1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)% |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age | ||
| 原料 Ingredients | |||
| 玉米 Corn | 60.0 | 67.0 | |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 35.0 | 28.0 | |
| 鱼粉 Fish meal | 2.0 | 2.0 | |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| 石粉 Limestone | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| 合计 Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content | ||
| 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age | ||
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |||
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.12 | 12.42 | |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 21.69 | 19.22 | |
| 钙 Ca | 1.00 | 0.90 | |
| 总磷 TP | 0.67 | 0.65 | |
| 有效磷 AP | 0.35 | 0.32 | |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 1.15 | 0.98 | |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.45 | 0.42 | |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:蛋氨酸 methionine 100 g,VA 7 700 IU,VB2 5.60 mg,VB12 0.55 mg,VD3 875 IU,VK3 1 mg,VE 20 IU,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 12 mg,烟酸 niacin acid 50 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 9 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 60 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 66 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 55 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.40 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.2 mg。 2)营养水平为计算值。Nutrient levels were calculated values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集
1.5 检测指标及方法
1.5.1 生长性能
1.5.2 屠宰性能及肉品质
1.5.3 血清抗氧化指标
表2 血清抗氧化指标及试剂盒型号Table 2 Serum antioxidant indexes and kit models |
| 血清抗氧化指标 Serum antioxidant indexes | 名称 Titles | 规格 Specifications | 型号 Models |
|---|---|---|---|
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC | ABTS微板法测试盒 | 96T | A015-2-1 |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD | WST-1法测试盒 | 96T | A001-3-2 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px | 比色法测试盒 | 100管/48样 | A005-1-2 |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT | 可见光法测试盒 | 100管/96样 | A007-1-1 |
| 丙二醛 MDA | TBA法测试盒 | 100管/96样 | A003-1-2 |
1.6 数据统计及分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 L-苹果酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响
表3 L-苹果酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of L-malic acid on growth performance of broilers |
| 时间 Time | 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | T1 | T2 | T3 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||
| 1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age | 平均日增重 ADG/g | 24.63b | 26.36a | 24.90b | 23.80b | 0.285 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.057 | |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 40.84 | 38.83 | 38.70 | 39.13 | 0.477 | 0.217 | 0.343 | 0.089 | ||
| 料重比 F/G | 1.66 | 1.62 | 1.63 | 1.64 | 0.019 | 0.264 | 0.315 | 0.077 | ||
| 死亡率 Death rate/% | 1.39 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.39 | 0.005 | 0.582 | 0.627 | 0.179 | ||
| 22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age | 平均日增重 ADG/g | 58.50c | 66.86a | 61.43b | 58.28c | 1.071 | 0.016 | 0.607 | 0.016 | |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 123.01 | 119.72 | 120.65 | 121.98 | 0.079 | 0.392 | 0.275 | 0.147 | ||
| 料重比 F/G | 2.10a | 1.79b | 1.96ab | 2.09a | 0.863 | <0.001 | 0.391 | <0.001 | ||
| 死亡率 Death rate/% | 4.23 | 2.78 | 4.17 | 4.23 | 0.089 | 0.915 | 0.862 | 0.752 | ||
| 1~42日龄 1 to 42 days of age | 平均日增重 ADG/g | 41.57bc | 46.61a | 42.67b | 41.04c | 0.525 | <0.001 | 0.054 | 0.024 | |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 81.93 | 79.28 | 79.68 | 80.55 | 0.137 | 0.254 | 0.401 | 0.183 | ||
| 料重比 F/G | 1.97a | 1.73c | 1.89b | 1.94ab | 0.231 | <0.001 | 0.538 | <0.001 | ||
| 死亡率 Death rate/% | 5.56 | 2.78 | 4.17 | 5.56 | 0.009 | 0.650 | 0.862 | 0.289 | ||
同行数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
Values with different letter superscripts in the same row represented significant difference (P<0.05), while with no letter superscripts represented significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 L-苹果酸对肉鸡屠宰性能和肉品质的影响
表4 L-苹果酸对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响Table 4 Effects of L-malic acid on slaughter performance of broilers% |
| 时间 Time | 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | T1 | T2 | T3 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||
| 21日龄 21 days of age | 屠宰率 Dressing percentage | 94.97 | 95.45 | 94.72 | 94.71 | 0.602 | 0.355 | 0.674 | 0.738 | |
| 半净膛率 Half evisceration rate | 82.32 | 83.61 | 83.46 | 83.10 | 0.132 | 0.234 | 0.719 | 0.004 | ||
| 全净膛率 Total evisceration rate | 63.50 | 65.80 | 65.47 | 63.84 | 0.270 | 0.332 | 0.787 | <0.001 | ||
| 胸肌率 Breast muscle rate | 22.76 | 22.36 | 23.06 | 22.53 | 0.281 | 0.844 | 0.853 | 0.794 | ||
| 腿肌率 Leg muscle rate | 19.90 | 18.83 | 20.46 | 19.17 | 0.346 | 0.355 | 0.898 | 0.805 | ||
| 腹脂率 Abdominal fat rate | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.197 | 0.274 | 0.244 | 0.518 | ||
| 时间 Time | 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
| 对照 Control | T1 | T2 | T3 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||
| 42日龄 42 days of age | 屠宰率 Dressing percentage | 95.15 | 96.57 | 96.26 | 96.17 | 0.308 | 0.278 | 0.119 | 0.498 | |
| 半净膛率 Half evisceration rate | 85.29c | 88.07a | 87.95ab | 87.11b | 0.228 | 0.033 | 0.060 | 0.117 | ||
| 全净膛率 Total evisceration rate | 70.34b | 73.25a | 73.16ab | 71.32ab | 0.413 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.023 | ||
| 胸肌率 Breast muscle rate | 24.36 | 25.75 | 24.95 | 23.91 | 0.528 | 0.673 | 0.661 | 0.357 | ||
| 腿肌率 Leg muscle rate | 21.01 | 20.92 | 21.10 | 22.63 | 0.484 | 0.578 | 0.294 | 0.458 | ||
| 腹脂率 Abdominal fat rate | 0.97c | 1.05a | 1.03ab | 1.00b | 0.061 | 0.042 | 0.016 | 0.055 | ||
表5 L-苹果酸对肉鸡肉品质的影响Table 5 Effects of L-malic acid on meat quality of broilers |
| 时间 Time | 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | T1 | T2 | T3 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||
| 21日龄 21 days of age | pH45 min | 5.54 | 5.56 | 5.55 | 5.54 | 0.006 | 0.375 | 0.558 | 0.457 |
| pH24 h | 5.24 | 5.25 | 5.23 | 5.24 | 0.005 | 0.264 | 0.860 | 0.763 | |
| 亮度 L* | 48.90 | 53.11 | 54.16 | 54.88 | 0.920 | 0.229 | 0.594 | 0.536 | |
| 红度 a* | 1.49 | 1.61 | 1.55 | 1.53 | 0.153 | 0.325 | 0.696 | 0.661 | |
| 黄度 b* | 10.12 | 9.96 | 10.02 | 10.06 | 0.290 | 0.242 | 0.139 | 0.340 | |
| 滴水损失 Dropping loss/% | 1.38 | 1.34 | 1.49 | 1.33 | 0.158 | 0.701 | 0.210 | 0.384 | |
| 蒸煮损失 Cooking loss/% | 39.28 | 39.30 | 37.28 | 39.75 | 0.420 | 0.168 | 0.810 | 0.155 | |
| 剪切力 Shear force/N | 25.78 | 26.37 | 22.99 | 20.47 | 3.227 | 0.060 | 0.725 | 0.793 | |
| 42日龄 42 days of age | pH45 min | 5.73 | 5.75 | 5.74 | 5.74 | 0.007 | 0.387 | 0.109 | 0.331 |
| pH24 h | 5.40 | 5.45 | 5.44 | 5.45 | 0.018 | 0.253 | 0.117 | 0.193 | |
| 亮度 L* | 44.49 | 42.65 | 44.27 | 45.68 | 1.066 | 0.112 | 0.381 | 0.299 | |
| 红度 a* | 1.19 | 1.33 | 1.26 | 1.20 | 0.237 | 0.854 | 0.414 | 0.180 | |
| 黄度 b* | 8.62 | 8.42 | 8.47 | 8.50 | 0.281 | 0.328 | 0.583 | 0.602 | |
| 滴水损失 Dropping loss/% | 1.53a | 1.35b | 1.39b | 1.42b | 0.126 | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.027 | |
| 蒸煮损失 Cooking loss/% | 36.62 | 34.57 | 36.23 | 36.96 | 0.513 | 0.380 | 0.746 | 0.242 | |
| 剪切力 Shear force/N | 12.81a | 11.20b | 11.57b | 11.43b | 0.200 | 0.020 | 0.728 | 0.008 | |
2.3 L-苹果酸对肉鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响
表6 L-苹果酸对肉鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of L-malic acid on serum antioxidant indices of broilers |
| 时间 Time | 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 对照 Control | T1 | T2 | T3 | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||||
| 21日龄 21 days of age | 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mL) | 2.71b | 3.80a | 3.86a | 3.97a | 0.205 | 0.010 | 0.107 | 0.079 | |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mL) | 146.46 | 172.76 | 163.23 | 159.16 | 4.100 | 0.147 | 0.383 | 0.108 | ||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 467.38 | 441.12 | 495.82 | 533.05 | 57.142 | 0.082 | 0.030 | 0.153 | ||
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) | 5.90 | 3.83 | 2.55 | 3.89 | 0.528 | 0.147 | 0.161 | 0.323 | ||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/L) | 3.65 | 3.65 | 3.55 | 3.56 | 0.264 | 0.255 | 0.782 | 0.195 | ||
| 42日龄 42 days of age | 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mL) | 20.41c | 25.47b | 26.94b | 31.15a | 1.860 | 0.046 | 0.004 | 0.163 | |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mL) | 157.65c | 181.11a | 170.17b | 183.93a | 3.498 | 0.020 | <0.001 | 0.005 | ||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 311.11c | 316.52bc | 330.33b | 400.30a | 15.271 | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.195 | ||
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) | 12.47c | 15.93bc | 17.99b | 20.85a | 1.377 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.004 | ||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/L) | 1.40a | 1.25b | 1.35ab | 0.83c | 0.175 | 0.034 | 0.060 | 0.094 | ||
2.4 L-苹果酸最适添加量
表7 基于回归模型参数的L-苹果酸最适添加量Table 7 Optimal supplemental level of L-malic acid based on regression model parameters |
| 项目 Items | 日龄 Days of age | 公式 Equation | P值 P-value | R2 | 最适添加量 Optimal supplemental level/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
平均日增重 ADG | 22~42 | y=-17.748x2+19.814x+62.546 | 0.016 | 0.056 | 0.558 |
| 1~42 | y=-9.433x2+8.900x+45.768 | 0.024 | 0.092 | 0.472 | |
料重比 F/G | 22~42 | y=0.699x2-0.802x+2.003 | <0.001 | 0.488 | 0.574 |
| 1~42 | y=0.464x2-0.538x+1.870 | <0.001 | 0.329 | 0.580 | |
| 半净膛率 Half evisceration rate | 21 | y=-7.270x2+8.097x+82.586 | 0.004 | 0.271 | 0.557 |
全净膛率 Total evisceration rate | 21 | y=-7.620x2+8.053x+65.534 | <0.001 | 0.468 | 0.528 |
| 42 | y=-6.714x2+7.801x+75.301 | 0.023 | 0.298 | 0.581 | |
| 滴水损失 Dropping loss | 42 | y=-0.329x2+0.386x+1.168 | 0.027 | 0.352 | 0.587 |
| 剪切力 Shear force | 42 | y=5.614x2-6.422x+12.833 | 0.008 | 0.332 | 0.572 |
| 总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD | 42 | y=-16.066x2+35.810x+178.533 | 0.005 | 0.593 | 1.110 |
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT | 42 | y=-3.206x2+7.368x+18.580 | 0.003 | 0.451 | 1.149 |

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