动物营养学报 >

2023 , Vol. 35 >Issue 1: 536 - 545

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2023.01.051

研究论文

饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响

  • 刘策 , 1 ,
  • 张印 1 ,
  • 刘公言 , 1, * ,
  • 李明勇 2 ,
  • 刘曼 2 ,
  • 孙海涛 1 ,
  • 白莉雅 1 ,
  • 高淑霞 1 ,
  • 王鹏 3
展开
  • 1 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所,山东省畜禽疫病防治与繁育重点实验室,农业农村部畜禽生物组学重点实验室,济南 250100
  • 2 青岛康大兔业发展有限公司,农业农村部兔遗传育种与繁殖重点实验室,青岛 266000
  • 3 山东正宇兔业有限公司,临沂 273400
* 刘公言,助理研究员,E-mail:

刘 策(1988—),男,山东济南人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事动物营养与饲料科学相关研究。E-mail:

收稿日期: 2022-06-27

  网络出版日期: 2023-01-11

基金资助

国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-43-G-7)

山东省现代农业产业技术体系(SDAIT-21-09)

山东省现代农业产业技术体系(SDAIT-21-12)

山东省农业科学院揭榜科技难题项目(SHJB2021-43)

山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所揭榜科技难题项目(JB2022-01)

收起

Effects of Dietary Rosemary Extract Supplemental Level on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Muscle Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of Meat Rabbits

  • LIU Ce , 1 ,
  • ZHANG Yin 1 ,
  • LIU Gongyan , 1, * ,
  • LI Mingyong 2 ,
  • LIU Man 2 ,
  • SUN Haitao 1 ,
  • BAI Liya 1 ,
  • GAO Shuxia 1 ,
  • WANG Peng 3
Expand
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multiomics of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Kangda Rabbit Industry Development Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China
  • 3 Shandong Zhengyu Rabbit Industry Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China
* assistant professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-06-27

  Online published: 2023-01-11

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摘要

本试验旨在研究饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响,为迷迭香提取物作为新型绿色饲料添加剂在肉兔生产上使用提供借鉴。试验选用28日龄断奶的商品伊拉肉兔320只,随机分为4组,每组10个重复,每个重复8只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加5、10、15 g/kg迷迭香提取物。预试期7 d,正试期30 d。结果表明:1)饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔终末体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比、腹泻率和成活率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔宰前活体重、半净膛胴体重、全净膛胴体重、心脏重、肝脏重、肾脏重、半净膛屠宰率、全净膛屠宰率、肝脏指数和肾脏指数均无显著影响(P>0.05)。15 g/kg组的心脏指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肌肉剪切力、滴水损失率、失水率、熟肉率、红度(a*)值和黄度(b*)值均无显著影响(P>0.05)。15 g/kg组的肌肉pH显著低于对照组和5 g/kg组(P<0.05),15 g/kg组的肌肉亮度(L*)值显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。4)饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肌肉干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。15 g/kg组的肌肉胆固醇含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。5)5 g/kg组的肌肉谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),5、10、15 g/kg组的肌肉超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),15 g/kg组的肌肉丙二醛含量显著低于对照组和5 g/kg添加组(P<0.05),15 g/kg组的肌肉总抗氧化能力高于其他各组(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加迷迭香提取物能够降低肉兔肌肉胆固醇含量,增加肌肉营养价值,提高肌肉抗氧化能力。在本试验条件下,迷迭香提取物添加水平以15 g/kg效果最佳。

关键词： 迷迭香提取物; 肉兔; 生长性能; 屠宰性能; 肌肉品质; 抗氧化性能

本文引用格式

刘策 , 张印 , 刘公言 , 李明勇 , 刘曼 , 孙海涛 , 白莉雅 , 高淑霞 , 王鹏 . 饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(1) : 536 -545 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2023.01.051

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary rosemary extract supplemental level on growth performance, slaughter performance, muscle quality and antioxidant capacity of meat rabbits, and to provide theoretical reference for rosemary extract as a new green feed additive in rabbit production. A total of 320 twenty-eight-day-old weaned commercial Ira rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups, each group had 10 replicates, and each replicate had 8 rabbits. Rabbits in the control group were fed a basal diet, and others were fed basal diets supplemented with 5, 10 and 15 g/kg rosemary extract, respectively. The pre-experimental period lasted for 7 days, and the experimental period lasted for 30 days. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary rosemary extract supplemental level had no significant effects on the final body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed to gain ratio, diarrhea ratio and survival ratio of meat rabbits (P>0.05). 2) Dietary rosemary extract supplemental level had no significant effects on the pre-slaughter body weight, semi-eviscerated carcass weight, eviscerated carcass weight, heart weight, liver weight, kidney weight, semi-eviscerated slaughter ratio, eviscerated slaughter ratio, liver index and kidney index of meat rabbits (P>0.05). The heart index of 15 g/kg group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). 3) Dietary rosemary extract supplemental level had no significant effects on the muscle shear force, drip loss ratio, water loss ratio, cooked meat ratio, redness (a*) value and yellowness (b*) value (P>0.05). The muscle pH of 15 g/kg group was significantly lower than that of control group and 5 g/kg group (P<0.05), and the muscle brightness (L*) value of 15 g/kg group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). 4) Dietary rosemary extract supplemental level had no significant effects on the contents of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash in muscle (P>0.05). The muscle cholesterol content of 15 g/kg group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). 5) The muscle glutathione peroxidase activity of 5 g/kg group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), the muscle superoxide dismutase activity of 5, 10 and 15 g/kg group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), the muscle malondialdehyde content of 15 g/kg group was significantly lower than that of control group and 5 g/kg group (P<0.05), and the muscle total antioxidant capacity of 15 g/kg group was significantly higher than that of other groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary rosemary extract can reduce the muscle cholesterol content of meat rabbits, increase the muscle nutritional value, and improve the muscle antioxidant capacity. Under this experimental condition, the effect of rosemary extract supplemental level of 15 g/kg is the best.

Key words： rosemary extract; meat rabbits; growth performance; slaughtering performance; muscle quality; antioxidant capacity

随着人们生活水平的提高,肉蛋奶在膳食消费中的比重逐年增加。在满足肉蛋奶消费的同时,人们开始密切关心食品安全健康问题,提出数量与质量并重的原则。据世界卫生组织调查,目前世界上40%的人血清胆固醇含量高于200 g/dL的推荐限值,高胆固醇成为一个普遍存在的问题,这可能会导致人类严重的健康问题[1]。功能性食品是指对人类身体某种或多种机能有益处、有足够营养效果且能改善健康状况或能减少患病的食品[2]。兔肉具有高消化率、高蛋白质、高赖氨酸和低脂肪、低能量、低胆固醇等特点,是肥胖、高血压及心血管疾病患者的理想肉品,被认为是一种理想的功能性食品[3]。然而,由于兔肉富含不饱和脂肪酸,使得兔肉容易氧化变质危害人类健康。
目前,唇形科植物作为天然抗氧化剂引起人们广泛关注。迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis L.)原产于欧洲和非洲北部地中海沿岸,为唇形科迷迭香属双子叶植物灌木。迷迭香提取物主要成分为二萜鼠尾草酸、鼠尾草酚和迷迭香酸等,具有抗菌、消炎、抗氧化等生物学功能[4⇓-6]。Mathlouthi等[7]研究表明,饲粮中添加100 mg/kg迷迭香精油可以提高肉鸡的增重。Liotta等[8]研究报道,饲粮中添加迷迭香提取物能够改善猪肉中多不饱和脂肪含量。Naiel等[9]研究发现,饲料中添加0.5%迷迭香提取物可以改善罗非鱼生长性能、先天免疫和抗氧化性能。然而,近年来关于迷迭香提取物在家兔生产上的相关研究报道较少。因此,本试验以商品伊拉肉兔为研究对象,探讨饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响,为迷迭香提取物作为新型绿色饲料添加剂在肉兔生产上应用提供借鉴。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计和饲养管理

试验选用28日龄断奶的商品伊拉肉兔320只,随机分为4组,每组10个重复,每个重复8只(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加5、10、15 g/kg迷迭香提取物。试验所用迷迭香提取物采用超临界二氧化碳(CO2)提取加工制成,为水溶性提取物,总三萜含量≥1.5%,总酚酸含量≥2.0%。饲粮参考《肉兔营养需要量》(NY/T 4049—2021)[10]饲养标准配制而成,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。试验兔在封闭兔舍中饲养,每笼4只。预试期7 d,正试期30 d。试验期间,试验兔出现腹泻等健康问题,不采取任何治疗措施。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)%

原料
Ingredients		 含量
Content		 营养水平
Nutrient levels2)		 含量
Content
玉米Corn 5.0 消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 10.23
豆粕Soybean meal 8.0 干物质DM 89.82
大麦Barley 6.0 粗蛋白质CP 16.12
麸皮Wheat bran 15.0 粗脂肪EE 2.80
玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal 16.0 粗纤维CF 17.38
玉米皮Corn husk 17.0 中性洗涤纤维NDF 38.74
苜蓿草粉Alfalfa meal 15.0 酸性洗涤纤维ADF 23.08
豆秸粉Soybean straw powder 7.0 酸性洗涤木质素ADL 6.29
稻壳粉Rice hull powder 8.0 粗灰分Ash 9.03
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.5 钙Ca 0.95
氯化钠NaCl 0.5 总磷TP 0.45
预混料Premix1) 1.0 赖氨酸Lys 0.60
合计Total 100.0 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.65

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Premix provides the following per kilogram of the diet:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 1 500 IU,VE 45 mg,VK3 2.0 mg,VB1 1.0 mg,VB2 3.0 mg,VB6 1.5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 30 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 50 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 100 mg,Fe 50 mg,Cu 10 mg,Zn 50 mg,Mn 10 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.05 mg,赖氨酸 Lys 1.5 g,蛋氨酸 Met 0.5 g,其余为麦饭石载体补足 the rest medical stone carriers are supplemented。

2)营养水平除消化能外均为实测值。Nutrient levels are measured values except DE.

1.2 样品采集与制备

试验结束当天,每个重复选取1只试验兔屠宰,采集背腰最长肌,用于测定肌肉物理性状、营养成分和抗氧化性能。

1.3 测定指标和方法

1.3.1 生长性能

在试验正式开始和结束当日,称量每个重复试验兔重量,并除以总的试验天数和试验兔只数,计算平均日增重(ADG)。平均日采食量(ADFI)按每个重复总采食量除以总的试验天数和试验兔只数计算所得。料重比(F/G)为平均日采食量除以平均日增重。以重复为单位,计算试验期间试验兔腹泻率[(发生腹泻的只数/8)×100]和成活率[(成活的只数/8)×100]。

1.3.2 屠宰性能

试验结束前1天晚上禁食,试验结束当天每个重复选取1只试验兔屠宰,记录宰前活体重、半净膛胴体重和全净膛胴体重以及心脏、肝脏和肾脏重量,并计算半净膛屠宰率、全净膛屠宰率、心脏指数、肝脏指数和肾脏指数[11]。

1.3.3 肌肉物理性状

参考文献[12]对肌肉的物理性状(pH、肉色、剪切力、滴水损失、失水率和熟肉率)进行测定。

1.3.4 肌肉营养成分

采用相应的国家标准检测肌肉中干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗灰分(Ash)和胆固醇含量[13⇓⇓⇓-17]。

1.3.5 肌肉抗氧化指标

采用南京建成生物工程研究所相应的试剂盒检测肌肉中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量以及总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)。

1.4 数据统计分析

采用SAS 9.4统计软件中的GLM程序进行数据的方差分析,并用Duncan氏法进行数据的多重比较,同时采用正交多项式分析不同添加水平的迷迭香提取物对各指标的线性和二次曲线效应,结果以平均值(mean)和均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结 果

2.1 饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔生长性能的影响

由表2可知,饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔终末体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比、腹泻率和成活率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary rosemary extract supplemental level on growth performance of meat rabbits (n=10)

项目
Items		 迷迭香提取物添加水平
Rosemary extract supplemental level/(g/kg)		 均方根
误差
RMSE		 P值P-value
主效应
Main effect		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0(对照Control) 5 10 15
初始体重IBW/g 946.0 948.0 959.8 953.0 36.258 0.835 0.625 0.626
终末体重FBW/g 2 068.3 2 033.3 2 123.3 2 021.6 206.510 0.692 0.812 0.956
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 37.41 36.18 38.79 35.62 7.342 0.777 0.886 0.989
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 157.19 159.25 155.95 155.97 16.786 0.968 0.781 0.899
料重比F/G 4.39 4.46 4.14 4.47 0.820 0.787 0.578 0.855
腹泻率Diarrhea ratio/% 8.75 7.50 7.50 7.50 10.056 0.989 0.910 0.795
成活率Survival ratio/% 95.00 96.25 96.25 98.75 5.705 0.524 0.106 0.217

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

由表3可知,饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔宰前活体重、半净膛胴体重、全净膛胴体重、心脏重、肝脏重、肾脏重、半净膛屠宰率、全净膛屠宰率、肝脏指数和肾脏指数均无显著影响(P>0.05);对心脏指数有显著影响(P<0.05),且呈现显著线性变化(P=0.028)。心脏指数随着饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平增加而增加,15 g/kg组的心脏指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary rosemary extract supplemental level on slaughter performance of meat rabbits (n=10)

项目
Items		 迷迭香提取物添加水平
Rosemary extract supplemental level/(g/kg)		 均方根
误差
RMSE		 P值P-value
主效应
Main effect		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0(对照Control) 5 10 15
宰前活体重
Pre-slaughter body weight/g		 2 120.0 2 071.0 2 117.0 2 099.0 214.424 0.954 0.888 0.531
半净膛胴体重
Semi-eviscerated carcass weight/g		 1 076.9 1 003.0 1 033.0 1 011.0 134.137 0.613 0.386 0.126
全净膛胴体重
Eviscerated carcass weight/g		 978.0 904.0 913.0 914.0 118.539 0.487 0.316 0.050
心脏重Heart weight/g 5.4 5.9 6.2 6.4 1.045 0.178 0.030 0.070
肝脏重Liver weight/g 74.5 72.3 85.2 76.6 16.828 0.352 0.319 0.448
肾脏重Kidney weight/g 12.9 11.9 13.2 12.5 1.452 0.232 0.874 0.204
半净膛屠宰率
Semi-eviscerated slaughter ratio/%		 51.21 48.42 48.52 48.04 4.307 0.344 0.076 0.048
全净膛屠宰率
Eviscerated slaughter ratio/%		 46.53 43.65 42.94 43.43 4.192 0.233 0.073 0.025
心脏指数Heart index/(g/kg) 2.57b 2.84ab 2.93ab 3.04a 0.432 0.011 0.028 0.091
肝脏指数Liver index/(g/kg) 35.01 34.73 39.83 36.40 5.293 0.138 0.200 0.399
肾脏指数Kidney index/(g/kg) 6.16 5.75 6.27 5.95 0.707 0.386 0.857 0.634

2.3 饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔肌肉物理性状的影响

由表4可知,饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肌肉剪切力、滴水损失率、失水率、熟肉率、红度(a*)值和黄度(b*)值均无显著影响(P>0.05);对肌肉pH、亮度(L*)值有显著影响(P<0.05),且呈现显著线性变化(P=0.017和P=0.036)。15 g/kg组的肌肉pH显著低于对照组和5 g/kg组(P<0.05),15 g/kg组的肌肉L*值显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
表4 饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对兔肉肌肉物理性状的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary rosemary extract supplemental level on muscle physical properties of meat rabbits (n=10)

项目
Items		 迷迭香提取物添加水平
Rosemary extract supplemental level/(g/kg)		 均方根
误差
RMSE		 P值P-value
主效应
Main effect		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0(对照Control) 5 10 15
pH 6.18a 6.19a 6.01ab 5.98b 0.205 0.048 0.017 0.059
亮度L* 54.35b 54.95ab 54.92ab 56.88a 2.264 0.014 0.036 0.040
红度a* 12.38 11.80 12.31 11.29 1.200 0.335 0.157 0.186
黄度b* 8.97 8.64 8.62 8.38 1.744 0.752 0.400 0.440
剪切力Shear force/kgf 2.62 2.56 2.65 2.63 0.198 0.765 0.722 0.221
滴水损失率Drip loss ratio/% 2.26 2.47 2.37 2.73 0.609 0.377 0.264 0.538
失水率Water loss ratio/% 20.10 19.45 18.77 20.19 1.940 0.338 0.853 0.094
熟肉率Cooked meat ratio/% 65.07 65.05 65.08 64.66 2.274 0.971 0.694 0.413

2.4 饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔肌肉营养成分的影响

由表5可知,饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肌肉干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);对肌肉胆固醇含量有显著影响(P<0.05),且呈显著线性和二次曲线变化(P=0.005和P=0.015)。肌肉胆固醇含量随着饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平增加而降低,15 g/kg组的肌肉胆固醇含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔肌肉营养成分的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary rosemary extract supplemental level on muscle nutritional components of meat rabbits (n=10)

项目
Items		 迷迭香提取物添加水平
Rosemary extract supplemental level/(g/kg)		 均方根
误差
RMSE		 P值P-value
主效应
Main effect		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0(对照Control) 5 10 15
干物质DM/% 29.01 28.28 28.96 31.14 2.686 0.112 0.286 0.539
粗蛋白质CP/% 23.06 23.22 23.11 23.05 0.429 0.808 0.573 0.164
粗脂肪EE/% 1.25 1.20 1.21 1.36 0.296 0.574 0.318 0.664
粗灰分Ash/% 1.08 1.22 1.23 1.12 0.187 0.183 0.962 0.962
胆固醇CHOL/(mg/kg) 475.98a 462.98ab 462.59ab 436.21b 29.392 0.034 0.005 0.015

2.5 饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔肌肉抗氧化指标的影响

由表6可知,饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肌肉谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性和丙二醛含量及总抗氧化能力有显著影响(P<0.05),且肌肉谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性呈显著二次曲线变化(P=0.029),肌肉超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛含量及总抗氧化能力均呈显著线性和二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。5 g/kg组的肌肉谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),5、10、15 g/kg组的肌肉超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),15 g/kg组的肌肉丙二醛含量显著低于对照组和5 g/kg添加组(P<0.05),15 g/kg组的肌肉总抗氧化能力高于其他各组(P<0.05)。
表6 饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平对肉兔肌肉抗氧化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary rosemary extract supplemental level on muscle antioxidant indexes of meat rabbits (n=10)

项目
Items		 迷迭香提取物添加水平
Rosemary extract supplemental level/(g/kg)		 均方根
误差
RMSE		 P值P-value
主效应
Main effect		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0(对照Control) 5 10 15
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mg prot)		 236.63b 292.35a 264.78ab 259.82ab 49.112 0.019 0.363 0.029
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mg prot)		 188.74b 241.25a 233.75a 243.78a 28.769 <0.001 0.001 0.004
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mg prot)		 0.50a 0.53a 0.39ab 0.24b 0.219 0.020 0.014 0.041
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(mmol/g prot)		 0.02b 0.04b 0.04b 0.07a 0.020 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

3 讨论

我国植物提取物行业源生自传统中草药行业,天然植物提取物原料来源广泛,含有多种生物活性物质,且具有低残留等优点,受到了畜牧行业的广泛关注。目前市场上的天然植物提取物添加剂大部分为粉剂、散剂和煎剂等粗制品,大多以原料粉碎搅拌后制成,这种剂型的缺点是有效成分含量偏低、添加量大(一般在饲粮中所占的比例为1%~3%),造成添加量大的原因是由于植物的细胞壁影响了其有效成分在动物体内的吸收利用。植物提取物作为抗生素的替代品之一,具有促进动物生长发育、提高机体抗氧化水平、改善畜产品品质等优点。Cetin等[18]研究发现,在肉鸡饲粮中添加400 mg/kg迷迭香、牛至和茴香挥发油混合物,显著提高了7、14和21日龄时肉鸡体重。Bakr等[19]研究报道,饲粮中添加3%迷迭香粉能够显著改善高温高湿环境下新西兰肉兔的生长性能和饲料转化率。然而,本研究并未发现迷迭香提取物对肉兔生长性能产生明显的改善作用,这与前人报道的生长兔的生长性能不受饲粮粮中迷迭香精油添加水平影响的结果[20-21]一致。在屠宰性能方面,本研究结果与El-Gogary等[21]报道的结果一致,饲粮中添加迷迭香提取物没有显著影响新西兰肉兔的胴体性状。类似地,饲喂富含薄荷精油、罗勒精油或两者都添加的饲粮也没有显著影响肉兔的胴体性状[22]。然而,饲粮中添加百里香精油能够减少肾周脂肪和肩胛脂肪重量,参与肉兔脂肪沉积过程[23]。
目前,迷迭香提取物作为天然抗氧化剂已被广泛用于人类食品和日用化工等行业,迷迭香脂溶性提取液能有效延缓牛肉腐败变质,可延长货架期4~6 d[24-25]。兔肉富含不饱和脂肪酸,迷迭香提取物中含有鼠尾草酚、鼠尾草酸、表迷迭香酚、迷迭香酚和迷迭香酸等多种抗氧化成分,在家兔饲粮中添加迷迭香提取物可以提高肉兔肌肉品质[26]。Cardinali等[27]研究发现,饲喂添加牛至提取物、迷迭香提取物或其组合的饲粮能够改善家兔的肌肉颜色。Elazab等[28]研究发现,饲粮中添加迷迭香精油能够调节脂质代谢,降低肌肉中胆固醇含量。本研究也发现,饲粮中添加迷迭香提取物能够改善肉兔肌肉颜色,降低肌肉中胆固醇含量,这可能是因为迷迭香提取物中含有的单萜类化合物和倍半萜类化合物具有降低胆固醇的作用。迷迭香提取物中的萜烯衍生物对甾醇调节元件结合蛋白-1c具有调节作用,这导致作为主要胆固醇合成途径的羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A(3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase,HMG-CoA)还原酶的转录降低和降解加速[29]。此外,迷迭香提取物中的萜烯衍生物能够刺激胆固醇转化为胆汁酸通过肠肝循环排出体外,达到降低胆固醇作用[30-31]。
迷迭香提取物中的抗氧化成分可保护脂质免受过氧化作用,并通过其氧化作用消除有毒的活性氧[32⇓-34]。Li等[35]研究报道,迷迭香提取物中的鼠尾草酚能够通过激活核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)信号传导来缓解氧化应激。此外,纯化的迷迭香提取物能够降低与心脏损伤和氧化损伤相关的酶活性,从而缓解肉鸡的热应激[36]。张紫阳等[37]研究表明,饲粮中添加迷迭香提取物能显著提高奶山羊血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性,有提高血清总抗氧化能力的趋势。马红等[38]研究报道,饲粮中添加300 mg/kg包被迷迭香精油,可提高仔猪抗氧化能力和养分表观消化率,进而改善饲料转化效率。此外,迷迭香提取物的主要成分鼠尾草酸能够通过提高谷胱甘肽水平和降低活性氧水平来改善早期猪胚胎发育[39]。本研究也发现,饲粮中添加迷迭香提取物能够提高肉兔肌肉谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力,降低肌肉丙二醛含量。因此,迷迭香提取物提高抗氧化酶活性和降低自由基水平的机制可能与其酚类化合物成分和天然抗氧化特性有关。

4 结论

饲粮中添加迷迭香提取物并不能改变商品伊拉肉兔的生长性能和屠宰性能,但能够提高肌肉抗氧化能力,降低肌肉胆固醇含量,增加肌肉营养价值。在本试验条件下,商品伊拉肉兔饲粮中迷迭香提取物添加水平以15 g/kg效果最佳。

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