1 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物的选择、分组及采样
表1 奶牛围产后期TMR组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of TMR for dairy cows in late perinatal period (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |
| 玉米青贮 Corn silage | 18.80 |
| 苜蓿青贮 Alfafa silage | 20.33 |
| 苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay | 5.45 |
| 麸皮 Wheat bran | 2.64 |
| 全棉籽 Whole cotton seed | 5.45 |
| 糖蜜 Molasses | 1.82 |
| 压片玉米 Steam-flaked corn | 19.81 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 18.67 |
| 膨化大豆 Extruded full-fat soybean | 1.66 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 3.56 |
| 酵母培养物 Yeast culture | 0.27 |
| 小苏打 NaHCO3 | 0.89 |
| 过瘤胃脂肪粉 Rumen protected fat powder | 0.59 |
| 脱霉剂 De-mold agent | 0.06 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |
| 泌乳净能 NEL/(MJ/kg) | 7.45 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 19.10 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 26.20 |
| 淀粉 Starch | 22.80 |
| 钙 Ca | 1.27 |
| 磷 P | 0.62 |
1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram premix contained the following:VA 240 000 IU,VE 2 000 mg,VD 72 000 IU,Co 18 mg,Se 12 mg,I 30 mg,Mn 1 600 mg,Zn 3 000 mg,Cu 300 mg,Fe 400 mg,Ca 180 g,P 68 g,NaCl 140 g。 2)计算值 Calculated values。 |
1.2 血液样品预处理
1.3 UPLC-MS/MS检测
1.4 血液代谢组学分析
2 结果
2.1 奶牛围产后期血液代谢轮廓变化规律
2.2 奶牛围产后期血液差异代谢物的筛选及通路分析
图2 奶牛产后0 d与7 d血液代谢物OPLS-DA得分图(a)和验证图(b)Fig.2 OPLS-DA score plot (a) and verification plot (b) of blood metabolites in dairy cows at postpartum 0 d and 7 d |
表2 奶牛产后7 d表达上调的血液代谢物及其相关参数Table 2 Up-regulated blood metabolites and their related parameters in dairy cows at postpartum 7 d |
| 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | 平均峰值 Average peak value | 差异 倍数 FC | 变量重 要性投影 VIP | P值 P-value | 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | 平均峰值 Average peak value | 差异 倍数 FC | 变量重要 性投影 VIP | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 d | 0 d | 7 d | 0 d | ||||||||||
| 溶血磷脂酰乙醇 18∶2 PysoPE 18∶2 | 1.88×107 | 3.77×106 | 3.56 | 1.73 | 8.24×10-4 | 庚二酸 Pimelic acid | 1.45×106 | 3.98×105 | 2.51 | 1.47 | 1.14×10-3 | ||
| 溶血磷脂酰胆碱 18∶3(2n异构2) LysoPC 18∶3 (2n isomer 2) | 2.13×107 | 6.74×106 | 2.30 | 1.48 | 8.02×10-4 | 壬二酸 Azelaic acid | 9.40×105 | 3.18×105 | 2.18 | 1.59 | 6.70×10-5 | ||
| 溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺 20∶4 (2n异构1) PysoPE 20∶4 (2n isomer 1) | 3.29×106 | 1.07×106 | 2.23 | 1.71 | 2.07×10-5 | 胞苷 Cytidine | 2.64×106 | 9.09×105 | 2.18 | 1.50 | 5.66×10-4 | ||
| 溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺 20∶5(2n异构1) PysoPE 20∶5 (2n isomer 1) | 1.81×105 | 5.90×104 | 2.18 | 1.31 | 9.27×10-3 | 甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸 Glycochenodeoxycholic acid | 1.99×107 | 2.31×106 | 6.48 | 1.50 | 8.24×10-4 | ||
| 溶血磷脂酰乙醇 20∶5 PysoPE 20∶5 | 1.81×105 | 5.90×104 | 2.18 | 1.31 | 9.27×10-3 | 甘氨脱氧胆酸 Glycine deoxycholic acid | 1.23×106 | 1.62×105 | 5.71 | 1.51 | 1.12×10-3 | ||
| 肉碱C22∶2 Carnitine C22∶2 | 4.60×104 | 1.73×104 | 2.01 | 1.41 | 1.50×10-3 | 甘氨胆酸 Glycocholic acid | 6.18×107 | 9.41×106 | 5.09 | 1.20 | 1.71×10-2 | ||
| 十二烷二酸 Dodecanedioic acid | 7.48×105 | 1.62×105 | 3.47 | 1.76 | 1.65×10-7 | 23-脱甲脱氧胆酸 23-deoxydeoxycholic acid | 2.06×104 | 6.77×103 | 2.28 | 1.04 | 4.81×10-2 | ||
| 氧化三甲胺 TMAO | 4.20×106 | 5.54×105 | 5.51 | 1.65 | 8.00×10-5 | 对羟基苯丙酸 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- propionic acid | 5.23×104 | 1.46×104 | 2.53 | 1.36 | 2.49×10-3 | ||
| DL-1-氨基-2-丙醇 DL-1-aminopropan-2-ol | 4.20×106 | 5.54×105 | 5.51 | 1.65 | 8.00×10-5 | N-(2-糠酰)甘氨酸 N-2-furoylglycine | 2.56×105 | 1.97×104 | 9.95 | 1.21 | 8.28×10-3 | ||
| 孕烯醇 Pregnanetriol | 5.15×104 | 1.17×104 | 3.22 | 1.63 | 4.19×10-5 | ||||||||
图3 奶牛产后0 d与7 d血液代谢物火山图图中每一个点表示一种代谢物,蓝点代表下调的差异代谢物(P<0.05),红点代表上调的差异代谢物(P<0.05),灰色的点则代表差异不显著的代谢物(P>0.05)。 Fig.3 Volcano map of blood metabolite in dairy cows at postpartum 0 d and 7 d Each point in the figure represented a metabolite, blue dots represented down-regulated differential metabolites (P<0.05), red dots represented upregulated differential metabolites (P<0.05), and gray dots represented metabolites that were not significantly different (P>0.05). |
表3 奶牛产后7 d表达下调的血液代谢物及其相关参数Table 2 Down-regulated blood metabolites and their related parameters in dairy cows at postpartum 7 d |
| 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | 平均峰值 Average peak value | 差异 倍数 FC | 变量重 要性投影 VIP | P值 P-value | 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | 平均峰值 Average peak value | 差异 倍数 FC | 变量重 要性投影 VIP | P值 P-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 d | 0 d | 7 d | 0 d | |||||||||||||
| 盐酸水苏碱 Stachydrine hydrochloride | 1.18×107 | 1.94×107 | 0.44 | 1.81 | 8.04×10-9 | 肉碱C14∶1 Carnitine C14∶1 | 2.74×105 | 6.02×105 | 0.36 | 1.20 | 2.50×10-2 | |||||
| DL-苄基琥珀酸 DL-benzylsuccinic acid | 3.49×104 | 4.94×104 | 0.48 | 1.00 | 4.83×10-2 | 16-羟基十六酸 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid | 1.09×105 | 2.15×105 | 0.35 | 1.12 | 2.45×10-2 | |||||
| 肉碱C13∶1 Carnitine C13∶1 | 2.18×105 | 3.56×105 | 0.48 | 1.29 | 1.60×10-2 | (±)17-HETE | 1.82×103 | 3.78×103 | 0.33 | 1.33 | 3.04×10-3 | |||||
| 硬脂酰乙醇酰胺 N-(2-hydroxyethyl) streamside | 9.38×104 | 1.50×105 | 0.47 | 1.46 | 8.71×10-4 | (±)18-HETE | 1.82×103 | 3.78×103 | 0.33 | 1.33 | 3.04×10-3 | |||||
| 石榴酸 Punicic acid | 2.08×105 | 3.29×105 | 0.46 | 1.62 | 5.39×10-5 | 二氢鞘氨醇1-磷酸盐 Sphingosine 1-phosphate | 1.99×104 | 4.57×104 | 0.32 | 1.79 | 2.52×10-7 | |||||
| 肉碱C13∶0 Carnitine C13∶0 | 4.97×104 | 8.75×104 | 0.44 | 1.40 | 6.06×10-3 | 肉碱C14-OH Carnitine C14-OH | 5.81×104 | 1.46×105 | 0.31 | 1.17 | 3.24×10-2 | |||||
| 十二烷肉碱 Dodecyl carnitine | 6.21×104 | 1.12×105 | 0.43 | 1.13 | 4.17×10-2 | 肉碱C17∶1∶DC Carnitine C17∶1∶DC | 2.93×104 | 9.40×104 | 0.25 | 1.12 | 4.52×10-2 | |||||
| 肉碱C12∶1 Carnitine C12∶1 | 1.44×105 | 2.75×105 | 0.40 | 1.49 | 1.68×10-3 | DL-肉碱 DL-carnitine | 1.50×106 | 3.05×106 | 0.37 | 1.70 | 2.11×10-5 | |||||
| 血栓素B2 TXB2 | 4.58×103 | 8.64×103 | 0.38 | 1.15 | 1.56×10-2 | (S)-2-羟基戊二酸 (S)-2-hydroxyglutaric acid | 3.49×104 | 4.94×104 | 0.48 | 1.00 | 4.83×10-2 | |||||
| 肉碱C11∶DC Carnitine C11∶DC | 3.62×104 | 7.72×104 | 0.36 | 1.15 | 3.23×10-2 | 3-羟基戊二酸 3-hydroxyglutaric acid | 8.24×104 | 1.29×105 | 0.46 | 1.61 | 4.16×10-5 | |||||
| 眯基牛磺酸 Guanidinoethyl sulfonate | 3.42×104 | 6.44×104 | 0.36 | 1.04 | 3.88×10-2 | 磷酸胆碱 Phosphocholine | 1.75×107 | 2.79×107 | 0.45 | 1.80 | 3.57×10-8 | |||||
| 丙酮酸 Pyruvic acid | 5.87×103 | 1.48×104 | 0.29 | 1.49 | 1.43×10-3 | 富马酸二甲酯 Dimethyl fumarate | 1.25×107 | 2.01×107 | 0.46 | 1.78 | 1.67×10-7 | |||||
| L-乳酸 L-lactic acid | 5.47×105 | 1.41×106 | 0.28 | 1.58 | 1.35×10-4 | 甜菜碱 Betaine | 8.27×104 | 1.21×105 | 0.50 | 1.70 | 5.95×10-6 | |||||
| 羟苯基乳酸 Hydroxyphenyllactic acid | 7.98×104 | 2.29×105 | 0.25 | 1.56 | 2.90×10-4 | 曲二糖 Kojibiose | 3.20×104 | 3.32×105 | 0.07 | 1.69 | 6.88×10-6 | |||||
| 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | 平均峰值 Average peak value | 差异 倍数 FC | 变量重 要性投影 VIP | P值 P-value | 差异代谢物 Differential metabolites | 平均峰值 Average peak value | 差异 倍数 FC | 变量重 要性投影 VIP | P值 P-value | |||||||
| 7 d | 0 d | 7 d | 0 d | |||||||||||||
| 柠檬酸 Citric acid | 3.77×106 | 1.17×107 | 0.24 | 1.13 | 2.97×10-2 | 肾上腺素 Epinephrine | 8.27×104 | 1.21×105 | 0.50 | 1.70 | 5.95×10-6 | |||||
| 己六醇 Dulcitol | 1.00×104 | 1.77×104 | 0.42 | 1.30 | 3.96×10-3 | 皮质醇 Cortisol | 3.20×104 | 3.32×105 | 0.07 | 1.69 | 6.88×10-6 | |||||
| D-山梨糖醇 D-sorbitol | 5.56×103 | 1.58×104 | 0.27 | 1.61 | 1.37×10-4 | 2-甲基鸟苷 2-methylguanosine | 1.23×106 | 1.98×106 | 0.48 | 1.53 | 1.52×10-3 | |||||
| D-葡萄糖 D-glucose | 1.27×105 | 3.52×105 | 0.26 | 1.75 | 1.31×10-6 | 7-甲基鸟苷 7-methylguanosine | 1.23×106 | 1.98×106 | 0.48 | 1.53 | 1.52×10-3 | |||||
| 苏糖醇 Threitol | 7.94×103 | 2.63×104 | 0.22 | 1.75 | 9.31×10-7 | 磷酸肌酸钠 Creatine phosphate | 1.21×106 | 1.93×106 | 0.46 | 1.79 | 4.92×10-8 | |||||
| sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱 sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | 1.07×105 | 2.52×105 | 0.28 | 1.20 | 9.60×10-3 | 5-甲基尿苷 5-methyluridine | 1.36×105 | 2.30×105 | 0.43 | 1.32 | 4.43×10-3 | |||||
| 黄嘌呤核苷 Xanthosine | 3.43×104 | 1.28×105 | 0.17 | 1.27 | 7.55×10-3 | 5-L-谷氨酰-L-丙氨酸 5-L-glutamyl-L-alanine | 2.25×104 | 3.50×104 | 0.50 | 1.12 | 3.51×10-2 | |||||
| N-乙酰神经氨酸 N-acetylneuraminic acid | 4.62×104 | 7.30×104 | 0.47 | 1.34 | 8.88×10-3 | N-乳酰基苯丙氨酸 N-lactoyl-phenylalanine | 2.85×104 | 9.10×104 | 0.23 | 1.70 | 3.03×10-6 | |||||
| N-乙酰基甘氨酸 N-acetylglycine | 3.84×107 | 5.80×107 | 0.47 | 1.49 | 5.40×10-4 | L-苯丙氨酸-L-苯丙氨酸 L-Phe-L-Phe | 6.91×103 | 2.82×104 | 0.18 | 1.26 | 9.99×10-3 | |||||
| 蛋氨酸亚砜 Methionine sulfoxide | 1.03×106 | 1.75×106 | 0.43 | 1.78 | 5.74×10-8 | 高精氨酸 Homoarginine | 6.98×104 | 2.97×105 | 0.17 | 1.67 | 1.25×10-5 | |||||
| 半胱氨酰甘氨酸 Cys-Gly | 3.44×104 | 7.97×104 | 0.32 | 1.28 | 1.30×10-2 | 还原型谷胱甘肽 Reduced glutathione | 2.20×104 | 5.25×104 | 0.30 | 1.61 | 3.07×10-5 | |||||
| L-半胱氨酸 L-cysteine | 1.21×104 | 3.51×104 | 0.26 | 1.30 | 1.13×10-2 | 11-顺视黄醇 11-cis-retinol | 2.78×104 | 5.14×104 | 0.40 | 1.40 | 7.86×10-4 | |||||
| D-甘露醇 D-mannitol | 3.10×104 | 4.06×105 | 0.05 | 1.43 | 1.01×10-3 | |||||||||||
图5 奶牛产后0 d与7 d血液差异代谢物通路分析Enteral:肠内;TMAO:氧化三甲胺 trimethylamine oxide;POPC:磷脂酰胆碱 phosphatidylcholine;Choline:胆碱;Bacteria:细菌;TMA:三甲胺 trimethylamine;L-carnitine:L-肉碱;Betaine:甜菜碱;CA:柠檬酸 citric acid;DCA:脱氧胆酸 deoxycholic acid;Blood:血液;COR:皮质醇 cortisol;AD:肾上腺素 epinephrine;Hepatocytes:肝细胞;FMOs:黄素单氧酶 flavin monoxygenases;AMPK:腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶 adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase;ME:甲基 methyl;PR:蛋白质 protein;GSH:谷胱甘肽 glutathione;GS:谷胱甘肽合成酶 glutathione synthetase;GCL:谷氨酸半胱氨酸连接酶 glutamate-cysteine ligase;L-cysteine:L-半胱氨酸;Glu:葡萄糖 glucose;G6P:葡萄糖-6-磷酸 glucose-6-phosphate;F6P:果糖-6-磷酸 fructose-6-phosphate;TP:磷酸丙糖 triose phosphate;PEP:磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸 phosphoenolpyruvic acid;Pyr:丙酮酸 pyruvic acid;Acetyl-CoA:乙酰辅酶A acetyl coenzyme A;TC:总胆固醇 total cholesterol;CYP8B1:甾醇12α-羟化酶 sterol 12α-hydroxylase;CYP7A1:胆固醇7α-羟化酶 cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase;CYP7B1:25-羟基胆固醇7α-羟化酶 25-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase;CYP27A1:甾醇27α-羟化酶 sterol 27α-hydroxylase;Gly:甘氨酸 glycine;CDCA:鹅脱氧胆酸 chenodesoxycholic acid;GC:甘氨胆酸 glycocholic acid;GCDCA:甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸 glycochenodeoxycholic acid;GDCA:甘氨脱氧胆酸 glycine deoxycholic acid;OAA:草酰乙酸 oxaloacetic acid;TCA:三羧酸循环 tricarboxylic acid cycle;HL:乳酸 lactic acid;TG:甘油三酯 triglyceride;GI:甘油 glycerin;LCFA:长链脂肪酸 long-chain fatty acid;CoA:辅酶A coenzyme A;Lcco As:长链脂酰辅酶A long-chain fatty acyl CoA;Mcco As:中链脂酰辅酶A mid-chain fatty acyl CoA;Scco As:短链脂酰辅酶A short-chain fatty acyl CoA;CPT1:肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1 carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1;CPT2:肉碱棕榈酰转移酶2 carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2;CACT:肉毒碱/酰基肉毒碱转移酶 carnitine/acylcarnitine transferase;L-chain acyl carnitine:长链酰基肉碱 long-chain acyl carnitine;M-chain acyl carnitine:中链酰基肉碱 mid-chain acyl carnitine;Carnitine acyltransferase:肉碱酰基转移酶;Mitochondria:线粒体。 奶牛产后7 d对0 d表现为上调的差异代谢物为红色,表现为下调的差异代谢物为蓝色,+表示促进作用。Compared with postpartum 0 d, the up-regulated differential metabolites at postpartum 7 d were red, the down-regulated differential metabolites were blue, and + represented the promoting effect. Fig.5 Analysis of blood differential metabolite pathways in dairy cows at postpartum 0 d and 7 d |
图6 奶牛产后0~21 d相关代谢物变化趋势图a:丙酮酸 pyruvic acid;b:L-乳酸 L-lactic acid;c:D-葡萄糖 D-glucose;d:甜菜碱 betaine;e:肉碱C11∶DC carnitine C11∶DC;f:肉碱C12∶1 carnitine C12∶1;g:肉碱C17∶1∶DC carnitine C17∶1∶DC;h:肉碱C14-OH carnitine C14-OH;i:肉碱C14∶1 carnitine C14∶1;j:肉碱C13∶1 carnitine C13∶1;k:肉碱C13∶0 carnitine C13∶1;l:还原型谷胱甘肽 reduced glutathione;m:氧化三甲胺 TMAO;n:L-半胱氨酸 L-cysteine;o:肾上腺素 epinephrine;p:皮质醇 cortisol;q:甘氨胆酸 glycocholic acid;r:甘氨脱氧胆酸 glycine deoxycholic acid;s:23-脱甲脱氧胆酸 23-deoxydeoxycholic acid;t:甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸 glycochenodeoxycholic acid。 *表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。* mean significant difference (P<0.05), ** mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). Fig.6 Change trends of related metabolites in dairy cows in postpartum 0 to 21 d |

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