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幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物定植过程及其调控措施

  • 王小伟 ,
  • 张力莉 , * ,
  • 徐晓锋
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  • 宁夏大学农学院,银川 750021
* 张力莉,副教授,硕士生导师,E-mail:

王小伟(1995—),男,甘肃天水人,硕士研究生,从事反刍动物营养研究。E-mail:

Copy editor: 陈鑫

收稿日期: 2022-06-29

  网络出版日期: 2023-02-13

基金资助

宁夏自然科学基金(2022AAC03126)

Microbial Colonization Process and Its Control Measures in Gastrointestinal Tract of Young Ruminants

  • WANG Xiaowei ,
  • ZHANG Lili , * ,
  • XU Xiaofeng
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  • College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2022-06-29

  Online published: 2023-02-13

摘要

幼龄反刍动物早期管理为未来的生产和健康奠定基础,幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物具有可塑性,受日龄增长和外界因素的影响,并逐渐形成具有弹性高、恢复力强的微生物群落。了解幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物与宿主之间的作用机制显得尤为重要。本文以幼龄反刍动物为对象,综述了胃肠道微生物的定植过程及其功能、影响定植的因素和调控措施,为幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物相关研究提供参考。

本文引用格式

王小伟 , 张力莉 , 徐晓锋 . 幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物定植过程及其调控措施[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023 , 35(2) : 755 -763 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2023.072

Abstract

Early management of young ruminants lays the foundation for future production and health. The gastrointestinal microbes in young ruminants have plasticity and are affected by age increasing and external factors, and gradually form microorganisms with high elasticity and strong resilience community. It is particularly important to understand the mechanism of action between the gastrointestinal microbes of young ruminants and the host. In this paper, taking young ruminants as the object, the colonization process and functions of gastrointestinal microbes, the factors affecting colonization, and regulatory measures were reviewed, in order to provide a reference for the related research on the gastrointestinal microbes of young ruminants.

反刍动物胃肠道微生物群及其与宿主之间相互作用机制一直是国内外的研究热点。所有的哺乳动物胃肠道微生物群都由细菌、真菌、古生菌、原生动物和病毒等组成,它们参与宿主的新陈代谢、胃肠道发育及其免疫功能等方面[1-3]。当然,随着诸多因素的变化,例如饮食、年龄、疾病和环境因素等,幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物群会呈现一个动态的变化过程,而这种变化表现在胃肠道微生物的单一物种的数量增加、微生物多样性的增加和微生物与胃肠道相互作用机制的成熟等[4-5]。伴随着检测技术的发展,人们对其研究与了解更深,可以通过人为技术手段,使其宿主的生产性能提高、促进胃肠道发育和预防疾病等[6]。本文以幼龄反刍动物为对象,综述了胃肠道微生物的定植过程及其功能、影响定植的因素和调控措施,为幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物相关研究提供参考。

1 幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物的定植过程

幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物定植是一个动态的过程,且在动物早期生活中有相当大的波动。定植过程可以一直持续到断奶,在整个断奶前阶段,胃肠道微生物的多样性、丰富度、结构和组成经常在不断变化。在断奶之后,微生物群变得稳定,并具有调整弹性,仅通过饮食的暂时变化而改变,但通过自身调整极易恢复到以前的状态。

1.1 定植

在早期研究中,人们认为胎儿在发育过程中,胎儿受胎盘屏障的保护,在出生前胃肠道是无菌状态,直至出生时接触到外界环境。但有研究表明,在羔羊出生前对母体进行无菌解剖,在羔羊的肠道发现有微生物的存在,胎儿肠道微生物群主要由变形菌门、放线菌门和厚壁菌门组成,其中变形菌门的相对丰度最高[7],其次肠道还发现有沙门氏菌、肺炎链球菌、阴沟肠杆菌、阿尔伯氏大肠杆菌和索氏志贺氏菌等,这与先前研究[8-9]报道结果类似;也有研究报道,在胎儿刚出生的胎粪中也发现了低丰度的微生物群[10-11]。Guzman等[12]研究发现,在妊娠5~7个月,胎儿胃肠道和羊水中已经存在高密度的细菌遗传物质,这表明母牛在产前可能通过胎盘屏障传播给胎儿。以上研究说明,反刍动物在胎儿期已经存在胃肠道微生物定植现象。
犊牛胃肠道首先由兼性厌氧菌定植,然后由专性厌氧肠道微生物群(如双歧杆菌和类杆菌)创造定植所需的厌氧条件[13]。在犊牛出生20 min后,在新生犊牛瘤胃中出现了纤维分解菌和产甲烷菌,并且随着出生时间的推移,瘤胃微生物数量也在迅速增加,在出生1 d后,在犊牛瘤胃中检测到纤维分解菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、白色瘤胃球菌,其主要作用参与机体的能量摄取[14]。纤毛原生动物的定植取决于是否与成年反刍动物接触,如果与成年反刍动物发生接触,原生动物种群会在犊牛15~20日龄发育[15]。Malmuthuge等[16]在犊牛的瘤胃中发现不到0.1%的真菌,却未检测到古生菌和原生动物。Virgínio-Júnior等[17]在60日龄断奶犊牛瘤胃中也没有发现原生动物,并将其归因于与成年反刍动物没有发生接触。Malmuthuge等[18]在探索幼龄犊牛整个胃肠道的细菌组成时,瘤胃和大肠区域主要由拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门组成,而小肠内容物中95%的细菌由厚壁菌门组成;相比之下,小肠中与黏膜相关的细菌群落主要由拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门和变形菌门组成。Yeoman等[19]观察到在幼龄犊牛整个胃肠道中变形菌门(41%)、厚壁菌门(29%)和拟杆菌门(23%)的丰度更高,且在管腔和黏膜附着微生物之间存在显著差异。

1.2 来源

幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物的来源也是一直研究的热点。现有证据表明,胎儿肠道的微生物定植可能是通过从阴道上升、母体肠道以及口腔微生物群的血液传播而建立的。有研究报道,在母羊哺乳的羔羊中,羔羊肠道微生物群与母羊乳头中的微生物群(43%)和环境中的微生物群(28%)相似;相比之下,奶瓶喂养的羔羊与母羊阴道(46%)、环境空气(31%)和围栏地板(12%)中的微生物相似[20]。当动物通过阴道时,首次接触子宫外的微生物,Klein-Klein-Jöbstl等[21]观察到48 h内犊牛粪便微生物群发生了变化,但更接近母牛的阴道微生物群,而不是母牛的口腔或粪便微生物群,甚至是初乳。但人类口腔和胎盘微生物群之间存在显著相似性,其中胎盘微生物群与口腔微生物群比任何其他身体部位更相似(包括阴道和肠道),其中一些口腔微生物(如具核梭杆菌)可与血管内皮结合并增加通透性,允许其他微生物(如大肠杆菌)穿过内皮屏障,促进胎盘形成期间的血液传播[22]。在怀孕期间某些阴道微生物可以上升到子宫并侵入羊膜腔,并且羊水中含有胎儿在怀孕期间摄入的微生物,最终定植在胎儿肠道中[23-24]。有研究报道,围产期母牛胎盘、脐带、羊水、初乳和粪便中的微生物均是犊牛肠道微生物的主要来源,其中脐带微生物对胎粪微生物的定植贡献最大[25]

2 幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物的功能

相比于成年反刍动物,幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物数量少、种属水平丰度低,以及胃肠道发育不完全,使其对营养吸收和胃肠道机能成熟受阻。因此,了解幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物的功能显得尤为重要。

2.1 促进瘤胃发育与营养吸收

瘤胃生物群主要由细菌、古生菌、原生动物和真菌组成,瘤胃细菌在瘤胃微生物群中占主导地位,也被广泛研究[26-27]。瘤胃细菌主要参与挥发性脂肪酸和瘤胃微生物蛋白的产生,而挥发性脂肪酸(乙酸、丙酸、丁酸)对瘤胃发育,特别对瘤胃乳头发育具有重要的作用[28]。随着犊牛日龄的增长和固体饲料的摄入,犊牛消化和吸收部位也会发生变化,从肠道转移到瘤胃,犊牛的能量代谢发生了变化,开始使用更多的短链脂肪酸和更少的葡萄糖,并且随着肠道酶活性的变化(乳糖酶活性的降低、麦芽糖酶活性的增加),犊牛唾液系统开始发育,犊牛反刍行为也随即发生[29-30]
在犊牛断奶前,由于食道沟反射牛奶绕过瘤胃,在此期间犊牛的瘤胃绒毛尚未发育,无法更好地参与营养吸收[31]。犊牛的胃肠道发育、从代谢牛奶葡萄糖到代谢短链脂肪酸的功能转变、生长和免疫力都可能会受到断奶前和断奶后阶段(出生后3~70 d)摄入固体饲料和苜蓿干草的影响[32]。而在断奶前添加苜蓿干草和固体饲料对各种生物功能有着至关重要的长期影响,这可能是由于早期胃肠道微生物群的改变、瘤胃发酵以及肠道营养物质利用的增强[33]。有研究报道,在断奶前(7周龄)、断奶过渡期(8周龄)和断奶后(9~11周龄)阶段,添加苜蓿干草和其他纤维性碳水化合物可以增加类杆菌的瘤胃丰度,类杆菌是一种重要的纤维素分解细菌,进一步提高瘤胃pH,促进瘤胃健康和瘤胃上皮发育[34]。同时,在断奶前阶段,添加固体饲料可以增加巨球蛋白和其他蛋白含量,这些蛋白可以加快瘤胃对碳水化合物的发酵反应速度,并进一步增强瘤胃发酵和促进反刍动物的生长。

2.2 参与机体免疫系统的建立

生命初期的肠道微生物定植对犊牛免疫系统的成熟和犊牛的健康至关重要,并且可能具有长期健康影响[35-36]。微生物或微生物代谢产物可能会驱动胎儿的免疫系统发育和肠上皮成熟。例如,在孕妇的胎盘和羊水中检测到益生菌(双歧杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌GG),并且在胎儿肠道中Toll样受体相关基因的表达受到显著调节,表明微生物与胎儿肠道先天免疫发育的变化有关[37]。而羊水中的炎性细胞因子水平与羊水中微生物的存在也有关,这可能会影响发育中的胎儿免疫系统[38]
犊牛的免疫系统是具有抗原性的,适应性免疫细胞无法识别外来抗原[39]。从出生到8周龄断奶,犊牛的健康问题发生率很高,这也表明犊牛的免疫系统的不成熟[30]。肠道微生物群对于肠道黏液的分泌至关重要,肠道黏液是整个胃肠道的重要物理屏障[40]。已知在肠黏膜表面发现的肠上皮细胞与肠道微生物群相互作用以影响免疫应答和维持稳态[41]。在反刍动物中,研究共生微生物群的定植与调节肠道组织的免疫功能以及组织功能的变化之间如何互相影响的是非常有趣的一个话题。一些研究报告了从3~5周龄与6个月龄犊牛的小肠分离的细胞中黏膜白细胞亚群数量和分布的年龄依赖性变化,以及mRNA的下调Toll样受体和抗菌肽的表达[42-43]。在犊牛肠黏膜转录组的变化研究中,发现在犊牛早期,空肠和回肠之间出现了快速的转录差异,这项研究表明,犊牛出生后的第1周是肠黏膜免疫系统的动态发育期,这可能与定植微生物组的丰富性和多样性有关[44]

3 影响幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物定植的营养因素

关于影响胃肠道微生物定植的因素,在人类上的研究颇多,而在畜牧业上的研究较少。胃肠道中的可利用营养物质、微生物利用营养物质的能力以及促进微生物附着的因素,是胃肠道微生物定植阶段的主要因素[45]。例如,黏液层中存在的黏蛋白聚糖为微生物群提供结合位点和能量来源,是介导肠道微生物群宿主选择的机制之一[46]。目前研究表明,饲粮是影响幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物定植的主要因素之一,随着犊牛日龄增长和固体饲料的摄入,犊牛胃肠道微生物群落的个体差异在减小,多样性在增加[18,47]

3.1 初乳

由于奶牛的上皮绒毛胎盘有6层组织(胎儿侧为3层,母体侧为3层),阻碍了母体血液供应与胎儿血液供应的接触,造成母体免疫球蛋白无法更好地传递给胎儿;以及由于胎盘孕酮和前列腺素、母体皮质醇和雌激素以及胎儿皮质醇的作用,犊牛在子宫内开始发育的先天性和适应性免疫在分娩期间受到抑制,犊牛出生后免疫机能低下,初乳作为新生犊牛胃肠道微生物定植的营养基质,使得及时饲喂初乳显得尤为重要。相较于牛的常乳,初乳含有更大比例的总固体、脂肪、蛋白质、矿物质和维生素、激素、细胞因子和生长因子[48-49]。研究表明,与缺乏初乳的犊牛相比,喂食新鲜或热处理的初乳会增加梭状芽孢杆菌和双歧杆菌丰度,并减少犊牛结肠中大肠杆菌的丰度[50]。已知初乳中的维生素A、维生素D和维生素E以及许多生物活性化合物会影响胃肠道上皮成熟、膜完整性、基因表达和免疫调节,这些可能会共同影响胃肠道中微生物定植[51-52]

3.2 仔畜补料

在瘤胃细菌中,浓缩料对拟杆菌属、副杆菌属、副球菌属和链球菌属的影响最为明显,有研究表明,这些细菌在第7天为优势菌群,并在开始摄入发酵浓缩料的28 d后,被大疱菌属、普雷沃菌属、瘤胃球菌属和琥珀酸杆菌属的成员所取代,说明浓缩料可以促进相关细菌的定植[27]。除此之外,有研究报道,在断奶前提供发酵浓缩料能增加甲烷球菌的丰度,甲烷球菌是一种能有效产生肠道甲烷的古菌,为细菌提供生长底物,具有显著的效果;并且通过改变盲肠微生物群,增加Allistipes、副拟杆菌属、Parassutterella和丁酸单胞菌属的丰度,这些微生物参与纤维和碳水化合物的消化并与产生丁酸有关,降低了与炎症因子相关的基因表达,例如白细胞介素-12(IL-12)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α[53]。在犊牛断奶前,后肠道淀粉降解菌的定植也至关重要,因为犊牛瘤胃利用淀粉的能力有限。而在成年牛中,未经瘤胃降解的淀粉到达小肠后,在α-淀粉酶和麦芽糖酶的作用下进行水解,但这些水解酶在犊牛的后肠道中活性并不高[54]。也有研究报道,犊牛对淀粉的利用主要是由小肠和大肠的微生物降解,而非宿主酶[55]

4 幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物的调控措施

相较于成年反刍动物,幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物群具有较强的可塑性,可以通过人为干预使其有利于胃肠道更好的发育,但调控添加剂的选择和在胃肠道中的作用机制,一直是国内外学者探究的热点问题。常见的调控添加剂有:益生菌、益生元、抗菌肽、有机酸。

4.1 益生菌

人们对于益生菌的定义历经多次修改,2014年由国际益生菌和益生元科学协会(ISAPP)提出最新定义:严格选择的微生物菌株,如果给予足够的量,能够为宿主带来健康益处[56]。相比于仔猪和雏鸡,益生菌在幼龄反刍动物胃肠道上的研究较少。国外一项研究表明,从北美驼鹿瘤胃中分解出纤维分解菌,经过培养筛选益生菌的候选物后,在代乳粉中添加解淀粉芽孢杆菌H57、小孔芽孢杆菌VTM4R85、坚强芽孢杆菌VTM2R84、地衣芽孢杆菌VTM2R66、地衣芽孢杆菌VTM1R74和腐生葡萄球菌VTM2R84等益生菌,可以提高羔羊瘤胃中普雷沃氏菌科、瘤胃球菌科相对丰度,而毛螺菌科相对丰度降低[57]。也有研究表明,在代乳粉中添加布拉迪酵母CNCMI-1079,犊牛瘤胃中瘤胃球菌科相对丰度降低,盲肠中致病性菌属(黏膜链球菌菌属)和回肠中病原菌(黏膜艰难梭菌属)相对丰度降低,回肠中黏膜纤维杆菌属、欧氏菌属、罗斯氏菌属相对丰度提高[58];其中欧氏菌是一种乳酸菌,能够耐胆汁酸和利用黏蛋白,而罗斯氏菌是一种产丁酸菌,为消化道细胞供能,且具有抗炎和维持正常免疫功能[59]

4.2 益生元

益生元被定义为允许特定变化的选择性发酵成分,无论是肠道微生物组成或活性方面,都对宿主的健康有益[60]。为了实现益生菌在胃肠道的定植和生长,开发了不同类型的益生元。通常乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌是益生元所针对的细菌属,例如低聚果糖(fructooligosaccharides,FOS)和低聚半乳糖(galactooligosaccharides,GOS)[61]。FOS和GOS会增加乳酸和短链脂肪酸的浓度并抑制病原体(如大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌)的生长[62-63]。有研究表明,向新生犊牛补充益生元(低聚半乳糖),其与2周龄犊牛结肠中乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的丰度增加有关,这种影响在4周的犊牛身上不太明显,这表明与益生菌一样,对犊牛补充益生元在早期定植期更容易操纵微生物群[64]

4.3 抗菌肽

抗菌肽又称抗微生物肽,是生物机体在抵御病原微生物的防御反应过程中所产生的一类抗微生物的短肽[65]。张萌萌[66]研究发现,在24日龄的雄性羔羊饲粮中添加抗菌肽CC34,可以增加羔羊瘤胃中琥珀酸弧菌属的含量。也有研究表明,在羔羊饲粮中添加抗菌肽(PBD-mI、LUC-n),瘤胃中纤维杆菌属、厌氧弧菌属和琥珀酸菌属的相对丰度提高,Paraprevotellaceae-CF23、琥珀弧菌属、硒单胞菌属和密螺旋体属的相对丰度降低[67]。Liu等[68]研究表明,抗菌肽可以增加山羊瘤胃微生物多样性。

4.4 有机酸

有机酸不仅包括短链脂肪酸,还包括乳酸、甲酸和其他长链脂肪酸。其作用机制为:1)降低胃pH,从而减少间接存在的酸敏感细菌;2)促进蛋白水解酶活性和营养消化率、增强胰腺分泌物、促进消化酶活性、创造微生物群落的稳定性和刺激有益细菌的生长以及抑菌来改善胃肠道的状况,对病原菌有杀菌作用[69-70]。而在早期补充丁酸钠可以促进羔羊肠道中乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的定植,并抑制肠道中大肠杆菌的定植[71]。O’hara等[72]研究发现,包被丁酸钠可提高犊牛后肠道挥发性脂肪酸产生菌和有益菌的丰度,减少损害肠道的艰难杆菌属的丰度。
除此之外,瘤胃菌群移植(RMT)作为一种干预幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物早期定植的技术,值得深入研究与探讨。有研究表明,相比于断奶期间口服成年羊瘤胃液,断奶前接种成年羊瘤胃液,更能促进羔羊瘤胃中产琥珀酸菌属、普雷沃氏菌属和变形菌纲S24-7菌属的定植[73]。在类似研究中,Yu等[74]在饲喂羔羊冻干瘤胃液后,发现改变了埃氏巨型球菌和反刍月型单胞菌的组成,并降低了瘤胃中黄色瘤胃球菌的丰度。也有研究表明,给断奶前犊牛口服含有细菌和原生动物的接种物对瘤胃微生物群没有显著影响,但是会减少犊牛腹泻[75]。相比于瘤胃菌群移植,粪便菌群移植(FMT)是改变肠道菌群最前沿的方法,但粪便菌群移植多数用于治疗人类疾病,而在反刍动物上的研究较少。在关于粪便菌群移植的报道中,粪便菌群移植可以改善断奶前犊牛的腹泻情况,而这种情况的改善,与粪便菌群移植导致的犊牛肠道微生物的变化和促进肠道微生物的成熟有关[76]

5 小结

胃肠道微生物一直是国内外研究的热点领域,无论是幼龄反刍动物还是成年反刍动物。相比于成年反刍动物,幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物具有可塑性,并且通过人为技术干预,可以改善早期胃肠道微生物定植情况,起到提高生产性能、促进胃肠道发育和预防疾病等作用。随着检测技术的发展,关于幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物的研究收获颇丰,但仍有许多问题未解决。未来研究方向应阐明:反刍动物妊娠期母体与胎儿如何进行胃肠道微生物定植;幼龄反刍动物胃肠道微生物与宿主之间相互作用机制;熟练掌握幼龄反刍动物早期人为干预技术等。
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