1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.1.1 样品采集
表1 乳样采集牛基本情况Table 1 Basic information of cattle breeds from which milk samples were collected |
| 分组 Groups | 样本数 n | 年龄 Age/岁 | 胎次 Parity/胎 | 产后天数 Postnatal day/d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 荷斯坦奶牛Ⅰ Holstein cow Ⅰ | 10 | 7.10±1.12 | 2.40±0.52 | 184.00±16.24 |
| 荷斯坦奶牛Ⅱ Holstein cow Ⅱ | 10 | 7.10±1.19 | 2.30±0.48 | 159.20±24.76 |
| 荷斯坦奶牛Ⅲ Holstein cow Ⅲ | 10 | 7.20±1.40 | 2.40±0.70 | 182.00±40.29 |
| 牦牛Ⅰ Yak Ⅰ | 10 | 6.30±1.59 | 2.52±0.63 | 168.00±35.29 |
| 牦牛Ⅱ Yak Ⅱ | 10 | 7.10±1.68 | 2.50±0.46 | 189.00±86.63 |
| 牦牛Ⅲ Yak Ⅲ | 10 | 7.40±1.56 | 2.68±0.55 | 203.00±63.59 |
1.1.2 试验药品
1.1.3 试验仪器
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 主要营养成分含量的测定
1.2.2 乳清、乳脂的分离
1.2.3 蛋白提取
1.2.4 胰蛋白酶酶解与肽段标记
1.2.5 MS分析
1.2.6 数据库检索
表2 质谱检索参数Table 2 MS retrieval parameters |
| 项目Items | 参数Parameters |
|---|---|
| 静态改性Static modification | TMT (N-term, K); Carbamidomethyl (C) |
| 动态改性Dynamic modification | Oxidation (M), Acetyl (N-term) |
| 酶切模式Digestion | Trypsin |
| 仪器Instrument | Q Exactive HF |
| 一级质量冗余MS1 tolerance | 10 ppm |
| 二级质量冗余MS2 tolerance | 0.02 Da |
| 最大漏切位点Missed cleavages | 2 |
| 数据库Database | uniprot-taxonomy_9913.fasta |
1.3 数据处理
1.3.1 筛选差异蛋白
1.3.2 差异蛋白互作网络分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同牛乳主要营养成分含量测定结果
表3 荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳的主要营养成分含量比较结果Table 3 Comparative results of main nutritional component contents in milk of Holstein cows and yak |
| 项目 Items | 样本数 n | 乳脂 Milk fat/% | 乳蛋白 Milk protein/% | 乳糖 Lactose/% | 总固形物 TS/% | 非乳脂固形物 SNF/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 荷斯坦奶牛乳Holstein cow milk | 30 | 3.58±0.09a | 3.04±0.10a | 4.39±0.15a | 11.71±0.11a | 8.28±0.08a |
| 牦牛乳Yak milk | 30 | 4.68±0.18b | 3.67±0.08b | 5.47±0.16b | 14.52±0.18b | 9.80±0.16b |
同列数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 | |
In the same column, values with different letters superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). |
2.2 蛋白鉴定结果
图1 可信蛋白分析A:荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳样本乳清蛋白与乳脂肪球膜蛋白丰度箱线图;B:荷斯坦奶奶牛乳与牦牛乳样本乳清可信蛋白PCA图;C:荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳样本乳脂肪球膜可信蛋白PCA图。N:荷斯坦奶牛乳;M:牦牛乳;Q:乳清;Z:乳脂。 Fig.1 Credible protein analysis A: box diagram of whey protein and milk fat globule membrane protein abundance in Holstein cow milk and yak milk samples; B: PCA diagram of whey credible proteins of Holstein cow milk and yak milk samples; C: PCA diagram of milk fat globule membrane credible proteins of Holstein milk and yak milk samples. N: Holstein cow milk; M: yak milk; Q: whey; Z: milk fat. |
2.3 差异蛋白筛选结果
图2 乳清蛋白与乳脂肪球膜蛋白火山图A:荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳样本中乳清蛋白火山图;B:荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳样本中乳脂肪球膜蛋白火山图。图中红色为牦牛乳上调蛋白,蓝色为荷斯坦奶牛乳上调蛋白,灰色为差异不显著蛋白。 Fig.2 Volcano maps of whey proteins and milk fat globule membrane proteins A: volcano map of whey proteins in Holstein cow milk and yak milk samples; B: volcano map of milk fat globule membrane credible proteins in Holstein cow milk and yak milk samples. Red is the up-regulated protein of yak milk, blue is the up-regulated protein of Holstein cow milk, and gray is the protein with no significant difference. |
表4 荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳部分乳清差异蛋白信息Table 4 Partial whey differential protein information between Holstein cow milk and yak milk |
| 识别号 Accession | 蛋白名称 Protein name | 蛋白简称 Protein abbreviation | 牦牛乳中 平均丰度 Average abundance in yak milk | 荷斯坦牛乳中 平均丰度 Average abundance in Holstein cow milk | P值 P-value | 差异倍数 FC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1MZE7 | Tudor domain containing 1 | TDRD1 | 295.2 | 5.2 | 0.000 1 | 56.06 |
| Q9TSF1 | 嗜乳脂蛋白 | BTN | 217.8 | 17.6 | 0.000 1 | 17.24 |
| F1MR22 | 多聚免疫球蛋白受体 | PIGR | 105.5 | 26.2 | 0.000 1 | 4.03 |
| A0A3Q1MJE5 | Alpha-S1-casein | CSN1S1 | 159.3 | 48.2 | 0.000 1 | 3.31 |
| P80457 | 黄嘌呤脱氢酶 | XDH | 154.2 | 59.6 | 0.000 2 | 2.59 |
| Q32PA1 | CD59 glycoprotein | CD59 | 160.8 | 67.4 | 0.000 1 | 2.38 |
| P02663 | Alpha-S2-casein | CSN1S2 | 130.3 | 62.7 | 0.004 3 | 2.08 |
| A6H6X2 | 血管生成素2 | ANG2 | 127.2 | 61.8 | 0.000 5 | 2.06 |
| P11151 | 脂蛋白脂肪酶 | LPL | 112.3 | 66.8 | 0.000 1 | 1.68 |
| G1K122 | 视黄醇结合蛋白 | RBP4 | 122.1 | 77.0 | 0.002 1 | 1.59 |
| Q2UVX4 | 补体蛋白3 | C3 | 64.5 | 151.3 | 0.000 1 | 0.43 |
| F1MZ96 | Uncharacterized protein | 50.5 | 186.5 | 0.005 8 | 0.27 | |
| Q8MII0 | Lactotransferrin (Fragment) | 37.3 | 185.4 | 0.006 8 | 0.20 | |
| P17697 | 簇集蛋白 | CLU | 27.5 | 162.4 | 0.002 4 | 0.17 |
| A0A3Q1LPF0 | 载脂蛋白E | APOE | 32.5 | 191.8 | 0.000 1 | 0.17 |
| Q8SQ28 | 血清淀粉样蛋白A | Saa3 | 34.4 | 211.9 | 0.000 1 | 0.16 |
| P22226 | Cathelicidin-1 | CATHL1 | 34.0 | 272.3 | 0.008 1 | 0.12 |
| Q2TBU0 | 血红素结合蛋白 | HP | 32.0 | 328.0 | 0.000 1 | 0.12 |
| P28782 | Protein S100-A8 | S100A8 | 25.2 | 320.9 | 0.012 1 | 0.08 |
| P54229 | Cathelicidin-5 | CATHL5 | 23.1 | 313.8 | 0.000 1 | 0.07 |
表5 荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳部分乳脂肪球膜差异蛋白信息Table 5 Partial milk fat globule membrane differential protein information between Holstein cow milk and yak milk |
| 识别号 Accession | 蛋白名称 Protein name | 蛋白简称 Protein abbreviation | 牦牛乳中 平均丰度 Average abundance in yak milk | 荷斯坦牛乳中 平均丰度 Average abundance in Holstein cow milk | P值 P-value | 差异倍数 FC | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1MZE7 | Tudor domain containing 1 | TDRD1 | 283.5 | 9.5 | 0.000 1 | 29.85 | |||||||
| Q9TSF1 | 嗜乳脂蛋白 | BTN | 247.9 | 22.2 | 0.000 5 | 11.15 | |||||||
| F1MR22 | 多聚免疫球蛋白受体 | PIGR | 142.7 | 14.6 | 0.000 4 | 9.80 | |||||||
| Q2KJ32 | 甲硫醇氧化酶 | SELENBP1 | 223.2 | 44.1 | 0.000 1 | 5.06 | |||||||
| 识别号 Accession | 蛋白名称 Protein name | 蛋白简称 Protein abbreviation | 牦牛乳中 平均丰度 Average abundance in yak milk | 荷斯坦牛乳中 平均丰度 Average abundance in Holstein cow milk | P值 P-value | 差异倍数 FC | |||||||
| A0A3Q1MJE5 | Alpha-S1-casein | CSN1S1 | 140.9 | 60.1 | 0.000 2 | 2.35 | |||||||
| P80457 | 黄嘌呤脱氢酶 | XDH | 142.2 | 62.6 | 0.000 8 | 2.27 | |||||||
| Q32PA1 | CD59 glycoprotein | CD59 | 182.9 | 63.9 | 0.004 2 | 2.86 | |||||||
| P02663 | Alpha-S2-casein | CSN1S2 | 119.5 | 72.1 | 0.001 2 | 1.65 | |||||||
| A6H6X2 | 血管生成素2 | ANG2 | 117.8 | 70.4 | 0.001 5 | 1.67 | |||||||
| P01888 | β-2-微球蛋白 | B2M | 110.8 | 69.9 | 0.000 4 | 1.59 | |||||||
| A0A452DHW7 | β酪蛋白 | CSN2 | 115.7 | 75.1 | 0.002 0 | 1.54 | |||||||
| Q2UVX4 | 补体蛋白C3 | C3 | 64.0 | 146.4 | 0.000 1 | 0.44 | |||||||
| F1MZ96 | Uncharacterized protein | 53.9 | 173.5 | 0.000 1 | 0.31 | ||||||||
| Q8MII0 | Lactotransferrin (Fragment) | 47.8 | 181.8 | 0.000 1 | 0.26 | ||||||||
| P17697 | 簇集蛋白 | CLU | 33.7 | 141.7 | 0.000 1 | 0.24 | |||||||
| A0A3Q1LPF0 | 载脂蛋白E | APOE | 38.3 | 150.1 | 0.000 1 | 0.26 | |||||||
| Q8SQ28 | 血清淀粉样蛋白A | Saa3 | 31.5 | 178.0 | 0.000 1 | 0.18 | |||||||
| P22226 | Cathelicidin-1 | CATHL1 | 20.6 | 253.4 | 0.000 7 | 0.08 | |||||||
| Q2TBU0 | 血红素结合蛋白 | HP | 29.1 | 251.6 | 0.000 1 | 0.12 | |||||||
| P28782 | Protein S100-A8 | S100A8 | 7.2 | 331.8 | 0.000 4 | 0.03 | |||||||
| P54229 | Cathelicidin-5 | CATHL5 | 13.4 | 308.7 | 0.000 1 | 0.05 |
2.4 对差异蛋白进行生物信息学分析
2.4.1 差异蛋白GO功能注释
图3 荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳乳清、乳脂肪球膜差异蛋白GO注释(前30)A:荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳样本乳清差异蛋白GO富集图;B:荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳样本乳脂肪球膜差异蛋白GO富集图。 Categary:种类;Biological process:生物过程;Cellular component:细胞成分;Molecular function:分子功能;Innate immune response:先天免疫应答;Immune response:免疫应答;Negative regulation of endopeptidase activity:内肽酶活性负调控;Complement activation, classical pathway:补体激活经典途径;Immunoglobulin production:免疫球蛋白生成;Acute-phase response:急性期反应;Complement activation, alternative pathway:补体激活替代途径;Cytolysis:细胞溶解;Positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis:受体介导的内吞作用的上调作用;Hyaluronan metabolic process:透明质酸代谢过程;Extracellular space:细胞外空间;Extracellular region:细胞外区域;External side of plasma membrane:质膜外侧;Filopodium:丝状体;Chylomicron:乳糜微粒;Chromaffin granule:铬蛋白颗粒;Immunoglobulin complex, circulating:免疫球蛋白循环;Membrane attack complex:攻膜复合物;Secretory IgA immunoglobulin complex:IgA免疫球蛋白复合蛋白分泌途径;Extracellular membrane-bounded organelle:细胞外膜结合的细胞器;Serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity:丝氨酸型内肽酶抑制剂活性;Heparin binding:肝素约束;Small molecule binding:小分子结合;Endopeptidase inhibitor activity:内肽酶抑制剂活性;Retinol binding:视黄醇结合;Immunoglobulin receptor binding:免疫球蛋白受体结合;Misfolded protein binding:错误折叠蛋白结合;Disordered domain specific binding:特异性区域结合;Cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity:半胱氨酸型内肽酶抑制剂活性;Lipopolysaccharide binding:脂多糖结合;Single fertilization:单精受精;Antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide:抗菌肽介导的体液免疫;Positive regulation of B cell activation:B细胞激活的阳性诱导;Regulation of macrophage migration:巨噬细胞迁移的调节;Lysosome:溶酶体;High-density lipoprotein particle:高密度脂蛋白颗粒;Extrinsic component of external side of plasma membrane:质膜外物质;Spherical high-density lipoprotein particle:球形高密度脂蛋白颗粒;Immunoglobulin receptor binding:免疫球蛋白受体结合;Enterobactin binding:肠杆菌素结合。 Fig.3 GO annotation (top 30) of whey and milk fat globule membrane differential proteins between Holstein cow milk and yak milk A: GO enrichment map of whey differential proteins between Holstein cow milk and yak milk samples; B: GO enrichment map of milk fat globule membrane differential proteins between Holstein milk and yak milk samples. |
2.4.2 差异蛋白KEGG代谢通路分析
图4 荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳乳清、乳脂肪球膜差异蛋白KEGG富集(前20)A:荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳样本乳清差异蛋白KEGG富集图B:荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳样本乳脂肪球膜差异蛋白KEGG富集图。 Fig.4 KEGG enrichment (top 20) of whey and milk fat globule membrane differential proteins between Holstein cow milk and yak milk A: KEGG enrichment map of whey differential proteins between Holstein cow milk and yak milk samples; B: KEGG enrichment map of milk fat globule membrane differential proteins between Holstein cow milk and yak milk samples. |
2.5 差异蛋白互作网络分析
3 讨论
图5 荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳乳清、乳脂肪球膜差异蛋白互作网络图A:荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳样本乳清差异蛋白互作网络图;B:荷斯坦奶牛乳与牦牛乳样本乳脂肪球膜差异蛋白互作网络图。红色代表荷斯坦奶牛乳中上调蛋白,绿色代表牦牛乳中上调蛋白。圆的大小代表连接度高低,圆圈越大表示连接度越高。 GAPDH:甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase;AHSG:α-2-HS-糖蛋白 alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein;CLU:簇集蛋白 clusterin;HP:血红素结合蛋白 haptoglobin;SERPINA1:alpha-1-antiproteinase;KIF12:α-1-微球蛋白 alpha-1-microglobulin;C3:补体3 component 3;A2M:α-2-巨球蛋白 alpha-2-macroglobulin;B2M:β-2-微球蛋白 beta-2-microglobulin;FGA:纤维蛋白原α链 fibrinogen alpha chain;TTR:甲状腺素激活蛋白 transthyretin;HSPA8:热休克蛋白A8 heat shock protein A8;PIGR:多聚免疫球蛋白受体 polymeric immunoglobulin receptor;PLG:纤溶酶原 plasminogen;HPX:血红素 hemopexin;TF:β-1金属结合球蛋白 beta-1 metal-binding globulin;C4A:C4a过敏毒素 C4a anaphylatoxin;THBS1:血小板反应蛋白1 thrombospondin-1;PGLYRP1:肽聚糖识别蛋白1 peptidoglycan recognition protein 1;XDH:黄嘌呤脱氢酶 xanthine dehydrogenase;LCN2:载脂运载蛋白2 lipocalin 2;JCHAIN:免疫球蛋白J链 immunoglobulin J chain;LGALS3BP:半乳糖凝集素-3-结合蛋白 galectin-3-binding protein;CFD:补充因子D complement factor D;FASN:脂肪酸合成酶 fatty acid synthase;ALB:血清白蛋白 serum albumin;PGK1:磷酸甘油酸激酶1 phosphoglycerate kinase 1;ANXA2:膜连蛋白A2 annexin A2;ALDOA:果糖二磷酸醛缩酶A fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A;CTSS:组织蛋白酶S cathepsin S;RHOA:RhoA转化蛋白 transforming protein RhoA:EEF1A1:真核翻译延长因子1A1 elongation factor 1-alpha 1;CD9:CD9 antigen;PARK7:帕金森病蛋白7 parkinson disease protein 7;IDH1:异柠檬酸脱氢酶1 isocitrate dehydrogenase 1;ALPL:碱性磷酸酶 alkaline phosphatase。 Fig.5 Interaction network diagram of differential proteins in whey and milk fat globule membrane between Holstein cow milk and yak milk A: interaction network diagram of whey differential proteins between Holstein cow milk and yak milk samples; B: interaction network diagram of milk fat globule membrane differential proteins between Holstein cow milk and yak milk samples. Red represents up-regulated proteins in Holstein cow milk, and green represents up-regulated proteins in yak milk. The size of the circle represents the degree of connectivity. The larger the circle, the higher the degree of connectivity. |

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