of broilers under the cyclically heat-stress condition by increasing the antioxidant capacity and alleviating the inflammatory response, and adding 900 mg/kg CSB to the diet in this experiment has the best effect.

Key words： coated sodium butyrate; heat stress; broilers; growth performance; antioxidant capacity; inflammatory response

由于肉鸡无汗腺、被覆羽毛等特征极易导致热应激,生产实践中肉鸡获得最佳饲料报酬的环境温度为21~26 ℃,26~32 ℃为不舒适但能维持正常生理功能的温度范围,当环境温度高于32 ℃时肉鸡发生热应激并导致生理功能紊乱[1⇓-3]。随着高密度、集约化饲养模式的采用和全球变暖趋势的上升,进一步加剧了家禽的热应激反应,使得热应激已经成为限制养禽业发展的重要因素,每年造成巨大的经济损失[4-5]。高温热应激对家禽的各种功能有不同程度的负面影响,主要表现为引起家禽体温升高、电解质和内分泌紊乱、免疫抑制、氧化损伤、炎症反应、肠道黏膜受损及组织损伤,最终导致采食量和饲料转化率下降、生长发育迟缓[1⇓⇓⇓-5]。通过营养调控来减轻热应激对肉鸡的危害一直是肉鸡生产中关注的主要问题。实际生产中使用了许多抗热应激营养添加剂,但在提高生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫应答等方面得出的结论仍不一致[4,6]。丁酸钠(sodium butyrate,SB)是丁酸的钠盐,是一种营养性饲料添加剂,因安全高效而被广泛关注,具有促生长、抗应激、缓解炎症反应、抵抗疾病和维持健康的重要作用[7]。丁酸钠的有效成分是丁酸,是结肠细胞的主要能量来源[7]。研究表明,饲粮中补充酸钠可促进试验动物肠道发育,增加绒毛高度,保持肠道完整性,有助于提高家禽的生长性能和饲料转化效率[8⇓-10],并能促进免疫器官发育,提高免疫功能,减少促炎细胞因子的产生,减少肠道有害细菌数量[11-12]。热应激能诱导肉鸡体内产生过量的皮质酮(CORT)和脂多糖(LPS)而引起氧化应激和免疫抑制[4,6]。研究表明,饲粮补充酸钠能够抑制CORT[13]和LPS[14]诱导的肉鸡应激反应,减轻应激导致的组织氧化损伤和炎性反应。丁酸钠具有奶酪酸败脂臭味、吸湿性非常强且易溶于水等特性,不易保存,有包被和非包被2种类型。研究表明,包被丁酸钠(coated sodium butyrate,CSB)在饲粮加工[15]、促进生长[16]、抵抗应激[17]、促进肠道发育及保护健康[18]等多方面的效果均要好于非包被丁酸钠。因此,推测CSB对循环热应激条件下肉鸡所产生的负面反应会有良好改善效果。本试验旨在探讨饲粮中添加CSB对循环热应激条件下肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化能力和炎性反应的影响,以期为CSB在肉鸡生产实践中的应用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

CSB购于浙江杭州某饲料有限公司,丁酸钠含量为30%。

1.2 试验设计

选用1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡500只,常规饲养及免疫。饲养至21日龄时,选取健康、体重接近的肉公鸡450只,随机分为5个组,每个组设6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。5个组分为1个常温组(NT组)、1个热应激组(HS组)和3个热应激同时补充CSB组(HS+CSB组),具体的分组设计如下:NT组肉鸡饲养在室温环境[(24±2) ℃]中,饲喂基础饲粮;HS组和热应激+CSB组均接受热应激处理,即肉鸡饲养在日变高温环境中(模仿夏季高温气候),HS组饲喂基础饲粮,3个HS+CSB组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加300(HS+300 mg/kg CSB组)、600(HS+600 mg/kg CSB组)和900 mg/kg CSB (HS+900 mg/kg CSB组)的饲粮。热应激组肉鸡温度控制程序如下:每天07:30开始升温,到09:30升至36 ℃左右,09:30—17:30维持在(36±2) ℃,从17:30开始降温,到19:30降至28 ℃左右,维持在(28±1) ℃直至次日07:30。试验采用电热管加热升温方法,用温控仪调控温度。鸡舍相对湿度控制在70%~75%,用雾状喷水的方法加湿。所有试验鸡在4层立体鸡笼饲养,自由采食和饮水。试验时间为14 d。

1.3 基础饲粮

本试验以玉米-豆粕型饲粮为基础饲粮,饲粮的营养水平参照NRC(1994)饲养标准进行配制。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 1~21日龄
1 to 21
days of age		 22~35日龄
22 to 35
days of age
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 58.00 62.00
豆粕Soybean meal 32.00 28.00
豆油Soybean oil 2.00 3.10
鱼粉Fish meal 4.00 3.00
石粉Limestone 1.10 1.10
食盐NaCl 0.30 0.30
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.50 1.30
项目
Items		 1~21日龄
1 to 21
days of age		 22~35日龄
22 to 35
days of age
赖氨酸Lysine 0.05
蛋氨酸Methionine 0.20 0.20
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.10 0.08
预混料Premix 0.751) 0.922)
合计Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels3)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 13.60 13.50
粗蛋白质CP 23.10 21.00
钙Ca 1.01 0.91
有效磷AP 0.52 0.45
蛋氨酸Met 0.56 0.42
赖氨酸Lys 1.27 1.04
苏氨酸Thr 0.83 0.68
色氨酸Try 0.23 0.19

1)预混料为每千克1~21日龄饲粮提供The premix provided per kg of the diet of 1 to 21 days of age:Fe 40 mg,Cu 8 mg,Mn 60.0 mg,Zn 55.2 mg,Se 0.3 mg,I 0.5 mg,VA 12 000 IU,VB1 3 mg,VD3 3 000 IU,VB6 1.2 mg,VB2 8.0 mg,VB12 0.009mg,VK3 3.0 mg,VE 10 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.0 mg,烟酸nicotinic acid 10 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 12 mg,生物素 biotin 0.10 mg。

2)预混料为每千克22~35日龄饲粮提供The premix provided per kg of the diet of 22 to 35 days of age:Fe 49.1 mg,Cu 9.8 mg,Mn 73.6 mg,Zn 67.7 mg,Se 0.37 mg,I 0.61 mg,VA 14 720 IU,VB1 3.7 mg,VD3 3 680 IU,VB6 1.5 mg,VB2 9.8 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,VK3 3.7 mg,VE 12.3 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 12.3 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 14.7 mg,生物素 biotin 0.12 mg。

3)营养水平均为计算值。Nutrient levels were calculated values.

1.4 饲养管理

试验用房2间,大小、高度、面积、通风等外形建造结构一致,使用相同的试验鸡笼。试验前对鸡舍进行全面清扫、冲洗和熏蒸消毒(高锰酸钾∶甲醛=1∶2),24 h,通风3 d。试验肉鸡采用4层笼养,每笼15只鸡。进雏前1周舍内温度控制在(34±1) ℃,此后每天降低1 ℃,直至(24±1) ℃。整个试验过程保证肉鸡自由采食和饮水,全天24 h光照,自然通风,按照常规免疫接种程序对肉鸡进行免疫接种。试验期间,NT组肉鸡饲养在一个房间,用空调保持温度在(24±2) ℃;HS组和HS+CSB组肉鸡饲养在另一个房间,通过电热管加热逐渐升温到(36±2) ℃,或通过关闭电热管、通风及空调等方式逐渐降温到(28±1) ℃。使用雾状喷水加湿来维持70%~75%的相对湿度。试验全程安排有人员监控温湿度。

1.5 样品采集与处理

在热应激试验开始后的第15天08:00从每组的每个重复中随机选取1只鸡,称重,再用医用无菌真空采血管进行翅静脉采血,室温静置1 h后,2 423×g离心10 min条件下制备血清,分装于无菌EP管中,放置-20 ℃冰冻保存,用于血清生化指标和细胞因子含量的测定。

1.6 测定指标与方法

1.6.1 生长性能指标

在试验第0(试验开始前)和14天08:00,以每个重复为单位,对鸡进行空腹称重,对各重复料槽剩余饲粮称重,分别得出肉鸡试验期间的总增重和总采食量,并计算出生长性能指标,计算公式如下:
平均日采食量(g)=总采食量(g)/(试验天数×鸡只数);
平均日增重(g)=总增重(g)/(试验天数×鸡只数);
料重比=平均日采食量(g)/平均日增重(g)。

1.6.2 血清生化指标及细胞因子含量

根据试剂盒的操作要求,采用紫外吸收光谱法测定血清中丙二醛(MDA)与α1-酸性糖蛋白(α1-AGP)的含量以及肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),试剂盒购于南京建成生物工程研究所;根据试剂盒的操作要求,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定血清中内毒素(ET)、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)、炎性细胞因子[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)]、炎性趋化因子[白细胞介素-8(IL-8)]及抗炎细胞因子[转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)]的含量,试剂盒购于武汉云克隆科技股份有限公司。

1.7 数据处理与统计分析

生长性能指标以重复(笼)为试验单元,其他指标以每个重复所选的鸡作为试验单元。利用SPSS 19.0软件对试验数据进行分析,其中采用t-检验对NT组和HS组间差异显著性进行分析;对接受热应激处理的4个组(HS组、HS+300 mg/kg CSB组、HS+600 mg/kg CSB组、HS+900 mg/kg CSB组)进行单因素方差分析和Duncan氏法多重比较。以P<0.01表示差异极显著,P<0.05表示差异显著,0.05<P<0.10表示有趋势。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮中添加CSB对循环热应激条件下肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可知,与NT组相比,循环热应激极显著降低了肉鸡的平均日采食量与平均日增重(P<0.01),且具有降低肉鸡饲料转化效率的趋势(料重比:0.05<P<0.10)。循环热应激条件下,与HS组相比,饲粮中添加900 mg/kg CSB可显著增加肉鸡的平均日采食量和平均日增重(P<0.05),添加600 mg/kg CSB可显著增加肉鸡的平均日增重(P<0.05);HS+900 mg/kg CSB组的肉鸡平均日增重显著高于HS+300 mg/kg CSB组(P<0.05);肉鸡料重比在接受热应激处理的各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮中添加CSB对循环热应激条件下肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary CSB on growth performance of broilers under cyclically heat-stress condition

项目
Items		 组别Groups P1 SEM P2
NT HS HS+
300 mg/kg
CSB		 HS+
600 mg/kg
CSB		 HS+
900 mg/kg
CSB
平均日采食量ADFI(g/d) 67.81 52.37b 57.23ab 57.81ab 60.83a 0.002 1.021 0.030
平均日增重ADG(g/d) 35.42 24.89c 29.42bc 30.21ab 31.57a 0.001 0.772 0.010
料重比F/G 1.92 2.10 1.95 1.92 1.94 0.052 0.029 0.114

P1为NT组和HS组进行t-检验的P值,P2为接受热应激处理的4个组的单因素方差分析P值。接受热应激处理的4个组之间,同行数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

P1 was the P-value of t-test between NT group and HS group, and P2 was the P-value of one-way ANOVA among four groups treated with heat-stress treatment. Among four groups treated with heat-stress treatment, values in the same line with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中添加CSB对循环热应激条件下肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

由表3可知,与NT组相比,HS组肉鸡血清中CAT和GSH-Px的活性及T-AOC极显著下降(P<0.01),SOD活性显著下降(P<0.05),而LDH活性和α1-AGP、TBARS和ET的含量极显著升高(P<0.01),CK活性和MDA含量显著增加(P<0.05)。循环热应激条件下,与HS组相比,饲粮中添加300、600和900 mg/kg CSB显著增加了肉鸡血清中SOD和CAT的活性(P<0.05),添加300和900 mg/kg CSB显著增加了肉鸡血清中T-AOC(P<0.05),添加900 mg/kg CSB显著增加了肉鸡血清中GSH-Px的活性(P<0.05);添加600和900 mg/kg CSB极显著降低了肉鸡血清中LDH的活性(P<0.01),添加900 mg/kg CSB极显著降低肉鸡血清中TBARS的含量(P<0.01)并显著减少了α1-AGP与ET的含量(P<0.05)。此外,与HS组比较,饲粮中添加CSB具有降低循环热应激条件下肉鸡血清中CK活性和MDA含量的趋势(0.05<P<0.10);与HS+300 mg/kg CSB组相比,HS+600 mg/kg CSB组和HS+900 mg/kg CSB组肉鸡血清LDH的活性显著降低(P<0.05),HS+900 mg/kg CSB组肉鸡血清中TBARS的含量极显著降低(P<0.01);与HS+600 mg/kg CSB组相比,HS+900 mg/kg CSB组肉鸡血清中TBARS的含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮中添加CSB对循环热应激条件下肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary CSB on serum biochemical parameters of broilers under cyclically heat-stress condition

项目
Items		 组别Groups P1 SEM P2
NT HS HS+
300 mg/kg
CSB		 HS+
600 mg/kg
CSB		 HS+
900 mg/kg
CSB
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/U/mL		 2.98 1.56b 2.18ab 2.34ab 2.85a 0.005 0.166 0.040
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) 6.21 2.02b 2.98a 3.36a 3.03a <0.001 0.156 0.013
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(×101 U/mL)		 4.62 2.31b 4.57a 4.87a 4.61a 0.047 3.952 0.042
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(U/mL)		 0.82 0.63b 0.80a 0.72ab 0.82a 0.001 0.026 0.035
乳酸脱氢酶
LDH/(×102 U/L)		 2.56 4.97Aa 4.68ABa 3.22Bb 3.49Bb <0.001 0.212 0.001
肌酸激酶CK/(U/mL) 4.83 8.49 5.81 5.98 4.97 0.032 0.496 0.066
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 2.13 2.90 2.27 2.21 2.23 0.020 0.109 0.060
α1-酸性糖蛋白
α1-AGP/(×102 mg/L)		 2.47 7.67a 5.85a 5.05ab 3.04b <0.001 0.532 0.010
内毒素ET/(×101 EU/mL) 3.56 8.50a 6.65a 5.78ab 3.48b <0.001 0.578 0.010
硫代巴比妥酸反应物
TBARS/(×101 nmol/mL)		 4.47 10.60Aa 9.61Aa 8.04ABa 4.36Bb <0.001 0.706 0.001

2.3 饲粮中添加CSB对循环热应激条件下肉鸡血清细胞因子含量的影响

由表4可知,与NT组相比,HS组肉鸡血清中IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β和TNF-α的含量极显著增加(P<0.01)。循环热应激条件下,与HS组相比,饲粮中添加900 mg/kg CSB可极显著降低肉鸡血清中IL-6的含量(P<0.01),显著降低TNF-α、IL-1β与IL-8的含量(P<0.05),显著增加TGF-β的含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加600 mg/kg CSB可极显著降低肉鸡血清中IL-6的含量(P<0.01),显著降低TNF-α的含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加300 mg/kg CSB可显著降低肉鸡血清中TNF-α的含量(P<0.05)。此外,与HS+300 mg/kg CSB组相比,HS+600 mg/kg CSB组和HS+900 mg/kg CSB组肉鸡血清中TNF-α的含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表4 饲粮中添加CSB对循环热应激条件下肉鸡血清细胞因子含量的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary CSB on serum cytokine contents of broilers under cyclically heat-stress condition

项目
Items		 组别Groups P1 SEM P2
NT HS HS+
300 mg/kg
CSB		 HS+
600 mg/kg
CSB		 HS+
900 mg/kg
CSB
白细胞介素-6
IL-6/(×101 ng/L)		 1.38 3.95Aa 1.89Bb 1.78Bb 1.75Bb <0.001 2.503 0.007
肿瘤坏死因子-α
TNF-α/(×101 ng/L)		 2.84 4.21a 3.21b 2.91b 2.85b 0.001 1.436 0.012
白细胞介素-1β
IL-1β/(×101 ng/L)		 2.36 3.51a 2.78ab 2.61ab 2.47b 0.005 0.554 0.010
白细胞介素-8
IL-8/(×101 ng/L)		 4.75 11.75a 8.72ab 7.61b 5.00b <0.001 0.837 0.015
白细胞介素-10
IL-10/(×101 ng/L)		 16.3 1.67 1.72 1.80 1.68 0.291 0.330 0.499
转化生长因子-β
TGF-β/(×103 ng/L)		 1.84 1.62b 1.77ab 1.81ab 2.11a 0.116 0.597 0.020

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮中添加CSB对循环热应激条件下肉鸡生长性能的影响

肉鸡热应激是肉鸡处于高温环境中对热暴露所做出的非特异性生理反应。大量研究证明,热应激会加快肉鸡营养物质的消耗,降低其采食量和免疫功能,导致代谢紊乱、免疫功能抑制,最终导致生长性能下降[19⇓-21]。本研究结果表明,与NT组相比,循环热应激显著降低肉鸡的平均日采食量和平均日增重,饲料转化率有下降的趋势,与前人研究结果一致。有研究发现,饲粮中添加丁酸钠可提高肉鸡的平均日采食量,降低料重比,提高生长性能[22-23]。本研究中,饲粮中添加900 mg/kg CSB能够显著提高热应激肉鸡的平均日采食量和平均日增重。丁酸钠能提高热应激肉鸡的生长性能很可能与其能够改善热应激肉鸡肠道健康发育有关。丁酸钠进入机体后快速水解为丁酸,丁酸经脂肪酸的β氧化反应途径为肠道上皮细胞的增殖发育提供能量以促进其发育[24]。研究证实,饲粮中添加丁酸钠能够提高肉仔鸡肠道中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶及脂肪酶的活性,增加绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度的比值,促进有益菌数量的增加,提升肉鸡对疾病的抵抗力[25]。还有研究发现,饲粮添加丁酸钠能促进肠绒毛发育、维护肠道菌群平衡和免疫稳态,最终提高肉鸡的生长性能[8,26-27]。然而,有研究发现,丁酸钠的功能效应因其在细胞中的浓度不同而存在较大差异,低浓度的丁酸钠在细胞中主要通过β氧化为细胞提供能量来促进细胞的增殖分化,而中、高浓度的丁酸钠则发挥组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂的功能,对多种基因的表达进行调控[28]。本试验中,900 mg/kg CSB对肉鸡的促生长效果更好可能是丁酸钠的这种多重功能效应所引起的,丁酸钠的这一现象在热应激肉鸡抗氧化和降低炎性反应方面也有类似的效果。

3.2 饲粮中添加CSB对循环热应激条件下肉鸡抗氧化能力的影响

热应激会诱导氧化应激,产生大量活性氧等自由基不能及时被清除,打破体内氧化与抗氧化系统之间的平衡,促进TBARS、MDA等代谢物质的合成,并降低SOD、CAT等抗氧化酶的活性,导致组织器官发生氧化损伤[29-30]。大量研究表明,热应激导致家禽血清SOD、CAT等抗氧化酶的活性显著下降[31-32],CORT、MDA的含量和CK与LDH的活性显著上升,进而诱导氧化应激[31]。研究表明,不同热应激时间对血清氧化指标的影响存在差异,但长时间的热应激引起的氧化损伤更为明显[33]。郝世秋等[34]研究发现,热应激使肉鸡血清中ET含量显著升高,诱发全身组织器官损伤。本试验中,与NT组相比,循环热应激显著或极显著降低了肉鸡血清中抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、GSH-Px)的活性和T-AOC,显著或极显著增加了血清中LDH与CK的活性和MDA、α1-AGP、ET与TBARS的含量,这表明机体抗氧化性能下降,并有诱导炎症物质产生。研究发现丁酸钠能抑制CORT诱导肉鸡所产生的氧化应激反应,显著提高血清中CAT的活性,降低MDA的含量[35-36]。在高密度饲养条件下给黄羽肉鸡补充丁酸钠可有效缓解环境应激,提高血清中SOD的活性,增强机体对恶劣环境的抵抗力[37]。核因子E2 相关因子2(Nrf2)是氧化应激的中枢调节因子,其表达上调可提高机体的抗氧化酶活性。研究表明,高浓度的丁酸钠可发挥出组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂的功效,上调Nrf2的表达,激活Nrf2信号通路,促进抗氧化酶基因的表达,增加抗氧化酶的分泌[38]。本研究中,饲粮中添加CSB能不同程度提高循环热应激条件下肉鸡血清中抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、GSH-Px)的活性和T-AOC,降低血清中LDH与CK的活性和MDA、α1-AGP、ET与TBARS的含量,其中以900 mg/kg的添加剂量最佳。这表明丁酸钠能够有效地缓解热应激导致的肉鸡氧化应激反应,增强热应激肉鸡的抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA、ET与TBARS等代谢产物的含量,提高抗氧化酶消除自由基的能力,抑制机体的氧化反应。这可能与丁酸钠的多重功能效应作用机理相关[28],推测高浓度的丁酸钠可能激活了抗氧化信号通路,增强了机体的抗氧化能力,促进健康,最终提高生长性能。

3.3 饲粮中添加CSB对循环热应激条件下肉鸡炎性反应的影响

高温环境会激活肉鸡大脑的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA轴)和交感肾上腺髓质轴(SAM轴),改变神经内分泌系统功能,进而改变免疫反应途径,如导致CORT和儿茶酚胺分泌增加,造成氧化损伤和促炎细胞因子的分泌,促进炎症发生[39-40]。研究表明,高温环境会激活肉鸡脾脏核因子-κB(NF-κB)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)等炎症信号通路,上调促炎细胞因子白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、IL-6和TNF-α等mRNA的表达[41]。热应激诱导肉鸡氧化应激和炎性反应的同时发生,增加肠道黏膜中IL-1β的分泌量[42]。本研究中,与NT组相比,循环热应激极显著增加了肉鸡血清中促炎细胞因子IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-8的含量,表明炎性反应发生,这与上述研究结果相一致,说明热应激会降低动物的免疫抵抗力,导致炎性介质的释放,增加血清中促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-8和IL-6等的合成量[43]。研究表明,用LPS诱导肉鸡发生应激会引起血液中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-8和IL-6的含量显著升高,肠道NF-κB的表达上调,而补充丁酸钠则可以逆转上述血液指标的变化,并下调NF-κB的表达[44]。而本试验中,饲粮中添加900 mg/kg CSB可显著降低循环热应激条件下肉鸡血清中促炎细胞因子的含量,增加抗炎细胞因子的含量。丁酸钠是组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂,能通过多重功能效应对炎症反应产生抑制作用,抗击疾病和维护机体的健康[8]。而细胞中只有中、高浓度的丁酸钠能发挥组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制并加速基因转录的功能[28]。Cleophas等[45]研究表明,高浓度丁酸钠更能发挥组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂效果并表现出更强的抗炎作用,与本试验所得结果相符。这说明高浓度的丁酸钠可能通过调控NF-κB的表达,抑制炎症信号通路激活,减少促炎细胞因子产生,从而抑制炎性反应,改善热应激肉鸡健康状况,促进其生长。

4 结论

饲粮中添加CSB可提高循环热应激条件下肉鸡的抗氧化能力和抗炎能力,进而改善肉鸡的生长性能,以900 mg/kg CSB的效果最佳。

参考文献

原文顺序 | 文献年度倒序 | 文中引用次数倒序
[1]
刘明生, 彭吉生. 家禽热应激的研究进展[J]. 饲料工业, 2001, 22(3):13-15.

LIU M S, PENG J S. Research progress on heat stress in poultry[J]. Feed Industry, 2001, 22(3):13-15. (in Chinese)

[2]
金灵, 杨琳. 家禽热应激机制研究进展[J]. 饲料研究, 2010(2):24-27.

JIN L, YANG L. Research progress on heat stress mechanism of poultry[J]. Feed Research, 2010(2):24-27. (in Chinese)

[3]
CHEN Z, XIE J, HU M Y, et al. Protective effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the small intestinal mucosa in heat-stressed Wenchang chicken[J]. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 2015, 25(1):78-87.

[4]
LARA L J, ROSTAGNO M H. Impact of heat stress on poultry production[J]. Animals, 2013, 3(2):356-369.

DOI PMID

[5]
NARDONE A, RONCHI B, LACETERA N, et al. Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems[J]. Livestock Science, 2010, 130(1/3):57-69.

DOI

[6]
NAWAB A, IBTISHAM F, LI G H, et al. Heat stress in poultry production:mitigation strategies to overcome the future challenges facing the global poultry industry[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2018, 78:131-139.

DOI

[7]
AHSAN U, CENGIZ Ö, RAZA I, et al. Sodium butyrate in chicken nutrition:the dynamics of performance,gut microbiota,gut morphology,and immunity[J]. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 2016, 72(2):265-275.

DOI

[8]
TAN J, MCKENZIE C, POTAMITIS M, et al. The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease[J]. Advances in Immunology, 2014, 121:91-119.

DOI PMID

[9]
GUILLOTEAU P, MARTIN L, EECKHAUT V, et al. From the gut to the peripheral tissues:the multiple effects of butyrate[J]. Nutrition Research Reviews, 2010, 23(2):366-384.

DOI

[10]
ABDELQADER A M, ABUAJAMIEH M, HAMMAD H M, et al. Effects of dietary butyrate supplementation on intestinal integrity of heat-stressed cockerels[J]. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2017, 101(6):1115-1121.

DOI PMID

[11]
PUERTOLLANO E, KOLIDA S, YAQOOB P. Biological significance of short-chain fatty acid metabolism by the intestinal microbiome[J]. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 2014, 17(2):139-144.

DOI PMID

[12]
ELNESR S S, ROPY A, ABDEL-RAZIK A H. Effect of dietary sodium butyrate supplementation on growth,blood biochemistry,haematology and histomorphometry of intestine and immune organs of Japanese quail[J]. Animal, 2019, 13(6):1234-1244.

DOI

[13]
ZHANG W H, GAO F, ZHU Q F, et al. Dietary sodium butyrate alleviates the oxidative stress induced by corticosterone exposure and improves meat quality in broiler chickens[J]. Poultry Science, 2011, 90(11):2592-2599.

DOI PMID

[14]
JIANG Y, ZHANG W H, GAO F, et al. Effect of sodium butyrate on intestinal inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide in broiler chickens[J]. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 2015, 95(3):389-395.

DOI

[15]
陈国顺, 徐振飞, 余荣, 等. 不同类型丁酸钠在生产加工过程中的稳定性研究[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2011, 47(5):62-66.

CHEN G S, XU Z F, YU R, et al. Study on stability of different types of sodium butyrate during production and processing[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2011, 47(5):62-66. (in Chinese)

[16]
徐振飞, 陈国顺, 徐长辉. 不同剂型丁酸钠对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清指标的影响[J]. 湖南农业科学, 2011(15):162-164,168.

XU Z F, CHEN G S, XU C H. Effects of different dosage forms of sodium butyrate on growth performances and serum parameters of weaned piglets[J]. Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 2011(15):162-164,168. (in Chinese)

[17]
郭孝烨. 丁酸钠对肉鸡生产性能、消化和抗应激功能的影响及作用机理的探讨[D]. 硕士学位论文. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2014.

GUO X Y. Effects of sodium butyrate on growth performance, digestive and anti-stress function in broilers and its mechanism[D]. Master’s Thesis. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2014. (in Chinese)

[18]
蒋小丰, 彭地纬, 刘亚力, 等. 不同丁酸钠类产品对断奶仔猪生产性能及经济效益的影响[J]. 中国饲料添加剂, 2016(12):27-30.

JIANG X F, PENG D W, LIU Y L, et al. Effect of different sodium butyrate products on growth performance and economic benefit of weaned piglet[J]. China Feed Additive, 2016(12):27-30. (in Chinese)

[19]
FARAG M R, ALAGAWANY M. Physiological alterations of poultry to the high environmental temperature[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology, 2018, 76:101-106.

DOI PMID

[20]
MIN L, CHENG J B, ZHAO S G, et al. Plasma-based proteomics reveals immune response,complement and coagulation cascades pathway shifts in heat-stressed lactating dairy cows[J]. Journal of Proteomics, 2016, 146:99-108.

DOI

[21]
BECKFORD R C, ELLESTAD L E, PROSZKOWIEC-WEGLARZ M, et al. Effects of heat stress on performance,blood chemistry,and hypothalamic and pituitary mRNA expression in broiler chickens[J]. Poultry Science, 2020, 99(12):6317-6325.

DOI

[22]
刘馨忆. 包被丁酸钠对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能及肠道组织形态的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2020, 43(6):41-44.

LIU X Y. Effect of sodium butyrate on growth performance,immune function and intestinal morphology of broilers[J]. Feed Research, 2020, 43(6):41-44. (in Chinese)

[23]
SIKANDAR A, ZANEB H, YOUNUS M, et al. Protective effect of sodium butyrate on growth performance,immune responses and gut mucosal morphometry in Salmonella-challenged broiler chickens[J]. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2017, 19(6):1387-1393.

[24]
JANG Y D, LINDEMANN M D, MONEGUE H J, et al. The effect of coated sodium butyrate supplementation in sow and nursery diets on lactation performance and nursery pig growth performance[J]. Livestock Science, 2017, 195:13-20.

DOI

[25]
CZERWIÑSKI J, HØJBERG O, SMULIKOWSKA S, et al. Effects of sodium butyrate and salinomycin upon intestinal microbiota,mucosal morphology and performance of broiler chickens[J]. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2012, 66(2):102-116.

DOI

[26]
ZOU X, JI J, QU H, et al. Effects of sodium butyrate on intestinal health and gut microbiota composition during intestinal inflammation progression in broilers[J]. Poultry Science, 2019, 98(10):4449-4456.

DOI PMID

[27]
WU Y N, ZHOU Y M, LU C H, et al. Influence of butyrate loaded clinoptilolite dietary supplementation on growth performance,development of intestine and antioxidant capacity in broiler chickens[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(4):e0154410.

DOI

[28]
BULTMAN S J. Molecular pathways:gene-environment interactions regulating dietary fiber induction of proliferation and apoptosis via butyrate for cancer prevention[J]. Clinical Cancer Research, 2014, 20(4):799-803.

DOI

[29]
ZACHUT M, KRA G, LIVSHITZ L, et al. Seasonal heat stress affects adipose tissue proteome toward enrichment of the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response in late-pregnant dairy cows[J]. Journal of Proteomics, 2017, 158:52-61.

DOI PMID

[30]
PEARCE S C, SANZ-FERNANDEZ M V, HOLLIS J H, et al. Short-term exposure to heat stress attenuates appetite and intestinal integrity in growing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2014, 92(12):5444-5454.

DOI PMID

[31]
钟光, 邵丹, 胡艳, 等. 持续热应激对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、器官指数、血清生化指标和抗氧化功能的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2018, 30(11):4425-4432.

ZHONG G, SHAO D, HU Y, et al. Effects of persistent heat stress on growth performance,organ indices,serum biochemical indices and antioxidant function of yellow-feathered broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2018, 30(11):4425-4432. (in Chinese)

[32]
杨小娇, 许静, 宗凯, 等. 不同温度热应激对肉鸡血液生化指标及肉品质的影响[J]. 家禽科学, 2011(3):10-14.

YANG X J, XU J, ZONG K, et al. Effect of acute heat stress on blood biochemical parameters and meat quality of broiler[J]. Poultry Science, 2011(3):10-14. (in Chinese)

[33]
CHAND N, MUHAMMAD S, KHAN R U, et al. Ameliorative effect of synthetic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on performance traits,antioxidant status and immune response in broiler exposed to cyclic heat stress[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2016, 23(23):23930-23935.

DOI

[34]
郝世秋, 刘成荫, 黄淑成, 等. 热应激肉鸡血液内毒素及肾脏损伤指标测定[J]. 动物医学进展, 2014, 35(3):83-86.

HAO S Q, LIU C Y, HUANG S C, et al. Determination of renal impairment indexes in broilers induced by endotoxin during heat stress[J]. Progress in Veterinary Medicine, 2014, 35(3):83-86. (in Chinese)

[35]
FU C, ZHANG Y, JING Q, et al. Effect of Chinese herbal medicine on growth performance,immune organ index and antioxidant functions in broiler chickens[J]. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2018, 20(7):1677-1681.

[36]
呙于明, 刘彩霓, 周毓平. 高温应激对肉仔鸡的影响及补铬的效果研究[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 1998, 29(4):339-344.

GUO Y M, LIU C N, ZHOU Y P. Impact of heat stress on broilers and the effects of supplemental yeast chromium[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 1998, 29(4):339-344. (in Chinese)

[37]
崔亚利, 郑世学, 胡永芬, 等. 热应激后雏鸡免疫器官组织学结构观察[J]. 河北农业大学学报, 2004, 27(2):93-96.

CUI Y L, ZHENG S X, HU Y F, et al. Effect of heat-stress on the immune organ of chickens[J]. Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei, 2004, 27(2):93-96. (in Chinese)

[38]
FRIJHOFF J, WINYARD P G, ZARKOVIC N, et al. Clinical relevance of biomarkers of oxidative stress[J]. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 2015, 23(14):1144-1170.

[39]
QUINTEIRO-FILHO W M, RODRIGUES M V, RIBEIRO A, et al. Acute heat stress impairs performance parameters and induces mild intestinal enteritis in broiler chickens:role of acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2012, 90(6):1986-1994.

DOI

[40]
BAGATH M, SEJIAN V. Heat stress and immune function in livestock[J]. Multidisciplinary Advances in Veterinary Science, 2018, 2(4):395-398.

[41]
HE S P, YU Q F, HE Y J, et al. Dietary resveratrol supplementation inhibits heat stress-induced high-activated innate immunity and inflammatory response in spleen of yellow-feather broilers[J]. Poultry Science, 2019, 98(12):6378-6387.

DOI PMID

[42]
LAN R X, LI Y X, CHANG Q Q, et al. Dietary chitosan oligosaccharides alleviate heat stress-induced intestinal oxidative stress and inflammatory response in yellow-feather broilers[J]. Poultry Science, 2020, 99(12):6745-6752.

DOI PMID

[43]
ZHANG W H, JIANG Y, ZHU Q F, et al. Sodium butyrate maintains growth performance by regulating the immune response in broiler chickens[J]. British Poultry Science, 2011, 52(3):292-301.

DOI PMID

[44]
张卫辉. 丁酸钠对肉鸡免疫反应和抗氧化功能调控作用研究[D]. 博士学位论文. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2011.

ZHANG W H. Study on the regulatory effect of sodium butyrate on immune response and antioxidant function in broiler chickens[D]. Ph.D.Thesis. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2011. (in Chinese)

[45]
CLEOPHAS M C P, CRIŞAN T O, LEMMERS H, et al. Suppression of monosodium urate crystal-induced cytokine production by butyrate is mediated by the inhibition of class Ⅰ histone deacetylases[J]. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 2016, 75(3):593-600.

Options
文章导航

/

〈 〉

    联系我们

  • 地址：北京市海淀区圆明园西路2号
    　　　中国农业大学动科动医大楼153室
  • 邮编：100193
  • 电话：010－62817823
  • 网址：http://www.chinajan.com
  • E-mail：cjan@chinajan.com
京公网安备 11010802041926号    京ICP备17050989号-2