1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验动物与试验设计
1.3 试验饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 鸡骨粉Chicken bone meal | 10.20 |
| 鸡肉粉Chicken powder | 11.82 |
| 鸡肝粉Chicken liver powder | 1.00 |
| 玉米粉Corn flour | 18.95 |
| 小麦粉Wheat flour | 20.04 |
| 燕麦粉Oatmeal | 22.99 |
| 酵母提取物Yeast extract | 1.00 |
| 鸡油Chicken oil | 5.00 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 5.00 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 4.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 25.46 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 14.04 |
| 粗纤维CF | 2.02 |
| 灰分Ash | 3.08 |
| 钙Ca | 1.09 |
| 磷P | 0.73 |
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 16.44 |
1)每千克预混料含有 One kg premix containted:Fe 1 500 mg,Cu 300 mg,Zn 3 000 mg,Mn 240 mg,I 44 mg,Se 17.5 mg,VE 1 500 IU,VA 227 250 IU,VD3 27 600 IU,VB1 112.5 mg,VB3 850 mg,VB2 262.5 mg,VB6 75 mg,VB4 85 mg,VB12 1.75 mg,Ca 19 000 mg,Na 40 000 mg,Cl 60 000 mg,Mg 30 000 mg。 2)代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values. |
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 样品采集
1.5.1 粪样采集
1.5.2 血样采集
1.5.3 肠道内容物等样品采样
1.6 指标测定
1.6.1 营养物质表观消化率的测定
1.6.2 血清生化指标的测定
1.6.3 血清抗氧化指标的测定
1.6.4 肠道菌群的测定
1.7 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 COS对犬营养物质表观消化率的影响
表2 COS对犬营养物质表观消化率的影响Table 2 Effects of COS on apparent digestibility of nutrients of dogs% |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | COS1 | COS5 | ||
| 干物质DM | 93.73±0.21 | 95.00±0.52 | 95.27±0.69 | 0.131 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 91.68±0.25 | 92.95±0.65 | 93.74±1.04 | 0.184 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 98.57±0.06a | 98.87±0.09ab | 99.16±0.13b | 0.006 |
| 钙Ca | 34.39±2.39 | 45.44±6.13 | 45.38±7.96 | 0.363 |
| 磷P | 47.93±1.81 | 50.81±5.69 | 58.40±5.15 | 0.293 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 COS对犬血清抗氧化能力的影响
表3 COS对犬血清抗氧化能力的影响Table 3 Effects of COS on serum antioxidant capacity of dogs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | COS1 | COS5 | ||
| 总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL) | 4.77±0.11a | 5.56±0.16b | 6.58±0.08c | <0.001 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶SOD/(U/mL) | 15.69±0.24 | 15.41±1.08 | 15.93±0.38 | 0.862 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) | 7.05±0.35 | 7.48±0.74 | 6.90±0.56 | 0.806 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 1 563.10±36.90 | 1 641.55±17.10 | 1 634.83±27.60 | 0.143 |
2.3 COS对犬血清生化指标的影响
表4 COS对犬血清生化指标的影响Table 4 Effects of COS on serum biochemical indices of dogs |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | COS1 | COS5 | ||
| 干扰素-γ IFN-γ/(g/L) | 24.94±1.54 | 28.14±1.61 | 26.12±2.30 | 0.487 |
| 葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) | 5.02±0.25 | 4.83±0.15 | 4.50±0.27 | 0.300 |
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 5.67±0.87 | 5.70±0.67 | 5.25±0.25 | 0.871 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.91±0.36 | 0.99±0.30 | 0.64±0.09 | 0.663 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(g/L) | 3.91±0.17 | 3.76±0.25 | 4.06±0.28 | 0.694 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(g/L) | 1.04±0.15 | 1.12±0.14 | 1.30±0.18 | 0.497 |
| 球蛋白GLB/(g/L) | 20.80±0.70 | 21.88±0.76 | 22.51±1.10 | 0.426 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 34.64±0.97 | 37.12±2.10 | 38.52±1.48 | 0.248 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(g/L) | 0.57±0.06 | 0.83±0.13 | 0.67±0.05 | 0.173 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 55.44±0.75a | 59.00±2.04ab | 61.03±1.25b | 0.045 |
2.4 COS对犬肠道菌群结构的影响
2.4.1 测序数据的处理、序列聚类及物种注释情况
表5 测序数据预处理Table 5 Preprocessing of sequencing data |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | 平均值 Mean | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | COS1 | COS5 | ||
| Raw PE | 101 912 | 102 999 | 103 198 | 102 703 |
| Raw Tags | 97 656 | 99 229 | 97 739 | 98 209 |
| Clean Tags | 95 066 | 96 603 | 94 612 | 95 427 |
| Effective Tags | 64 775 | 64 484 | 65 964 | 65 074 |
| Q20 | 98.54 | 98.59 | 98.40 | 98.51 |
| Q30 | 95.14 | 95.27 | 94.79 | 95.07 |
| GC/% | 50.41 | 50.25 | 50.28 | 50.31 |
| Effective/% | 63.55 | 62.65 | 63.97 | 63.39 |
Raw PE表示原始下机的PE reads;Raw Tags是拼接得到的Tags序列;Clean Tags是Raw Tags过滤低质量和短长度后的序列;Effective Tags是过滤嵌合体后,最终用于后续分析的Tags序列;Q20和Q30是Effective Tags中碱基质量值大于20(测序错误率小于1%)和30(测序错误率小于1 g/kg)的碱基所占的百分比;GC表示Effective Tags中GC碱基的含量;Effective表示Effective Tags的数目与Raw PE数目的百分比。 | |
Raw PE indicates original PE reads; raw Tags are spliced sequences of Tags; clean Tags are Raw Tags that filter low quality and short length sequences; Effective Tags is the sequence of Tags that are finally used for subsequent analysis after filtering chimeras. Q20 and Q30 are the percentages of bases with base quality values greater than 20 (sequencing error rate less than 1%) and 30 (sequencing error rate less than 1 g/kg) in Effective Tags. GC represents the content of GC bases in Effective Tags; Effective represents the percentage of the number of Effective Tags to the number of Raw PES. |
2.4.2 Alpha多样性指数
表6 Alpha多样性指数Table 6 Alpha diversity indexes |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | COS1 | C0S5 | ||
| 观察物种数Observed species | 323.00±60.13 | 241.67±21.63 | 365.50±12.34 | 0.092 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 4.01±0.17 | 3.95±0.17 | 4.28±0.16 | 0.328 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.82±0.03 | 0.81±0.02 | 0.85±0.02 | 0.504 |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 340.10±64.15 | 257.72±23.23 | 394.70±12.23 | 0.082 |
| ACE指数ACE index | 347.90±64.94 | 262.60±24.53 | 404.64±11.91 | 0.075 |
| 覆盖率Goods coverage | 0.999 5 | 0.999 5 | 0.999 0 | |
2.4.3 物种多样性曲线
图1 稀释曲线横坐标为从某个样本中随机抽取的测序条数,纵坐标为基于该测序条数能构建的OTUs数量,用来反映测序深度情况,不同组用不同颜色的曲线表示。 Fig.1 Rarefaction curve The horizontal coordinate is the number of sequencing lines randomly selected from a sample, and the vertical coordinate is the number of OTUs that can be constructed based on the number of sequencing lines to reflect the sequencing depth. Different groups are represented by curves of different colors. |
图2 等级聚类曲线横坐标为按OTUs丰度排序的序号,纵坐标为对应的OTUs的相对丰度,用来反映样本中物种的丰富度和均匀度,不同的组用不同的颜色的折线表示。 Fig.2 Rank abundance curve The horizontal coordinate is the serial number sorted by OTUs abundance, and the vertical coordinate is the relative abundance of corresponding OTUs, which is used to reflect the richness and evenness of species in the sample. Different groups are indicated by broken lines of different colors. |
2.4.4 物种分布情况
2.4.4.1 门水平粪便菌群结构组分分析
图3 门水平物种相对丰度Fusobacteriota:梭杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Bacteroidota:拟杆菌门;Actinobacteriota:放线菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Unidentified_Bacteria:未鉴定菌门;Deferribacteres:脱氧杆菌门;Spirochaetota:螺旋体门;Acidobacteriota:酸杆菌门;Chloroflexi:绿湾菌门;Others:其他。 Fig.3 Relative abundance of phylum level species |
表7 门水平相对丰度Table 7 Relative abundance of phylum levels % |
| 门 Phylum | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照Control | COS1 | COS5 | ||
| 梭杆菌门Fusobacteriota | 40.31±4.44 | 42.46±3.66 | 35.29±3.66 | 0.483 |
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 16.39±2.51a | 27.61±6.05ab | 33.87±6.05b | 0.041 |
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidota | 35.95±3.37 | 25.85±2.56 | 27.85±2.56 | 0.092 |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteriota | 4.85±0.57a | 2.14±0.86b | 0.32±0.86c | 0.000 |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 1.37±0.46 | 0.97±0.20 | 1.48±0.20 | 0.558 |
| 未鉴定菌门Unidentified_Bacteria | 0.67±0.15 | 0.54±0.11 | 0.54±0.11 | 0.609 |
| 脱氧杆菌门Deferribacteres | 0.01±0.01 | 0.11±0.09 | 0.02±0.09 | 0.344 |
| 螺旋体门Spirochaetota | 0.01±0.01 | 0.07±0.06 | 0.01±0.06 | 0.364 |
| 酸杆菌门Acidobacteriota | 0.07±0.04 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.10±0.01 | 0.151 |
| 绿湾菌门Chloroflexi | 0.03±0.02ab | 0.02±0.01a | 0.12±0.01b | 0.002 |
| 其他Others | 0.34±0.06 | 0.22±0.06 | 0.41±0.06 | 0.067 |
2.4.4.2 属水平粪便菌群结构组分分析
图4 属水平物种相对丰度Fusobacterium:梭菌属;Bacteroides:拟杆菌属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;Peptoclostridium:艰难梭菌属;Alloprevotella:拟普氏菌属;Blautia:布劳特氏菌属;Prevotella:普氏菌属;Phascolarctobacterium:考拉杆菌属;Parabacteroides:副杆菌属;Collinsella:柯林斯氏菌属;Others:其他。 Fig.4 Relative abundance of genus level species |
表8 属水平相对丰度Table 8 Relative abundance of genus levels % |
| 属 Genus | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照组Control | COS1 | COS5 | ||
| 梭菌属Fusobacterium | 37.59±4.09 | 40.83±3.42 | 33.61±4.38 | 0.457 |
| 拟杆菌属Bacteroides | 22.70±2.42a | 14.09±1.49b | 14.66±2.68b | 0.028 |
| 乳杆菌属Lactobacillus | 0.65±0.45 | 3.00±2.70 | 8.11±4.76 | 0.267 |
| 艰难梭菌属Peptoclostridium | 1.37±0.28 | 5.90±1.96 | 5.36±1.88 | 0.119 |
| 拟普氏菌属Alloprevotella | 3.16±1.86 | 2.85±0.96 | 3.44±1.39 | 0.961 |
| 布劳特氏菌属Blautia | 1.04±0.19 | 4.16±1.50 | 3.88±1.08 | 0.108 |
| 普氏菌属Prevotella | 1.51±0.67 | 0.89±0.31 | 2.98±0.91 | 0.112 |
| 考拉杆菌属Phascolarctobacterium | 3.60±0.89 | 3.59±0.73 | 3.04±0.65 | 0.839 |
| 副杆菌属Parabacteroides | 2.60±0.83 | 3.92±0.91 | 2.61±0.69 | 0.438 |
| 柯林斯氏菌属Collinsella | 4.36±0.61a | 1.94±0.84b | 0.12±0.07c | 0.001 |
| 其他Others | 21.41±3.02 | 18.84±1.89 | 22.20±1.86 | 0.574 |

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