1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计与肠道样品采集
1.2 优势乳酸杆菌的分离和分子生物学鉴定
1.3 实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)法对细菌进行定量分析
1.4 仔猪肠道优势乳酸杆菌的培养与比较代谢组学分析
1.5 培养液中游离氨基酸浓度测定
1.6 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 仔猪小肠优势乳酸杆菌菌株的分子生物学鉴定结果
2.2 不同日龄仔猪各肠段食糜中乳酸杆菌的定量分析结果
表1 断奶前后优势乳酸杆菌在仔猪胃中的变化情况Table 1 Changes of dominant Lactobacilli in stomach of piglets before and after weaning (n=4) |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21 | 24 | 28 | 35 | |
| 总细菌 Total bacteria/[lg(CFU/g)] | 5.64±0.11c | 7.92±0.21a | 7.86±0.08a | 6.79±0.23b |
| 总乳酸杆菌 Total Lactobacilli/[lg(CFU/g)] | 4.55±0.05b | 6.04±0.44a | 5.27±0.12b | 4.59±0.08b |
| 总乳酸杆菌/总细菌 Total Lactobacilli/total bacteria/% | 8.13±0.12a | 1.32±0.07b | 0.26±0.01c | 0.63±0.02bc |
| 食淀粉乳杆菌 Lactobacillus amylovorus/[lg(CFU/g)] | 4.10±0.04c | 5.62±0.07a | 4.97±0.17b | 3.54±0.08d |
| 罗伊氏乳杆菌 Limosilactobacillus reuteri/[lg(CFU/g)] | 3.06±0.08b | 5.15±0.26a | 4.85±0.10a | 2.64±0.31b |
| 约氏乳杆菌 Lactobacillus johnsonii/[lg(CFU/g)] | 3.93±0.01c | 5.51±0.16a | 4.82±0.02b | 3.41±0.01d |
| 唾液乳杆菌 Ligilactobacillus salivarius/[lg(CFU/g)] | 3.28±0.32ab | 3.05±0.18b | 3.43±0.12ab | 4.06±0.47a |
| 黏液乳杆菌 Limosilactobacillus mucosae/[lg(CFU/g)] | 4.08±0.23 | 3.47±0.36 | 4.39±0.44 | 3.75±0.07 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
表2 断奶前后优势乳酸杆菌在仔猪小肠中的变化情况Table 2 Changes of dominant Lactobacilli in small intestine of piglets before and after weaning (n=4) |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21 | 24 | 28 | 35 | |
| 空肠 Jejunum | ||||
| 总细菌 Total bacteria/[lg(CFU/g)] | 8.96±0.07 | 8.83±0.39 | 8.80±0.16 | 8.95±0.15 |
| 总乳酸杆菌 Total Lactobacilli/[lg(CFU/g)] | 8.03±0.05a | 5.60±0.16d | 6.11±0.17c | 6.87±0.13b |
| 总乳酸杆菌/总细菌 Total Lactobacilli/total bacteria/% | 11.74±0.08a | 0.06±0.00d | 0.20±0.00c | 0.83±0.01b |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | |||
| 21 | 24 | 28 | 35 | |
| 食淀粉乳杆菌 Lactobacillus amylovorus/[lg(CFU/g)] | 7.08±0.16a | 5.06±0.12c | 5.50±0.21bc | 5.82±0.14b |
| 罗伊氏乳杆菌 Limosilactobacillus reuteri/[lg(CFU/g)] | 6.96±0.11a | 4.10±0.03d | 5.64±0.10c | 6.42±0.14b |
| 约氏乳杆菌 Lactobacillus johnsonii/[lg(CFU/g)] | 6.41±0.02a | 4.28±0.19c | 3.74±0.14a | 5.25±0.12b |
| 唾液乳杆菌 Ligilactobacillus salivarius/[lg(CFU/g)] | 4.91±0.02a | 3.46±0.17c | 4.22±0.32b | 4.46±0.17ab |
| 黏液乳杆菌 Limosilactobacillus mucosae/[lg(CFU/g)] | 5.27±0.13a | 3.57±0.20b | 4.60±0.16a | 4.69±0.45a |
| 回肠 Ileum | ||||
| 总细菌 Total bacteria/[lg(CFU/g)] | 9.72±0.34a | 8.29±0.23b | 8.78±0.26ab | 8.77±0.33ab |
| 总乳酸杆菌 Total Lactobacilli/[lg(CFU/g)] | 9.01±0.12a | 6.80±0.09bc | 6.91±0.10b | 6.99±0.21b |
| 总乳酸杆菌/总细菌 Total Lactobacilli/total bacteria/% | 19.50±0.47a | 3.24±0.07b | 1.35±0.03c | 1.66±0.06c |
| 食淀粉乳杆菌 Lactobacillus amylovorus/[lg(CFU/g)] | 8.65±0.24a | 5.94±0.03b | 6.67±0.55b | 6.03±0.33b |
| 罗伊氏乳杆菌 Limosilactobacillus reuteri/[lg(CFU/g)] | 7.76±0.20a | 6.57±0.17b | 6.44±0.15b | 5.83±0.20c |
| 约氏乳杆菌 Lactobacillus johnsonii/[lg(CFU/g)] | 8.55±0.11a | 4.70±0.28b | 4.72±0.11b | 4.42±0.22b |
| 唾液乳杆菌 Ligilactobacillus salivarius/[lg(CFU/g)] | 4.54±0.30a | 3.15±0.23b | 3.96±0.07ab | 4.59±0.51a |
| 黏液乳杆菌 Limosilactobacillus mucosae/[lg(CFU/g)] | 5.08±0.38a | 4.01±0.06b | 4.30±0.36ab | 3.94±0.06b |
表3 断奶前后优势乳酸杆菌在仔猪大肠中的变化情况Table 3 Changes of dominant Lactobacilli in large intestine of piglets before and after weaning (n=4) |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21 | 24 | 28 | 35 | ||
| 盲肠 Cecum | |||||
| 总细菌 Total bacteria/[lg(CFU/g)] | 11.34±0.20a | 10.73±0.05b | 10.74±0.07b | 10.62±0.07b | |
| 总乳酸杆菌 Total Lactobacilli/[lg(CFU/g)] | 9.40±0.18a | 7.43±0.10c | 7.65±0.15c | 8.43±0.36b | |
| 总乳酸杆菌/总细菌 Total Lactobacilli/total bacteria/% | 1.15±0.02a | 0.05±0.01c | 0.08±0.01c | 0.65±0.02b | |
| 食淀粉乳杆菌 Lactobacillus amylovorus/[lg(CFU/g)] | 8.18±0.34a | 5.20±0.13c | 7.09±0.26b | 6.43±0.44b | |
| 罗伊氏乳杆菌 Limosilactobacillus reuteri/[lg(CFU/g)] | 7.24±0.15 | 6.72±0.84 | 7.04±0.15 | 5.95±0.38 | |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | ||||
| 21 | 24 | 28 | 35 | ||
| 约氏乳杆菌 Lactobacillus johnsonii/[lg(CFU/g)] | 7.34±0.03a | 6.66±0.08b | 6.25±0.04b | 7.20±0.29a | |
| 唾液乳杆菌 Ligilactobacillus salivarius/[lg(CFU/g)] | 6.30±0.12a | 5.99±0.21ab | 3.70±0.21c | 5.44±0.38b | |
| 黏液乳杆菌 Limosilactobacillus mucosae/[lg(CFU/g)] | 6.23±0.36a | 5.39±0.65a | 3.37±0.45b | 4.82±0.35ab | |
| 结肠 Colon | |||||
| 总细菌 Total bacteria/[lg(CFU/g)] | 10.81±0.08 | 10.65±0.17 | 10.94±0.03 | 10.65±0.08 | |
| 总乳酸杆菌 Total Lactobacilli/[lg(CFU/g)] | 9.52±0.14a | 6.93±0.14d | 7.44±0.06c | 8.29±0.22b | |
| 总乳酸杆菌/总细菌 Total Lactobacilli/total bacteria/% | 5.13±0.06a | 0.02±0.00c | 0.03±0.00c | 0.44±0.01b | |
| 食淀粉乳杆菌 Lactobacillus amylovorus/[lg(CFU/g)] | 8.48±0.35a | 6.08±0.53b | 7.11±0.07b | 6.78±0.28b | |
| 罗伊氏乳杆菌 Limosilactobacillus reuteri/[lg(CFU/g)] | 7.24±0.08a | 6.00±0.50b | 7.26±0.01a | 6.59±0.18ab | |
| 约氏乳杆菌 Lactobacillus johnsonii/[lg(CFU/g)] | 7.31±0.06a | 5.72±0.02c | 6.38±0.15b | 7.27±0.30a | |
| 唾液乳杆菌 Ligilactobacillus salivarius/[lg(CFU/g)] | 5.97±0.16a | 5.79±0.17a | 3.26±0.22b | 5.39±0.42a | |
| 黏液乳杆菌 Limosilactobacillus mucosae/[lg(CFU/g)] | 7.03±0.16a | 4.56±0.46b | 3.68±0.07b | 4.27±0.25b | |
2.3 非靶向代谢组学比较仔猪肠道优势乳酸杆菌的代谢差异
2.3.1 不同乳酸杆菌差异化合物偏最小二乘法判别分析
图1 3株优势乳酸杆菌的差异代谢物最小偏二乘法判别分析L. amylovorus:食淀粉乳杆菌 Lactobacillus amylovorus;L. mucosae:黏液乳杆菌Limosilactobacillus mucosae;L. reuteri:罗伊氏乳杆菌 Limosilactobacillus reuteri。下图同 The same as below。 Fig.1 Partial least squares discriminant analysis of differential metabolites of three dominant Lactobacilli |
2.3.2 差异化合物代谢组变量投影重要性分析与代谢组热图分析
图2 3株优势乳酸杆菌差异代谢物变量投影重要性分析Vanillylmandelic acid:香草扁桃酸;N-a-acetyl-L-arginine:N-乙酰基-L-精氨酸;3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid:3-脱氧-D-甘油-D-半乳糖-2-壬基磺酸;IDP:5'-二磷酸肌苷 inosine 5'-diphosphate;N-(1-deoxy-1-fructosyl)serine:N-(1-脱氧-1-果糖基)丝氨酸;Carphenazine:苯丙嗪;D-sedoheptulose 7-phosphate:D-七庚糖7-磷酸;(-)-catechin 3-O-gallate:儿茶素没食子酸酯;Felbamate:氨基甲酸酯;Glucosylisomaltol:葡萄糖基异麦芽酚;Muramic acid:胞壁酸;N-acetylglutamic acid:N-乙酰谷氨酸;Alendronic acid:阿仑膦酸;4-methyl-epicatechin:4-甲基表儿茶素;N-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]octanamide:N-[(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)甲基]辛酰胺;N-acetyltryptophan:N-乙酰色氨酸;Thymidine:胸苷;5-amino-6-(5'-phosphoribitylamino)uracil:5-氨基-6-(5'-磷酰氨基)尿嘧啶;5'-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide:5'-磷酸核糖基-N-甲酰甘氨酰胺;2,5-furandicarboxylic acid:2,5-呋喃二甲酸;Adenosine:腺苷;L-fucose:L-岩藻糖;2-aminomuconic acid semialdehyde:2-氨基黏康酸半醛;4-hydroxystyrene:4-羟基苯乙烯。 Fig.2 Variable importance in projection analysis of differential metabolites of three dominant Lactobacilli |
2.3.3 代谢组代谢通路预测分析
图4 3株优势乳酸杆菌间差异代谢物的代谢通路分析Arginine biosynthesis:精氨酸生物合成;Purine metabolism:嘌呤代谢;Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism:乙醛酸和二甲酸代谢;Citrate cycle (TCA cycle):柠檬酸循环(三羧酸循环)。 图中每个点代 Fig.4 Metabolic pathway analysis of differential metabolites of three dominant Lactobacilli Each dot in the plot represents a metabolic pathway. The X-axis represents the influence value of metabolic pathway, and the Y-axis represents the negative logarithm of P-value of enrichment analysis. The larger in area and the darker in color of the dot represent the greater the influence value of metabolic pathway and the stronger the enrichment degree, respectively. |
2.4 仔猪肠道优势乳酸杆菌对氨基酸利用代谢的差异
表4 3株优势乳酸杆菌对氨基酸利用代谢的差异Table 4 Difference of amino acids utilization and metabolism of three dominant Lactobacilli (n=3)nmol/(×108 CFU·h) |
| 氨基酸 Amino acids | 食淀粉乳杆菌 Lactobacillus amylovorus | 罗伊氏乳杆菌 Limosilactobacillus reuteri | 黏液乳杆菌 Limosilactobacillus mucosae |
|---|---|---|---|
| 丙氨酸 Alanine | -7.0±1.7c | 71.6±2.4b | 159.0±7.8a |
| 精氨酸 Arginine | 143±3c | 278±2b | 493±2a |
| 天冬酰胺 Asparagine | 101.0±6.7a | 78.6±1.3b | 76.2±1.7b |
| 天冬氨酸 Aspartate | -163±10c | 115±2b | 160±0a |
| 瓜氨酸 Citrulline | 5.70±0.68a | -18.80±1.64b | -21.40±4.07b |
| 谷氨酰胺 Glutamine | 28.30±0.03a | 8.20±2.48b | -17.60±1.07c |
| 谷氨酸 Glutamate | -69±1c | 151±3b | 204±2a |
| 甘氨酸 Glycine | 104±8c | 180±2b | 290±1a |
| 组氨酸 Histidine | 22.3±3.1b | 29.6±0.9b | 46.3±0.5a |
| 异亮氨酸 Isoleucine | 36.5±2.5c | 52.9±4.0b | 83.2±1.9a |
| 亮氨酸 Leucine | 52.8±8.5b | 68.2±2.1b | 120.0±3.4a |
| 赖氨酸 Lysine | 8.1±1.4c | 33.9±1.4b | 66.9±1.6a |
| 蛋氨酸 Methionine | 4.2±0.7c | 17.8±2.0b | 29.0±0.7a |
| 鸟氨酸 Ornithine | -5±1c | -166±7b | -285±9a |
| 苯丙氨酸 Phenylalanine | 36.9±5.0b | 51.0±3.7b | 78.7±0.9a |
| 丝氨酸 Serine | 0.4±0.2c | 93.4±1.8b | 159.0±2.9a |
| 苏氨酸 Threonine | -27.1±6.0c | 45.6±1.5b | 71.0±1.5a |
| 色氨酸 Tryptophan | 14.6±1.6a | 8.2±1.3b | 17.2±0.4a |
| 酪氨酸 Tyrosine | 13.2±2.7c | 44.4±4.2b | 71.1±2.0a |
| 缬氨酸 Valine | 15.1±2.9c | 54.3±4.3b | 78.4±1.9a |

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